Zithunzi Byzantine wa Ravenna

M'tauni zigawo ili m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Adriatic, nthawi zambiri zasintha olamulira, ndipo aliyense wa iwo anayesa kukongoletsa Ravenna zachifumu latsopano ndi akachisi, ndi chifukwa kuti ngale Italy wayamba malo aakulu a luso kamangidwe ka dziko. Inali pakati East ndi West, ndi zakuya malo apadera mbiri, eyiti amene ali pansi pa chitetezero cha UNESCO.

Komabe, chidwi chachikulu cha wodala Ravenna akuganiza Zithunzi mtengo wapatali kwambiri, omwe anati kwenikweni kulikonse. UMOYO ntchito zodabwitsa ake ndi ooneka aliyense wokhudza cholowa chikhalidwe cha mzindawo ndi m'mbuyomu chuma.

Luso la Ufumu Byzantine

The Byzantine kupanga zithunzi anaikidwa pa mtsinje, ndi akachisi ndi nyumba zachifumu anali chokongoletsedwa ndi zojambula za galasi akuda. Ndithudi, izi si dzina zoonadi, monga luso - osati luso. NdiAmene ntchito kwambiri olembedwa iwo alibe utoto, ndipo alemba ntchito ku zidutswa smalt.

Maluwa luso zithunzi imagwera pa zana V-VI, ukutchedwa m'badwo wagolide. Wotchuka kwambiri mu dziko chimatengedwa ngati katswiri wa Ravenna Zithunzi ndi zithunzi za Hagia Sophia (Constantinople). mpingo mbiri Istanbul ndi lero ali anapitiriza mphamvu ndi ulemerero umene analengedwa ndi Mlengi wake - ndiAmene wa Byzantium wakale. Wokongola ntchito mtengo wapatali kwa chikhalidwe dziko, zasungidwa bwino.

Akachisi ndi Zithunzi za Ravenna: inconspicuous ndi mwanaalirenji

Kumayambiriro Akhristu a mipingo, chojambulidwa cha V-VII zaka, pamene Ravenna anali likulu la Western Roma, palibe amene anadabwa mapulani njira ndi kukongola wapadera. Alendo a mzinda wakale kuvomereza kuti kunja izo sizimapanga kuganiza: featureless msewu, malo inconspicuous, kupanda chikhalidwe wosangalatsa ndi mtundu wapadera. Komabe, pa pamakoma imvi akachisi ndi njerwa makoma wandiweyani amabisa cholowa zithunzi mumzinda. ntchito choyambirira cha luso saona kuwafunsa mafunso ochititsa manyazi, ndi kupeza pawo, kuti mapu a mudzi, yomwe ili kumpoto cha kum'mawa kwa Italy.

Zithunzi za Ravenna odziwika padziko lonse kuti zinthu zina chikhalidwe satulukiridwa ndi alendo. Akusowa chuma chimene Palibenso mzinda uliwonse mu dziko, zobisika kuseri pamakoma ziwembu zopulula mbiri nyumba. Pamaso tikukamba za kunyada waukulu Ravenna, muyenera khutu ku mbali ya zojambula zimenezi.

Mose wa smalt

Mose - amakonda ulemerero wa Akhristu a mipingo yomwe kwathunthu kwambiri timapezamo mfundo zokongoletsa za dziko la chipembedzo. kupenta wakhala akupangidwa ndi Byzantines, walenga luso lapadera la yopanga glazes. Anathetsera kapu akuwonjezeka zosiyanasiyana zitsulo (golide, Mercury, mkuwa, ndi ena) kupereka mithunzi ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana. The mbali yaikulu ya zojambula ndi zithunzi anali ofanana kukula ndi njerwa mwaukhondo anaika.

Zithunzi Byzantine mu Ravenna wakhala chigawo chachikulu mu ulemerero wa manda, akachisi matchalitchi akuluakulu, kumene Pachithunzipa ntchito zithunzi. Nkhani yaikulu ya zojambula yaikulu anakhala mbiri Mkhristu ndi nkhani za m'Baibulo. Technology atagona glazes chaka bwino, ndi olemba nyimbo zosangalatsa kukhala formulations watsopano ndi mitundu.

Features umisiri

chimasiyanitsa zithunzi Byzantine ku Roma chiyani? Mbali yaikulu ya ntchito ya golide amakhala maziko amene anaikidwa midadada ndi unpolished padziko, ndi kusiyana ndi malo ake ake ndi zinthu zina. Komanso, ambuye ntchito contours yosalala pamene chithunzi malire a matupi kapena zinthu, amene anapereka zikuchokera kwa chowala maziko kumva. Choncho analengedwa nsalu umodzi zokongola shimmering mu chowala makandulo ndi kuyatsa achilengedwe. Zosangalatsa masewera mitundu ndi mawunikidwe kulenga zotsatira za akanema, kukhala moyo wawo.

