Zida amasankha nyukiliyazo basi: ntchito, kupanga yobwezeretsanso

Anthu nthawi zonse pofunafuna magwero mphamvu zatsopano kuti angathetse mavuto ambiri. Koma si nthawi zonse, ali bwino. Choncho, makamaka chimagwiritsidwa ntchito lero nyukiliya mathanki ngakhale amatha kukhala chabe kuchuluka zochuluka za zofunika mphamvu zonse zamagetsi adakali pangozi. Koma, kuwonjezera pa ntchito mphamvu nyukiliya zolinga mtendere, ena dziko aphunzira ntchito, ndipo usilikali, makamaka kwa chilengedwe cha zokwana nyukiliya. Nkhani Tikambirana pamaziko a zida zotere zowononga, dzina - zida amasankha nyukiliyazo basi.

Background

Mu mawonekedwe zitsulo yaying'ono muli osachepera 93,5% 239Pu isotope. Zida amasankha nyukiliyazo basi dzina lake kotero kuti n'zotheka kuti kusiyanitsa ku "m'bale wa riyakitala lapansi." Mfundo nyukiliyazo basi nthawi ndi nthawi aumbike mwa mwamtheradi riyakitala aliyense nyukiliya, amene nawonso, amayendera ureniamu otsika wabwino kapena zachilengedwe, munali, kuti kwakukulukulu, isotope 238U.

Ntchito mu gawo usilikali

Zida amasankha nyukiliyazo basi 239Pu - maziko zida za nyukiliya. Mu nkhani iyi, ntchito ya isotopes ndi manambala misa 240 ndi 242 sikuthandiza, chifukwa iwo amapanga kwambiri nyutironi maziko, zimene pamapeto pake zimawononga chilengedwe ndi mamangidwe a mkulu-ntchito katundu nyukiliya. Komanso, nyukiliyazo basi isotopes 240Pu ndi 241Pu ali kwambiri ang'onoang'ono theka moyo poyerekeza 239Pu Koma nyukiliyazo basi mbali kwambiri mkangano. Ndi chokhudza izi akatswiri nyukiliya chida amakakamizidwa kuwonjezera zinthu zina kochotsa kutentha owonjezera. Mwa njira, 239Pu koyera otentha thupi. Sangathe koma kuganizira mfundo yakuti mankhwala a oipa a isotopes katundu pansi pa kusintha makhalidwe oipa kophimba galasi la zitsulo, ndipo reconfigures zachilendo mbali ya nyukiliyazo basi, imene mapeto zingachititse chaphindu kwa chipangizo nyukiliya zachiwawa.

Mokulira onse mavuto amenewa angathe kuthetsedwa. Ndipo, mu kuchita, ife mobwerezabwereza mayeso zipangizo zachiwawa pa zifukwa za izo ndi "riyakitala" nyukiliyazo basi. Koma ayenera kumvetsa kuti chida nyukiliya si udindo wotsiriza wotanganidwa ndi compactness awo, pewani kulemera otsika, durability ndi zoona. Pa nkhani imeneyi, iwo ntchito kokha zida amasankha nyukiliyazo basi.

Kapangidwe ka makina amene yopanga

Pafupifupi nyukiliyazo basi zonse Russia anali kwaiye mu riyakitala okonzeka ndi graphite mtsogoleri. Aliyense makina amene wamangidwa kuzungulira midadada cylindrically anasonkhana graphite.

Atasonkhana pakati midadada ya graphite ndi kagawo wapadera potipatsa mosalekeza makope coolant, amene ntchito ngati asafe. Mu dongosolo anasonkhana, ndipo vertically anakonza njira analengedwa kuti ndimeyi wa yozizira madzi pa iwo ndi mafuta. Palokha, khamu ndi sankalimbana nafe anathandiza pa kapangidwe ndi mabowo kwa ngalande ntchito kutumiza kale irradiated mafuta. Choncho aliyense wa njira mu chubu woonda-mipanda umapangidwa kuchokera opepuka ndi owonjezera amphamvu aloyi zotayidwa. Ambiri mwa njira anafotokoza ali 70 ndodo mafuta. Yozizira madzi uyenda molunjika padziko ndodozo mafuta, kuchotsa kutentha owonjezera kwa iwo.

Kuwonjezeka mathanki kupanga mphamvu

Poyamba, riyakitala woyamba "yowunikira" anali kufufuta ndi mphamvu 100 MW matenthedwe. Mbwenye, mkadamu yaikulu ya Soviet pulogalamu zida za nyukiliya chitukuko, Igor Kurchatov anapanga maganizo, amene anali kuti riyakitala ndi m'nyengo yozizira iye limodzi ndi mphamvu 170-190 MW, ndi chilimwe - 140-150 MW. Njira imeneyi zinathandiza riyakitala kutulutsa pafupifupi 140 magalamu a nyukiliyazo basi wapatali patsiku.

