Administration mankhwala: njira. Administration mankhwala m'njira zosiyanasiyana: ubwino ndi kuipa

mankhwala achire mu thupi akhoza kugwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Njira za mlingo makonzedwe mankhwala anatsimikiza zotsatira achire, ukulu wake ndi nthawi. Nthawi zina, njira yomwe mankhwala adalowa thupi zimadalira chikhalidwe cha zochita zake, choncho kuchira wathu. Pali njira zingapo zofunika kuti makonzedwe m'kamwa mankhwala, ndipo aliyense wa iwo ali ndi ubwino wake ndi kuipa. Musanayambe kupeza zomwe njira za makonzedwe anasankha, muyenera kudziwa ndendende zimene mtundu wa mankhwala kulibe.

Mitundu waukulu wa mankhwala

Pamaso kumasulira njira ya utsogoleli wa mankhwala mu thupi, muyenera kudziwa mtundu wa mankhwala kodi kulibe, ndipo ali ambiri:

• Solutions - ndi madzi mawonekedwe a mankhwala. Iwo akuyimira mankhwala mankhwala sitimadzipereka mu madzi, mowa, glycerine kapena zosungunulira ena. Koma M'pofunikanso kukumbukira kuti khalidwe ndi njira malo achilengedwe iyenera kukhala yomveka bwino, palibe matope matope kapena particles yachilendo. Iwo akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ponena za makonzedwe parenteral ndi enteral.
• Decoctions ndi infusions - ndalama izi kukonzekera zomera. Koma M'pofunikanso kukumbukira kuti si kusungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali, masiku oposa 3 ozizira, kutetezedwa ku dzuwa.
• Mapiritsi - olimba kukonzekera mawonekedwe amene analandira ndi kukanikiza. Kwenikweni, iwo anatengedwa pakamwa, koma mungathe ndi njira akunja popereka mankhwala ngati wosweka mu ufa.

• Dragee - zosiyanasiyana wina mitundu olimba mankhwala wothandizira, zilengedwa ndi laminating zakuthupi m'munsi pa granule lapansi. Ntchito yoyang'anira m'kamwa.
• Makapisozi - olimba mtundu wa mankhwala, phale TACHIMATA ndi chipolopolo wa gelatin kapena zinthu zina. Nthawi zambiri mankhwala unazunguliridwa mu makapisozi ndi kulawa zowawa kapena khalidwe fungo chifukwa chipolopolo kwambiri ntchito phwando m'njira imeneyi. Komanso, zimathandiza kuti kuteteza chuma ku chiwonongeko mofulumira thirakiti m'mimba.
• Makandulo - mlingo mawonekedwe mankhwala, zomwe pa chipinda kutentha ndi mawonekedwe olimba, koma isungunuke mkati thupi. Ngati tikambirana utsogoleli wa medicaments, njira makandulo zimatulutsa mitundu iwiri - ndi thumbo ndi nyini.
• Pulasitala - mawonekedwe pulasitiki zikutanthauza kuti mchikakamizo cha kutentha thupi anasintha ndipo mosavuta chimatsatira khungu. Oyenera ntchito kunja kokha.
• Mankhwala odzola - kudzera mwa kugwirizana viscous, ntchito kwenikweni ntchito panja. Iwo ayenera muli mu kapangidwe kake pafupifupi 25% zolimba.

Pali maulendo angapo ka mankhwala, Kupenda aliyense wa iwo.

Mitundu ya enteral

Enteral njira ya utsogoleli wa mankhwala ndi chimodzi mwa yabwino ndiponso ndi zotetezedwa. Pali subspecies angapo njira: m'kamwa, sublingual, thumbo.

1. makonzedwe Oral mankhwala, mwa kulankhula kwina, ingestion - izi ndi imodzi mwa njira zosavuta, ichi ndi chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri zotchulidwa madokotala ambiri. Mayamwidwe mankhwala, analandira njira iyi, zimagwiritsa ndi mayamwidwe mu intestine lochepa, nthawi zina - mmimba. Ntchito zotsatira ndi noticeable pambuyo 30-40 Mphindi. Ichi ndi chifukwa njira mwadzidzidzi si abwino. Liwiro ndi kukwaniritsa mayamwidwe amadalira chakudya, kapangidwe kake ndi kuchuluka. Choncho ngati mankhwala kumwa pa chopanda kanthu m'mimba, mayamwidwe ndi bwino zapansi ofooka, monga acidity m'mimba ndi otsika, koma chidulo bwino chosakanikirana pambuyo ingestion. Koma pali mankhwala ena, monga "kashiamu mankhwala enaake" amene alowa m'thupi pambuyo ingestion, akhoza kupanga insoluble kashiamu salt, zomwe zimasokoneza kuthekera mayamwidwe awo kukhala magazi.

2. china mosavuta ndi njira ya utsogoleli enteral mankhwala - sublingual. mankhwalawo aikidwa pansi pa lilime la chifukwa zopezera lalikulu capillaries mu mucosa, izo m'mimba mofulumira kwambiri. Zotsatira chimachitika mu maminiti pang'ono. Njira imeneyi makonzedwe nthawi zambiri ntchito kutsatira "nitroglycerin" angina "clonidine" ndi "Nifedipine" chifukwa kuthetseratu vuto hypertensive.