Ojambula zithunzi Ravenna zithunzi luso sukulu, amalenga mu nthawi V wa VII zaka, ntchito ndi phale, glazes wopangidwa mwa mitundu zikuluzikulu ndipo zosiyanasiyana mithunzi osiyana. Nthawi zambiri, ndi cubes anali amakona anayi, mawonekedwe lalikulu, ngakhale zithunzi zina mukhoza kuona kuzungulira ndi zinthu chowulungika zamitundu lalikulu - kuchokera mamilimita 7 mpaka 15.

Heritage ndi modernity

Zithunzi za Ravenna, omwe anakhala likulu la Western Roma, palibe njira otsika ntchito zodabwitsa za Constantinople. City, yemwe anali mutu wa bwino wa luso ndi chikhalidwe, ali cholowa wolemera, amene wakhala chinkatilimbikitsa kuti olemba otchuka ndi ojambula zithunzi. Mzinda wamakono sanaiwale luso wakale: mu umodzi wa maphunziro ndi kulekana zithunzi, amene anafika ndi ophunzira onse Italy ndi achilendo. Iwo makamu zokambirana semina, akubweretsa pamodzi akatswiri padziko lonse.

Ravenna adamfunsa matalente kuchita ntchito yobwezeretsa, kulenga makope zidzasintha ntchito wotchuka kuti zikhoza kugulidwa mu tambirimbiri luso la mzinda. Akuluakulu akudziwa za zithunzi mwa likulu kuti ntchito yaikulu - izo si kusunga chuma dziko, komanso kuti iwo onse.

Mausoleum wa Galla Placidia

The wamkulu mapulani chipilala ndi mausoleum wa Galla Placidia mu Ravenna. Mose aumbike mwa ambuye V m'ma Byzantine analenga, zimene zinabweretsa Mwana wamkazi Great Istanbul Theodosius. Kwenikweni, ofufuza anapeza, si manda enieni, kuyambira Galasi anaikidwa Rome, ndi nyumba iyi, kuyang'ana wosakongola ndithu, ndi tchalitchi yaing'ono wodzipereka kwa St. Lawrence - woyang'anira woyera ufumu wa banja.

Ingrown m'zaka zingapo chuma chobisika m'dziko la dongosolo la njerwa, mtundu umene mpweya lililonse mlendo. Kudzera mazenera yopapatiza, anaika yasipi mbale, ozama cheza cha dzuwa, ndi mu mdima kuunika shimmering cubes zithunzi Ravenna, ngati ngale. chozizwitsa Ichi ndi malongosoledwe - kotero kusewera smalt kupatsira mithunzi osiyana mtundu. Mzimu kuwala chochitika padziko roughened zimaonekera pa kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino osiyana, ndi anawasema ndi makoma a mausoleum amawonetsa kupasuka kutsogolo kwa kudzaona.

supernal wokongola kwambiri

Zithunzi za Ravenna, zithunzi zimene kudzutsa ngakhale anthu kutali ndi luso, litakhala. The mzikiti wa mausoleum wa UNESCO otetezedwa ndi buluu nyenyezi kuthambo pa malo ake kumawala chagolidi mtanda, motsogoleredwa kum'mawa, ndi zinayi Chipilala chokongoletsedwa ndi zizindikiro za alaliki Byzantines - ng'ombe, mkango, mphungu ndi mngelo. Apa mutha kuona wakale dziko akutuluka, ndipo mfitiyo kusonyeza zojambula pa kukongola chosiyana - Mulungu.

ophiphiritsa

Young Iisus Hristos akufotokozedwa ngati mbusa wabwino atazunguliridwa ndi nkhosa. Anthu oyambirira chithunzi Mkhristu Mpulumutsi, yekha zovala zathu wofiirira ndi golide amene amasonyeza amene ali kutsogolo kwa ife kwenikweni. Zikuoneka ziwerengero za oyera pa maziko buluu, kukumbutsa anthu otchulidwa wakale togas Roma, ndi mphesa - ndi bacchanalia zachikunja.

Komabe, amisiri amene anachita zithunzi, kuvekedwa ndi tanthauzo lililonse chithunzi kumvetsera nkhosa za Khristu - nkhosa, kumwa ndi nkhunda bwino mtsinje ndi mbawala - Akristu, kungolandira chiphunzitso chatsopano, ndi gulu la mphesa - Munda wa Edeni, mu wokhulupilira kugwa.

Zithunzi za tchalitchi cha San Vitale

Near mausoleum ndi wotchuka mpingo wa San Vitale mu Ravenna. Zithunzi a tchalitchi, kupangidwa ndi m'misili Byzantine ndi chuma yaikulu ya wokonda moyo wodzimana wooneka mapulani chipilala, pamene zotsalira za woyang'anira woyera wa mzinda wodala - St. Vital. Akhristu amene ankada nkhawa kukongola kwa uzimu osati kunja, osati chokongoletsedwa akachisi awo, kusunga mwanaalirenji yokongola mkati. Anapanga mu VI m'ma Zithunzi Byzantine wa San Vitale mu Ravenna, amene ankaona kunja wokongola kwambiri wa Constantinople, imakongoletsa guwa mbali apse ndi kukwezedwa kwa guwa. Zochitika ku Chipangano Chakale, fano Yesu ndi oyera mtima, Mfumu Justinian ndi mkazi wake ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi zojambula mu mausoleum lapansi.

