Vuto la munthu nzeru ndi luntha alili ake mu madera osiyana nthanthi

Kukhala ndi dziko lamkati la anthu a sayansi zambiri, koma za cholinga, malo ndi chikhalidwe cha nzeru amaganiza okha mu dziko. Tikhoza kunena kuti vuto la munthu nzeru ndi vuto waukulu. Long chifukwa pali matanthauzo ambiri a mtundu wa anthu. Ngakhale kalelo mwanthabwala ikunenedwa "biped popanda nthenga", pamene Aristotle kuzimwera umapereka kwambiri ndi momveka - mwamuna ndi zoon politikon, mwachitsanzo, nyama zomveka, omwe sangakhale popanda chikhalidwe TV. Mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano, Pico Della Mirandola , mu "Kulankhula pa akamanena za munthu," ananena kuti si anthu a malo ena mu dziko ndi omveka bwino - iwo ali mu ukulu wawo kuwutsa kuposa angelo, ndi makhalidwe ake kugwa m'munsimu ziwanda. Pomaliza, French existentialist nzeru zapamwamba Sartre anaitana anthu "kukhalapo, lomwe lili m'mbuyo zomwenso" kutanthauza kuti anthu amabadwa monga gulu kwachilengedwenso, kenako kukhala wololera.

Man nzeru chodabwitsa chimaoneka ndi makhalidwe enieni. Man ndi mtundu wa "ntchito", iye amalenga. Choncho, akhoza osati ntchito komanso "kudziletsa chilengedwe", ndiyo kusintha yokha, ndi kudzikonda chidziwitso. Komabe, moyo ndi zochita za anthu ofunitsitsa ndipo sasunthika ndi nthawi, kuti Lupanga Damocles atapachikidwa pa iwo. Man amalenga osati okha, komanso "khalidwe", chikhalidwe, kotero Heidegger ananenera, "anawaonjezera kuwirikiza kawiri munthu." Komanso, iye akuti nzeru zapamwamba chomwecho, ndi "kukhala, amene akuganiza kuti ali Genesis." Ndipo, potsiriza, munthu amaika pa dziko lonse mozungulira miyezo yake. Ngakhale Protagoras kuti munthu ndi muyeso wa zinthu zonse m'chilengedwe chonse, ndi nzeru ena ku Parmenides kuti Hegel anafuna kudziwa kukhala ndi maganizo.

Vuto la munthu nzeru anaikidwa komanso mawu ubale pakati pa microcosm - ndiko kuti, dziko mumtima wa munthu, ndi macrocosm - dziko loyandikira. Mu Ayurveda yakale Chinese ndi Greek nzeru munthu kuwamva monga mbali ya Cosmos yekha zosasinthika "kuti" zachilengedwe. Komabe, akale chisanadze Socratics monga Diogenes a Apoloniya, Heraclitus, ndi Anaximenes ndipo analinso ndi maganizo osiyana, otchedwa "paralellizma" micro- ndi macrocosm, ponena kuti munthu chithunzithunzi kapena chizindikiro cha macrocosm lapansi. Kuyambira zopanda uyu anayamba kukhala ndi Anthropology chilengedwe, munthu zosungunulira mu mlengalenga (munthu imakhala yokha ya zinthu ndi nyengo).

Vuto la munthu nzeru komanso kuyesetsa kuthetsa kunadzetsa komanso chakuti malo ndi chilengedwe anayamba kumvetsa anthropomorphic, monga amoyo ndi thupi lauzimu. Mfundo imeneyi yafotokozedwera amakezana mythologems Cosmological "World pracheloveka" (Purusha mu Indian otchedwa Vedas, Ymir mu Scandinavia "Edda" Pan Gu nzeru za Chinese, Adam Kadmon mu Ayuda Kabbalah). Kuyambira unabuka chikhalidwe cha thupi, komanso ali ndi "dziko moyo" (ndi anavomera Heraclitus, Anaximander, Plato, Asitoiki), ndi chikhalidwe ichi kawirikawiri kuzindikiridwa ndi mtundu wa umulungu immanent. Chidziwitso cha dziko ku mfundo imeneyi, nthawi zambiri amachita monga kudzikonda chidziwitso. Space NeoPlatonists kusungunuka shawa ndi malingaliro.

Motero, kukhalapo kwa thupi ndi moyo (kapena, zambiri ndendende, thupi, moyo ndi mzimu) walenga kutsutsana wina umene wafala vuto la munthu nzeru. Malinga ndi mmodzi, solo ndi thupi - izi ndi mitundu iwiri yosiyana ya akamanena yemweyo (otsatira Aristotle), ndipo malinga ndi zina - iwo ali zenizeni awiri osiyana (otsatira Plato). Mu chiphunzitso cha kwa miyoyo (lililonse Indian, Chinese, Aiguputo mwina Greek nzeru) kwa malire pakati pa zamoyo ndi mafoni kwambiri, koma umunthu chabe kuyesetsa kuti "kumasulidwa" m'goli la gudumu aliko.

Vuto la munthu mu mbiri ya nzeru chinaoneka matanthauzo. Vedanta Ayurveda akamanena za munthu adzaitana atman, amanena mfundo zake mumtima zofanana Mulungu - ndi Bramini. Pakuti Aristotle, munthu - cholengedwa ndi moyo zomveka ndi luso cikhalidwe. nzeru Mkhristu asankha munthu ndi malo apadera - kukhala "m'chifanizo ndi chikhalidwe cha Mulungu," iye nthawi yomweyo chifukwa kugwa forked. Mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano, pathetically analengeza kudziyimira pawokha anthu. European rationalism a masiku ano wapanga chiphiphiritso ake mawu a Descartes maganizo - chizindikiro cha kukhalapo. Anzeru a m'zaka za zana XVIII - Lamettrie Franklin - kuzindikiridwa chikumbumtima anthu ndi njira kapena "nyama, kupanga njira yopanga." German nzeru chakale kuwamva monga wamoyo ungwiro (makamaka Hegel ananena kuti munthu - siteji mu chitukuko cha Lingaliro Mtheradi), ndipo Marxism amayesetsa kuphatikiza zachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe munthu ndi thandizo la chuma dialectical. Komabe, mu nzeru mzaka zana makumi awiri chimakhala chogwidwa ndi personalism, zomwe silitchula pa "Chikondi" wa munthu, ndi wapadera ake, m'maganizo ndi payekha.