Mu 1952, lathunthu ntchito sayansi-kafukufuku sanatsatiridwe kuti kuonjezera mphamvu yopanga zikugwira ntchito makina amene njira zimenezi:

• Ndi kuwonjezeka madzi kutuluka ntchito yozizira ndi likuyenderera mu zoni yogwira wa unsembe nyukiliya.
• Ndi kuwonjezera kukana kuti chodabwitsa dzimbiri zikuchitika pafupi Ikani TV.
• Kucheperachepera mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa graphite.
• Kutentha buildup mkati maselo mafuta.

Chifukwa, mphamvu ya madzi kufalitsidwa ali kwambiri kuchuluka, chifukwa kuchuluka ndipo kusiyana pakati pa makoma mafuta njira. Dzimbiri komanso anakwanitsa kuchotsa. Chifukwa chaichi, ife anasankha yabwino kwambiri zotayidwa kasakaniza wazitsulo akhala mwakhama kuwonjezera ndi sodium dichromate, zomwe pamapeto pake kuoneka softness wa madzi yozizira (pH anali wofanana za 6.0-6.2). Makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa graphite watha kuti vuto lenileni pambuyo zitsulo ntchito asafe (kale ntchito kokha mpweya) chifukwa yozizira.

Dzuwa likulowa 1950 zaluso akhala chidza- kwaniritsidwa mu kuchita, motero kuchepetsa cheza-anachititsa kutupa ureniamu zosafunika kwambiri, amachepetsa kwambiri matenthedwe oipa ndodo ya ureniamu kusintha Kakhungu kukana ndi kusintha kulamulira khalidwe kupanga.

Yopanga pa "Mayak"

"Chelyabinsk 65" - imodzi mwa mbewu yovuta kwambiri lomwe anapangidwa zida amasankha nyukiliyazo basi. The ogwira anali mathanki kwambiri, omwe ife tione.

riyakitala A

unsembe linakonzedwa ndi anamanga pansi pa utsogoleri wa lodziwika bwino N. A. Dollezhalya. Iye anagwira ntchito ndi mphamvu 100 MW. The riyakitala anali 1.149 vertically anakonza kulamulira ndi mafuta njira mu chipika graphite. Complete dongosolo kulemera anali za 1.050 matani. Pafupifupi njira yonse (kupatula 25) akuvutika ndi ureniamu, misa okwana matani 120-130. 17 ngalande ntchito ulamuliro ndodo ndi 8 - kwa zatsopano. The pazipita kutentha mlingo amasulidwe kamangidwe ka Mabatire wofanana 3,45 kW. Pa riyakitala woyamba opangidwa 100 magalamu a nyukiliyazo basi patsiku. Choyamba nyukiliyazo basi zitsulo anapangidwa April 16, 1949.

zolakwa zamakono

Pafupifupi ndithu vuto lalikulu, lomwe ndi dzimbiri kwa oyika zotayidwa ndi zokutira selo mafuta anali pomwepo kumene. Komanso iwo yapitirira ndi kuonongeka ndodo mafuta ndi kuchucha mwachindunji m'madzi yozizira wa riyakitala pachimake. Nthawi iliyonse riyakitala kutayikira ankayenera kuti anasiya kwa maola 10 kuti ena adziwe graphite youma. Mu January 1949 oyika ku mitsinje mukanalankhula. Pambuyo pake, kuyamba unsembe zinachitika March 26, 1949.

Kalasi nyukiliyazo basi kupanga mu riyakitala A amene anali limodzi ndi mitundu yonse ya mavuto analongosola m'zaka 1950-1954, ndi mphamvu avareji 180 MW unit. ntchito wotsatira ndi chiyambi cha riyakitala akutsatiridwa ndi ntchito zambiri tima wa iwo, chimene ndi zachilendo ndipo kwachititsa oyima pafupipafupi (maulendo 165 pa mwezi). Chifukwa, mu October 1963, a riyakitala anali tsekani ndi kuuweruza yekha m'chaka cha 1964. kampeni wake kwathunthu kutsirizidwa mu 1987 ndipo pa nthawi yonse imene ntchito nthawi yaitali kutulutsa matani 4.6 wa nyukiliyazo basi.

mathanki AB

The ogwira "Chelyabinsk 65" mathanki atatu AB anaganiza kumanga mu kugwa kwa 1948. chawo kupanga ndi magalamu 200-250 a nyukiliyazo basi patsiku. Chief mlengi wa polojekiti anali Savin. Aliyense riyakitala inkakhala 1 996 TV, 65 amene anali amazilamulira. lililonse njira umaperekedwa ndi wapadera chowunikira coolant kutayikira - The luso zachilendo zomera ankagwiritsa ntchito. Chotero kusuntha adzalola ine khutu popanda zikusokoneza ntchito riyakitala lapansi.