Maziko chachikulu zojambula waima mtundu golide, ndi kanjedza amaoneka ngati iwo anataya zinthu. Iwo anabwerera mu silhouette athyathyathya ndipo ngati yovula. Ngakhale drapes katundu zovala pansi makutu awo samaona matupi aumunthu. Mesmerizing maso ndi maso yaikulu pa anthu amene akatulutsidwa.

Kwenikweni wauzimu

Pa nsalu zokha ayi ankaonetsa inde mbuye osati chakanthawi, ndipo anapempha wosatha, akuonetsa kuti alibe chuma chipolopolo, ndi umulungu, ndi kayendedwe ka kusintha kubwera zithunzi achisanu ndi njira bwino m'malo voliyumu. Palibe mithunzi ya kusintha yosalala, ndi Zithunzi za San Vitale mu Ravenna ndi lalikulu mtundu mawanga.

Byzantine anonymous olemba sitinaonepo Mfumu ndi mkazi wake anayesa kusonyeza si chithunzi chikhalidwe ndi chofunikira wauzimu, kuzindikira malingaliro awo a kukongola. mwamuna wake, mfumu yaikulu, amasonyezera pa nthawi imene mpingo transmits golide mphika ngati mphatso. mutu Justinian a, musatenge zochita pa nkhani yaikulu wopanda mkazi, adakonzeka ndi kampira a. N'zosatheka kuona kafungo umunthu: zamoyo zonse ndi akanthawi kumanzere kunja kwa kachisi, ndipo mfumu mu theka lachiwiri kumujambula wolamulira abwino.

mtundu mapanelo Basic zomwe zikutsindika chikondwerero m'mlengalenga tchalitchi - woyera, buluu, golide, ndi wobiriwira. Zidutswa za glazes anaika pa kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino osiyana, ndi kuwala kwawo panamveka amapereka kuganiza za macheza abwino chinamulowerera dzuwa ofunda. Sizikudziwika, zimene amenya kwambiri: bwino mozama zikuchokera, finely ntchito mfundo, kapena wangwiro mtundu ofananira.

Nsalu mobatizira wa Neon

M'zaka za m'ma V, panali mapulani chinthu, anazindikira kuti imodzi mwa zipilala kwambiri mu dziko - mzinda mobatizira. Ravenna Mose, wangwiro ndi inlays nsangalabwi mwakemu, ngati alembedwa kapangidwe ka mzikiti ndi, anafuna kuti abatizidwe ndi amene ali ndi zaka mofanana Mausoleum wa Galla Placidia.

Ambuye ntchito njira yapadera: zidutswa zonse ndi kulekanitsa zinthu zawo - mtundu wa osiyanasiyana, ndipo litayamba chapakati akukhamukira cheza golide. Pa gulu ozungulira Tingaone ubatizo wa Khristu ndi Yohane Mbatizi powonekera, nkhunda, kusonyeza Mzimu Woyera, atumwi 12, wodziwika ndi korona wa kufera. Ziwerengero amithenga a Mulungu, tikuonera mdima buluu maziko amaoneka mu gululo, ndipo pamwamba pa zomwe iwo Amaponda zikuwoneka mbandakucha. Ophunzira a Yesu malaya Udzalamulira mitundu iwiri - golide ndi woyera, embodying wauzimu. Nkhope ya atumwi, ndi makhalidwe amphamvu, moopsya.

Nzika za Yerusalemu wakumwamba

Ophunzira Khristu akuonetsedwa ngati kuwala onyamula maphunziro a chikhristu. Mpulumutsi kubatizidwa, ndi kubwera mwa chisomo cha atumwi kuwapereka kwa Mpingo pa dziko lapansi, zomwe zimaimira maguwa akusonyezera. Ndipo mitengo ya zipatso pa mzikiti wa mobatizira imakhudzana ndi mzimu Mkhristu, kupatsa chipatso chokoma. Chotero chokongoletsera wachuma wa nyumba zachipembedzo anatsindika kufunika wapadera ubatizo okhulupirira, ndipo zikuchokera lonse ndi mutu waukulu wa New Jerusalem - mzinda, anatumiza Yesu padziko lapansi-wopambana.

Limodzi likhoza amasirira mphatso yapadera mayina matalente, chomwe chili Ravenna ano. Zithunzi ndi frescos mobatizira, alimbane ndi miyala ing'onoing'ono wolemera mtundu phale, ndi molondola kuloza ankachiritsa ambuye m'dera osati Byzantine. Adalenga zikuchokera waufulu, zonyezimira yowala mitundu.

ntchito wapatali

Ancient Ravenna, anatembenuka ndi likulu kwambiri m'tauni zigawo ndi amazipanga wotchuka ndi alendo. Zaka zambiri zadutsa, izo zasintha koma nthaŵi zonse katswiri wake wapatali amene anapulumuka ndiAmene awo ndi bwino anasunga. Zithunzi Amazing wa Ravenna, kumene n'zovuta kugwetsera maganizo ndi chidwi kwa alendo onse amene amazindikira zinthu zokongola.