Zosungirako zakunja za Russian Federation ndi mavoti awo

Mau omwe amapezeka m'mayiko osiyanasiyana amathandiza kwambiri pazandale komanso zachuma pa dziko lonse lapansi. Russia mwa njira iyi imakhala yosasunthika pamwamba pa khumi, ngakhale kuti kudalira kwachindunji kwa kuchuluka kwa nkhokwe pa mitengo ya mafuta.

Tanthauzo la RVR

Ndalama za golidi ndi zakunja, kapena momwe zimatchulidwira, malo osungirako mayiko onse ali ndi chuma cha boma chomwe chimakhala ndi ndalama zambiri ndipo zimayang'aniridwa ndi bungwe lalikulu la ndalama ndi kampani ya ngongole. Monga lamulo, thupi ngatilo ndi Central Bank. Standard RVF ikuwerengedwa mu golidi wamtengo wapatali ndi ndalama zakunja, zomwe zimatchedwa kusungirako. Kwa lero, pali ndalama ziwiri zokha: dola ya US ndi euro. Kuonjezera apo, ZVR ikuphatikizapo ufulu wapadera wojambula, kapena SDR (Ma Dera Ofunika), operekedwa ndi International Monetary Fund, komanso kusungira malo ku IMF.

Malo osungirako mayiko a Russian Federation ali ndi zigawo zonse.

Kusungidwa kwa nkhokwe

Pakalipano, mabungwe azachuma ali osiyana kwambiri kuposa kale. Choncho, zigawo zikuluzikulu za chuma cha boma ndizofunika kwambiri. Ndalama za ndalama zakunja siziimira ndalama zokhazokha ndalama padziko lonse lapansi. Zimaphatikizapo ndalama, kuphatikizapo golide, ngongole pansi pa REPO yomwe imaperekedwa ndi mabanki apakati, Bank for International Settlements, komanso mabanki azachuma omwe ali ndi ngongole zazikulu pamalonda a mayiko osiyanasiyana S & P, Moody's ndi Fitch Ratings.

Mtundu woterewu ndi wodalitsila ngongole zoperekedwa ndi makampani akunja. Chiwerengero cha ndalama zotulutsidwa chiyenera kukhalanso chokwanira molingana ndi miyezo ya mabungwe oyang'anira mayiko osiyanasiyana S & P, Moody's ndi Fitch Ratings. The ZVR imaphatikizansopo ndalama zomwe zimatengedwa ngati ngongole.

Kusungidwa kwa mayiko m'mayiko osungirako kunja kumasuliridwa mu US $ madola osinthika.

International Monetary Fund

Malo opangira malipiro ndi njira zowonetsera ndikuphatikizapo Ufulu Wopanga Ma Dongosolo, kapena Maulendo Ojambula. Chida ichi chimaperekedwa ndi International Monetary Fund (IMF), alibe fomu yamtengo wapatali, zomwe zimangosonyeza ma akaunti a banki. Zimayankhidwa kokha m'Bungweli ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa malipiro a malipiro, malipiro okhutira ndi maudindo a ngongole. Ma SDR alibe zifukwa za ngongole kapena ndalama.

Chida ichi chinawonekera mu 1969 ndi cholinga chochotsa vuto la Triffin, kusonyeza kutsutsana mu dongosolo la Bretton Woods yokonza ngongole ndi mgwirizano wa ndalama ndi malo okhala pakati pa mayiko. Kusiyanitsa kunayambanso potsutsana ndi mtundu wa dziko la malo osungiramo ndalama komanso makhalidwe ake apadziko lonse.

Malo osungirako malo ku IMF akuphatikizapo magawo osungirako ndalama ndi madola. Kuwonjezera pa kuchuluka kwa ndalama za ndalama zomwe ndalamazo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nkhani za boma la boma zimatchedwa gawo logawa. Motero, gawo la ngongole limakulolani kuti mugule ndalama za IMF kupitirira gawo logawa.

Golide wakale

Makhalidwe apadziko lonse a Russian Federation, amakhalanso ndi nkhokwe za golide, ndiko kuti, alipo. Poyamba, zida za golide zinakhazikitsidwa kuti zitsimikizire ndalama za dziko. Kuchokera m'chaka cha 1937, chigawenga cha Russian chinagwedezeka pa dola. Komabe, nkhondo itatha, migodi ya migodi ya golide inayamba kukula mofulumira ku USSR, nkhokwe za golidi m'nkhokwe zinawonjezeka ndi matani 100 pachaka. Mu 1950, Stalin anaganiza kuthetseratu ndalama za dollar ndi dola ndi kukhazikitsa golidi wa ndalama za dziko la Soviet Union. Patadutsa zaka ziwiri, Stalin analongosola lingaliro la kulenga njira yotsatsira malonda a dola. Koma lingalirolo silinapambane. Pambuyo pa imfa ya Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev anasankha njira yowonjezera yakumadzulo. Mtsogoleri wa Soviet ankaganiza kuti zopereka za rublezo zinali ndi golide mosayembekezereka ndipo zinabwezeretsa ndalama za Russia ku dola ya US.

Ku US, dola inalandiridwa ndi golidi mpaka 1971, pulezidenti wa dziko, Richard Nixon , atalengeza za kuwonongedwa kwa chitetezo cha golide cha dola. Panthawi imeneyo, malo osungira golide a dzikoli adakhala ndi matani 9.83 zikwi zikwi 21.8 zikwizikwi mu 1949. Panthawiyo, msika wamayiko wapadziko lonse unkaoneka ndi maiko osinthika. Msikawu umadziwika mwaulere. Ndipo ngakhale mwalamulo dollar ndi pounds sterling anataya udindo wa ndalama ndalama, American dola sikuti kusunga, komanso amalimbitsa malo ake m'njira iliyonse.