M'chaka choyamba cha ntchito makina amene kwasonyeza kuti kupanga m'ma 260 magalamu a nyukiliyazo basi patsiku. Komabe, kuyambira chaka chachiwiri cha mphamvu ntchito pang'ono ndi pang'ono kuwonjezeka ndipo kale mu 1963 mlingo wake unali 600 MW. Pambuyo kukonzanso chachiwiri wakhala kwathunthu vutoli ndi oyika, ndi mphamvu kale anafika 1,200 MW ndi kupanga pachaka wa makilogalamu nyukiliyazo basi 270. zolozerazi anapulumuka kumaliza kutsekedwa a mathanki.

Riyakitala AI-IR

Chelyabinsk mabizinezi ntchito angapezeke uku mu nyengo kuchokera 22 December 1951 mpaka 25 May 1987. Kuwonjezera ureniamu, ndi riyakitala zimapangidwa cobalt 60, ndipo polonium-210. Poyamba, pamalowo opangidwa tritium, koma anayamba kulandira ndi nyukiliyazo basi.

Komanso processing chomera zida amasankha nyukiliyazo basi anafunika kumanga mathanki ukugwira ntchito pa madzi katundu ndi okha, madzi riyakitala (dzina lake - "Ruslan").

Siberia chimphona

"Tomsk-7" - dzina anatenga mbewu, amene ali mathanki asanu kulenga nyukiliyazo basi. Aliyense wa aggregates wa graphite ntchito yobwerera neutrons, ndi madzi wamba kuonetsetsa kuzirala chokwanira.

Ndi riyakitala-1 ntchito ndi dongosolo yozizira mu madzi wadutsa kamodzi. Komabe, ena mayunitsi anayi zida ndi chatsekedwa dera chachikulu okonzeka ndi kuzizira kutentha. Izi zimathandiza kukhala zina akadali ndi nthunzi, womwe amathandiza kupanga magetsi ndi Kutentha kwa malo osiyanasiyana.

"Tomsk-7", ndi riyakitala wotchedwanso EI-2, zimene pamapeto, anali ndi cholinga wapawiri: kubala nyukiliyazo basi likuvutika kutulutsa nthunzi kwaiye mphamvu ya magetsi 100 MW ndi 200 MW mphamvu kutentha.

chofunika

Pa malonjezo a asayansi, theka moyo wa nyukiliyazo basi zida amasankha ndi za 24 360 zaka. A chithunzi chachikulu! Pa nkhani imeneyi, funso makamaka pachimake amakhala: "Kodi molondola kuchita ndi kupanga kungotaya katunduyo" Njira yabwino ankaona kuti ntchito yomanga amakampani wapadera kwa processing wa nyukiliyazo basi zida kalasi. Chifukwa chake n'chakuti mu nkhani iyi, amafotokozera sangathenso kumwedwa usilikali ndipo lizilamuliridwa ndi munthu. Umu ndi mmene kutaya wa nyukiliyazo basi zida kalasi mu Russia, koma United States of America anapita njira zina, pochita zimenezi iwo anaphwanya kudzipereka ake padziko lonse.

Motero, boma US akumufunsira kuwononga kwambiri Unakhala mafuta nyukiliya osati m'mafakitale kupangidwa ndi dilution wa nyukiliyazo basi ndi kusunga pa makontena wapadera pa akuya mamita 500. Nkosafuna kunena kuti mu nkhani iyi, nkhani mosavuta kukhala mu nthawi iliyonse kuchotsa padziko lapansi, ndipo anamuika iye pa mipherezero asilikali. Malinga ndi Pulezidenti Russian Vladimir Putin, dziko poyamba anavomera kuti aleke nyukiliyazo basi mwanjira imeneyi, ndi kugwira yobwezeretsanso pa maofesi mafakitale.

mwapadera amapatsidwa mtengo wa nyukiliyazo basi zida kalasi. Akatswiri amanena kuti makumi matani amafotokozera izi zikhoza kukhala ndalama zankhaninkhani biliyoni angapo US. Koma akatswiri ena E Kodi apeza matani 500 a nyukiliyazo basi zida amasankha monga mmene zankhaninkhani, 8 dollars. Kuchuluka kwa chidwi. Kuti izo bwino, monga ndalama zambiri, tiyeni tinene kuti mu khumi zapitazo zaka za m'ma 20 mlingo pachaka wa GDP Russian anali $ biliyoni 400. Kuti ndi zoona, mtengo weniweni wa nyukiliyazo basi chida amasankha ndi wofanana GDP makumi awiri pachaka la Russia.