Akuyandama zinyamazi: mitundu, maonekedwe, magwero

Malinga zokwiriridwa ano, chimphona zokwawa wakale anayamba kufufuza zinthu madzi pa mapeto a nthawi Permian a moyo wake padziko lapansi. Asayansi amati ndi zokwawa wakale pa moyo wake zonse anabwerera mu madzi. Chifukwa chake - chochuluka chakudya m'madzi ndipo, ndithudi, chitetezo.

Nyanja ndi nyanja

Modabwitsa, kuti moyo m'nyanja ndi m'nyanja si adamfunsa ku zokwawa wakale ndi kukonzanso chachikulu thupi: Munthu akhoza kungowauzira kukumbukira zokwawa amakono moyo mu madzi, koma ndi ndithu mawonekedwe dziko. Mwachitsanzo, ng'ona kapena iguana m'madzi.

Tikumbukenso kuti kuyenda ndi mphamvu ya zinyamazi mu madzi - izo ndi ndalama mphamvu mlandu yekha kotala ya ndalama zofunika m'gulu lawo ndi kudyetsa mwachindunji pa dziko! Makamaka mosavuta anabwerera kwa madzi wotchedwa wosazindikira zinyamazi - akufa mapeto kusanduka. Koma kuti ndi nkhani ina.

Woyamba zouluka zinyamazi - ndani?

Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti choyamba chenicheni madzi mitundu ya zinyamazi akhala Permian Mesosaur woimira anapsid subclass. Kale pambuyo pawo m'madzi anabwerera oimira otchedwa wosazindikira Diapsid: tangozavry, hovazavrusy ndi klaudiozavry.

Onse a iwo a dongosolo eozuhy ndi kufika kutalika kwa masentimita 50 okha. Koma pakati pa nthawi Triassic, zinyamazi zouluka "wamkulu" mamita awiri yaitali, kutembenuzira potsiriza mu zokwawa kwambiri ndi woopsa.

Kunja iwo anafanana lero newts ku kalasi ya achule: madzi eozuhii anali ndi mchira wautali, flattened mbali ndi Crest kudutsa kupyola mu torso ndi. The Triassic mu dziko palibe oposa 5 madzi zokwawa magulu. Mmodzi wa iwo takambiranazi - ndi madzi eozuhii. Tiyeni tikambirane mwatsatanetsatane, ndi zina zinyamazi chakuwuluka.

placodont

Kunja, zokwawa awa amafanana kakang'ono kuleza tailed chisindikizo. kutalika kwake anali zosakwana 1.5 m. Placodont streamlined thupi ndipo anali kuvundikira spindle. Mutu waung'ono, miyendo yake ndi yaifupi. Njira kusambira zinyamazi za thupi placodont gulu sanali amasiyana zosiyanasiyana wapadera: zokwawa chabe anatambasula pamodzi thupi lake zovuta miyendo yochepa ndipo chinayandama ngati torpedoes pang'ono.

Monga tanena zonse zokhudza zinyamazi-placodont ambiri zokwawa zina za m'madzi, mumdima ndi chinsinsi. Asayansi timakonda kukhulupirira kuti - mbadwa za ena anapsid wakale. Komabe, zaka placodont yochepa - timeneti unachokera mu chiyambi cha Triassic, koma mapeto ake zinatha kwathunthu.

nothosaurus

Ichi ndi chimodzi zambiri zouluka zinyamazi kuti ankakhala Triassic nyengo. kukula wawo akayamba 4 mamita m'litali, koma ambiri a iwo anali adakali kwambiri zochepa. zokwawa zimadya ndi thupi streamlined, lalifupi mchira, khosi m'malo kusintha, wolingana ndi kutalika kwa thupi lawo.

Iwo anali ndi mutu waung'ono ndi pakamwa zida mano lakuthwa. Izi Pangani anasunthira madzi kudzera kayendedwe mobwerezabwereza mchira kupoletsa mphamvu galimoto, komanso kudzera mapazi ake Ngati a Bakha.

Nothosaurus ngati panafunika, iwo anali mosavuta akutsikira ku gombe ndi basking dzuwa. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti ogwirira anali Crossopterygii mitundu wakale wa nsomba. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mu theka lachiwiri la nthawi Triassic, angelo amenewa analenga nthambi osiyana ndi ogwirira tsopano odziwika m'madzi - plesiosaurs. Okha nothosaurus zinatha ndi mapeto a Triassic.

Tallatozavry

Oyimira a gulu limeneli akufanana nothosaurus pamwamba okha khosi anali wamfupi ndi akuluakulu mutu. Njira kusambira zinyamazi wa gulu sitinganene kuti lapadera: iwo ntchito bwato yoteroyo wake, ndipo monga anaziika izo pamodzi thupi monga placodont.

Asayansi timakonda ndikukhulupirira kuti pali zipangano zilombo zina anapsid wakale ndi wosazindikira, ngakhale wamkulu kuposa ndaitchula madzi eozuhii. Iwo anafa mwa mapeto a Triassic, monga nothosaurus. No ana pambuyo pake tasiya.

ichthyosaurs

Izi Sichanzeru, amene anali kuimiriridwa ndi wotchuka kwambiri konsekonse mu dziko, zouluka zinyamazi - ichthyosaurs. Ichthyosaurs kuposa zinyamazi ina anali ndinazolowera moyo ndi moyo m'nyanja ndi m'nyanja. Amadziwika kuti izi ogwirira - Diapsid ana, ndi chimodzimodzi chimene - sakudziwika. Ichthyosaurs anaonekera mu nthawi Permian, ngakhale mabwinja wamkulu wa zokwawa awa analembedwa m'munsi Triassic nthawi.

Kunja ichthyosaurs akubwereza mawonekedwe a nsomba lero. mutu awo triangular ndi pakamwa wotambasula anafanana anamgumiwa mutu. Flattened laterally torso ofukula tsamba mchira ndipo yoteroyo inasanduka zipsepse kupanga osiyana ndi akalambula zonse madzi ake.

Chimphona akuyandama mwa zinyamazi

Dzina liopleurodon. Ndi yaikulu ogwirira m'madzi a nthawi zonse, ndi mitundu yambiri ya kuphunzira. miyeso zake ndi nkhani ya amuna sayansi kuzitsutsa. Akatswiri ambiri, liopleurodon m'litali angafikire mamita 25 ndiponso kulemera - matani 150! Malinga ndi ena, ndi chilombo waukulu amene anakhalapo pa Dziko Lapansi. Mwa njira, iye anali anthu tanenera kale, ndipo plesiosaurs anakhalako m'nyengo Jurassic.