Nthawi yomalizira yosungiramo nkhokwe za golide ku US inayang'aniridwa bwino mu 1953. Nkhokweyi imasungidwa mu storages zinayi. Kuphatikiza ku US stockpile, m'gawo la dziko lachisungidwe cha zitsulo zamtengo wapatali zimasungidwa makumi asanu ndi limodzi. Chiwerengero cha mbadwa ndi zakunja chimakhala chinsinsi, zomwe zimapanga mphekesera zambiri pa izi.

Golide Wofiira wa ku Russia

Malingana ndi deta yomwe imachokera kumalo osatseguka, malo osungirako dziko la Russia lero ali ndi matani 1238 a golidi. Malingana ndi chizindikiro ichi, Russian Federation imatenga malo asanu ndi limodzi padziko lapansi. Gawo la golidi mu chiwerengero chonse cha nkhokwe za golide ndi 12%. Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse isanayambe, Ufumu wa Russia unali ndi mitundu yambiri ya golide padziko lapansi - matani 1.4,000. Nkhondo ya padziko lonse ndi yandale inasokonezeka kwambiri mu 1928. Panali matani 150 okha. Mu nthawi ya Stalin, chuma chinapitanso patsogolo "ndipo chinali ndi matani 2,500 mwa 1953. Komabe, kenako, nkhokwe za golidi zinangotsala pang'ono, Nikita Khrushchev anagulitsa mbali yaikulu ya izo kunja. Mu 1991, nthumwi za utsogoleri wa dzikoli zinkanena kuti matani 290 okha a zitsulo zamtengo wapatali adachokera ku Soviet inheritance.

Zigawo za golide za ku Russia zimagawidwa m'magawo awiri osagwirizana. Ambiri mwa iwo akuyang'aniridwa ndi Bungwe Lalikulu Pakati pa mgwirizano ndi boma la Russia, limasungidwa mwachindunji ndi Bank of Russia. Gawo lachiŵiri liri mu Thumba la boma la zitsulo zamtengo wapatali ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali ya Russian Federation, zosankha zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kubwezeretsedwa kwa gawo ili la malo akusungidwa mwachindunji ndi pulezidenti, komanso ndi boma.

Mphamvu za nkhokwe za golidi

Nkhokwe zachitsulo chamtengo wapatali, zomwe ndi mbali ya mayiko onse a Russian Federation, anayerekezera kuti anali madola 40 biliyoni kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa 2014. Ngakhale m'chaka cha 2013 Bungwe Lalikulu Lalikulu linagula golidi pamsika wa Russia, komabe, malinga ndi zomwe akatswiri amanena, mtengo wa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali unachepera ndi madola 11 biliyoni. Izi zinapangitsa kuti, pofika kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2013, msinkhu wa golide unachepetse ku 7.8%, kuphatikizapo chiwerengero cha mayiko onse a Russian Federation. Gawo la chigawo cha ndalama mu baskiti kumayambiriro kwa chaka chatha chinabweretsa 92.2%.

Ofufuza apeza kuti kuyambira chiyambi cha chaka chino, Bungwe Lalikulu likupitiriza kuwonjezera nkhokwe za golide mu nkhokwe za golide, kuwonjezera voli yawo katatu. Popeza kuti khalidwe limeneli ndilosazolowereka pamsika wa golide, akatswiri akunja akunena kuti ndiko kusowa chidaliro mu ndalama za US kuti banki yaikulu ya Russian Federation ikunyengerera kugula.

Mafuta ndiwo maziko a malo a golide a ku Russia

Kukula kwa dziko "kubyshka" kunayamba zaka zero zazaka za m'ma 2100. Malo osungirako dziko lonse la Russian Federation adakula kwambiri chifukwa chokhala ndi mitengo ya hydrocarbon mpaka chaka chovuta cha 2008. Panthawiyo, iwo anali madola 600 biliyoni. Kuti akhalebe olimba mu dziko kuyambira chiyambi cha chaka chovuta, National Welfare Fund inakhazikitsidwa. Zosungirako zapadziko lonse za Russia zakhala mtundu wopereka ndalama kwa dongosolo latsopanolo. Izi zinkathandiza kupewa zovuta zazikulu, koma kuchuluka kwa nkhokwe za golide kunachepa. Pakati pa chaka cha 2013 okha adatha kubwezeretsa - mpaka mabomba okwana 533 biliyoni.

M'chaka cha chaka chatha, zinthu zinayamba kusintha kwambiri. Kuwombera kumeneku, komwe kunalengezedwa ndi mayiko a kumadzulo kwa Ulaya ndi USA chifukwa chakuti dziko la Crimea lidafika ku Russia kumapeto kwa chaka chatha, kuphatikizapo kuwonongeka kwa mitengo ya mafuta, kuyesa kwa ndalama za dziko lonse, kuthandizidwa kwa ruble, chilango ndi mphamvu zotsutsana - zonsezi zinayesedwa kwambiri ku Russia ndipo Musagwirizane ndi boma la nkhokwe za golide. Pakatikati pa chaka, voliyumu yawo inagwa ndi theka lachitatu, mpaka $ 382 biliyoni, zomwe madola 12 biliyoni adagwa pa IMF. Kugwa kunapitilira chaka chonse, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino, malo osungirako mayiko a Russian Federation anafika pa $ 374.7 biliyoni. Kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa May, mavoti awo anali 358.5 biliyoni,