3. Njira thumbo si ntchito nthawi zambiri. Kwenikweni ndi ntchito ngati wodwalayo ali ndi matenda a m'mimba, kapena ngati anakomoka.

Enteral makonzedwe: ubwino ndi kuipa

Onse njira zopezera makonzedwe mankhwala, ndi ubwino, iwonso enteral ndi:

• Kuphweka ndi chomasuka ntchito.
• Mwachibadwa.
• The bata wodwalayo.
• Pamafunika palibe polojekiti sterility ndi ogwira ntchito kuchipatala.
• Kutheka kwa mankhwala yaitali.
• Chitonthozo wodwalayo.

Koma palinso kuipa enteral njira ya utsogoleli wa mankhwala:

• Zotsatira wosakwiya.
• Low bioavailability.
• Osiyana liwiro ndi kukwaniritsa mayamwidwe.
• Mmene chakudya ndi mbali zina pa ndondomeko suction.
• Kulephera ntchito ndi odwala ndi amene wakomoka.
• Ndi osafunika ntchito odwala amene ali ndi matenda a m'mimba ndipo matumbo.

Mitundu ya utsogoleli parenteral mankhwala

Njira parenteral wa utsogoleli wa mankhwala kumafuna ka mankhwala popanda zokhudza ndondomeko ya dongosolo m'mimba. Iwo akhoza kugawidwa mitundu yambiri.

Nsalu:

• Intradermally - Njira amagwiritsidwa ntchito zolinga matenda, mwachitsanzo chifukwa ziwengo kuyezetsa Burne kapena mankhwala oletsa ululu pamalopo.
• SC - ntchito pamene mukufuna kupeza zotsatira pazipita mankhwala. Izi zimatheka chifukwa subcutaneous wosanjikiza mafuta amaperekedwa ndi ziwiya bwino, ndipo amalimbikitsa mayamwidwe mofulumira.
• Intramuscularly - ntchito pamene subcutaneous jekeseni amachititsa kuyabwa kapena ululu, komanso mankhwala lokha pang'onopang'ono odzipereka.

• Intraosseous - njira imeneyi ntchito infrequently, makamaka ndi amayaka yaikulu ndi nthambi mapindikidwe pamene options ena sangathe ntchito.

Ngati muli ndi makonzedwe mankhwala, njira kudzera zotengera ziri motere:

• IV - Njira ntchito kuyambitsa ambiri mankhwala ndi zina mankhwala kuti ndi chofunika ngati ntchito.

• Intraarterially - ntchito pa zinthu osatha, omwe chifukwa cha mantha kwambiri, imfa yaikulu ya magazi, asphyxia, zoopsa magetsi, kuledzera ndi matenda.
• Ziwiya lymphatic - njira imeneyi ntchito kupanga mankhwala musalekane mu chiwindi ndi impso, kupereka kumenya zolondola kuti malo inayamba matenda.

Si nthawi zonse yabwino makonzedwe intravascular mankhwala, kungachititse njira ndi kudutsa M'mimbamo ndi:

• Pleural.
• M'mimba.
• Mtima.
• Articular.

Parenteral makonzedwe: ubwino ndi kuipa

Dongosolo Parenteral angapo ubwino:

• Njira imeneyi zimathandiza kuti atchule mankhwala yolambalalitsira thirakiti m'mimba, umene uli wofunika kwambiri kwa odwala ndi pathologies kwambiri m'mimba.
• Liwiro la kanthu chofunika mwadzidzidzi.
• The pazipita dosing molondola.
• Chiphaso cha mankhwala mu m'magazi mu mawonekedwe sichinasinthe.

Njira parenteral wa utsogoleli wa medicaments ali kuipa zingapo:

• Kuvomerezedwa mankhwala ayenera kuperekedwa ndi dokotala kuphunzitsidwa.
• Ayenera kutsatira aseptic ndi antiseptic.
• Kulephera ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ngakhale zosatheka ndi magazi, zotupa pa khungu pa malo jekeseni.

inhalation

Mpweya njira ya utsogoleli wa mankhwala angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa matenda a aerosols, mpweya (antiseptics oyaka) ndi ufa (sodium wochuluka cromoglycate). Ndi njira ya utsogoleli wa mankhwala kuti mkati mofulumira ndi khama zotsatira zawo achire. Komanso, n'zosavuta ndi kasamalidwe wothandizila ndende m'magazi - kutha kwa inhalation kumabweretsa kuyimitsidwa mankhwala. Ndi inhalation aerosol ndende zikutanthauza mu bronchi kwambiri ndi kochepa zokhudza zonse zotsatira.

Koma tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kaya pa inhalation kukhala chothandiza, salola kuti ntchito irritants. Tiyeneranso adzanyamula kukumbukira kuti mankhwala Mpweya amachititsa kuti anthu ena (mwachitsanzo, ochititsa dzanzi).

Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa inhalation

Ife kupitiriza kuganizira njira za makonzedwe mankhwala. Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa njira ndi inhalation. inhalation pluses:

• Mozama mwachindunji ku malo kudwala.
• Mankhwala mosavuta mkatikati kwa malo a kutupa, chiwindi akudutsa unaltered zimene zimachititsa ndende yake yaikulu magazi.

inhalation Kuipa:

• Ngati kwambiri chakhungu bronchial patency, mankhwala likulowerera bwino mu malo matenda.
• formulations The limakhumudwitsa mphuno, pakamwa komanso pakhosi.

Njira yaikulu ya utsogoleli wa mankhwala ankaona, koma pali ena omwe ali zina akhoza kukhala chofunika kwambiri.

zodutsa thumbo, ukazi ndi urethral wa utsogoleli

Ngati Tikayerekeza thumbo njira ya utsogoleli wa mankhwala makonzedwe m'kamwa, n'zotheka kutchula zomwe zotsatira za njira woyamba amapezeka mofulumira kwambiri. Mankhwala mofulumira odzipereka mu m'magazi popanda akuwonongedwa nthawi yomweyo pansi kanthu za michere wa kapepalako m'mimba ndi chiwindi.

suppositories thumbo kutumikiridwa mu thupi, mafuta, ndi zina kukonzekera mmbuyomu pulverized ndi kuchepetsedwa, nthawi imeneyi ndi enemas. Koma M'pofunikanso kukumbukira kuti njira anayambitsa rectally, mphamvu zambiri mofulumira kuposa kandulo. Kusamutsidwa enemas wamkulu ndi 50 100 ml, ndi ana - 10 30 ml. Koma njira ya utsogoleli mankhwala palinso kuipa:

• Azigona ntchito.
• kusinthasintha Special mlingo ndi chithunzi thunzi chokwanira cha suction.

N'chifukwa chake thumbo njira ya utsogoleli bwino pokha pokha pamene makonzedwe m'kamwa imavuta pamene muyenera anagunda mankhwala mwamsanga m'magazi ndipo kuchita jakisoni ndi contraindicated pazifukwa zina kapena wina.

Ukazi ndi njira urethral kulola kuti atchule kukonzekera kulikonse mawonekedwe. Komabe, njira kupereka zotsatira zabwino pamene ntchito zochizira matenda ziwalo izi kapena matenda, mwachitsanzo zokhudza zakayendesedwe ka nchito wothandizila Mosiyana, monga "yodamid" "Triombrast" ndi ena.

Msana ndi intracranial njira ya utsogoleli

Nthawi zina kwambiri ntchito intracranial ndi msana (suboccipital, subarachnoid, subdural, etc.) jekeseni. Ichi ndi chifukwa kwakukulukulu chakuti njira zimenezi kuti atchule mankhwala ayenera oyenerera. njira zimenezi kugwiritsa ntchito kokha wosabala, mandala kwathunthu woona njira amadzimadzi ndi anachita ndale. kanthu abwera mofulumira.

Transdermal machitidwe achire

Masiku ano pali mankhwala mu mawonekedwe atsopano. Transdermal achire machitidwe (TTS) - mmodzi wa iwo. Iwo zofewa mawonekedwe mlingo kusinthidwa kwa ntchito kunja kwa pang'onopang'ono kutuluka kwa mankhwala mankhwala. Modern TTC - filimu imeneyi, ndi yamawangamawanga kuti anapangidwa ntchito luso luso ndi zosavuta ntchito: chigamba Pamilunguyo pa khungu ndi filimu anagona tsaya. Momwe thunthu ikupezeka odzipereka mu m'magazi kudzera pakhungu kapena mucosa.

madokotala ambiri padziko lonse zaposachedwapa zambiri amamvetsera njira atsopano utsogoleli wa mankhwala. Ubwino ndi kuipa aliyense, kuphatikizapo ndi TTC. Taganizirani pluses:

• Mankhwala ntchito pa mofulumira mofulumira.
• Mankhwala akulowa magazi pang'onopang'ono popanda yopuma, amene amalola kuti mlingo khola zakuthupi m'munsi.
• zomverera zosasangalatsa kwathunthu lilibe, izi imakhudzanso retching, ndi zowawa kuchokera jekeseni wa.
• The anasiya mavuto pa mbali pa mundawo m'mimba.
• Kuchepetsa pafupipafupi ziwengo.
• Kutheka kwa achire mofulumira mankhwala, pamene mwadzidzidzi pali contraindication.
• Yeniyeni mlingo.
• Mwayi kuwalozera yobereka mankhwala mbali ankafunila za thupi.

Aliyense mwa njira anafotokoza za utsogoleli wa mankhwala ali ubwino komanso kuipa. Koma ngakhale zitakhala zabwino chotani anali njira, chinthu chachikulu kuti uike dokotala, ndipo zofunika kuti zikuluzikulu komanso yosowa modes wa utsogoleli kuyendetsedwa ndi munthu ophunzitsidwa mwapadera mu malo dokotala. Dzisamalire, alibe kuganiza, zimene njira kupulumutsa mankhwala mu thupi.