Utsogoleri - ndani izi? A pang'ono za chizindikiro ndi ulamuliro wa olamulira

mbiri World wolemera curiosities zandale ndiponso. Udindo wolamulira - wapadera kwambiri. Kulemekeza malamulo a Aroma amaloledwa kukhala pa maziko ake ndi njira yofunika kuthana ndi mavuto onse. Ndipo mu nthawi yathu, udindo uwu kusanduka ndipo inasanduka mtundu wa ufumu mtheradi.

Chiyambi cha kupondereza ndi

The Utsogoleri - malo apadera kwa nthawi yangozi, pamene kuli kofunikira kusamutsa mphamvu m'manja ya mtsogoleri wamphamvu ndi mphamvu zopanda malire. Dzina, limene anamasuliridwa kuti "kuyitanitsa" zimasonyeza bwino tanthauzo la mawu akuti. Akukhulupirira kuti Rome sanali malo udindo zosayembekezereka wa wolamulira wa - mwina atenga zinachitikira mizinda ina Latin.

Pa mapeto a nthawi tsarist akuluakulu mbiri boma la Roma asankha kuteteza dziko ku mphamvu ankhanza, wa ili palibe munthu ankayembekezera zabwino pambuyo zinachitikira zaka zapitazi. Pasanapite nthawi zinadziwika kuti pali zinthu zimene mukufuna pochitika bolodi kwa munthu wina. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti msanga vutolo ndi zomvetsa yaing'ono.

Pamene iwo anatulutsidwa Tarquinia, patatha zaka 9 Republic woyikidwa malo mwadzidzidzi. Wopondereza woyamba wa Rome, malinga ndi zimene mabuku ena amanena - Tito Lartsy, pa zina - Manius Valery. Chifukwa njira zoopsa ochepa kwambiri: nkhondo ndi Latins, kulimbana ndi anthu andale a ku ukapolo Tarquins, zisudzo plebs - ndi zachiwawa chifukwa cha kuthamanga ngongole ndi wodzala kusayeruzika.

Olamulira a Roma: umunthu ndi mphamvu

Utsogoleri anasankha chisankho chapadera cha msonkhanowo nthumwi. Pambuyo polowa mphamvu ya woimira kwambiri udindo lictors anachotsedwa. maulamuliro onse kunditumiza ku wolamulira wa - pamaso pake onse anali nzika wamba. Yekha ndi Tribune anthu - iwo anali wopatulika ndi inviolable, ndipo anapitiriza kuteteza ufulu wa plebeians lapansi.

The Utsogoleri - munthu anapatsidwa mphamvu zopanda malire. zosankha zake sanathe anatsutsa, ndi zoweruza zingachitike ngakhale pamene kapena pambuyo atapita mawu a ofesi. Pambuyo atasankhidwa, iye anapatsidwa udindo ndi Kuwonjezera wa - chifukwa cha kopita. zifukwa zake zikhoza kukhala: nkhondo, ncthito m'makhoti, zipolowe, masewera chikhalidwe ndi atchuthi ndi comitia, akamaliza ndodo Senate, kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo kwakukulu.

Chiganizo wolamulira categorical, ngakhale nthumwi kumvera maganizo ake. Kumayambiriro kuli malo osankhidwa akhoza kukhala patricians okha, koma kwa BC IV atumwi. e. ndipo plebeians angadzitchule yakukhala mtsogoleri zodabwitsa Rome. Yosunga ndi Yuliy Tsezar anapanga udindo wake kwa moyo nampatsa mutu wa zinthu, mfumu.

Asilikali wolamulira anali mkulu wa asilikali ndiponso thandizo la wapamwamba mphamvu wamkulu. Asanamvetsetse makamaka ubale wa owayang'anira anthu ndi olamulira. Funso ndi ubale wa ulamuliro ndi kugonjera. Palibe deta bwino pa kodi Tribune kuti veto kusankha wolamulira wa.

Mu nthawi wabwinobwino, mutu wa boma anali kazembe, koma mphamvu zake zinali zochepa ndi Senate. Utsogoleri - udindo kuposa mphamvu ya nthumwi, zikhoza kukhala ukugwira mphamvu ya mfumu. Komabe, iye sakanakhoza kusankha mafunso a zachuma, ndalama kuchokera chuma popanda chilolezo Senate. Komanso, wopondereza sanathe kuyenda kunja kwa Rome, kuzungulira mzindawo pa mahatchi.

"Colonel Board." Kusintha tanthauzo la mawu akuti "wolamulira" mu zaka mazana makumi awiri

Lingaliro la ulamuliro wa modernity zasintha. The Utsogoleri - munthu anapatsidwa mphamvu zonse mu vuto vuto, koma chigulitsire. Tikumbukenso kuti anapitiriza mwambo wayamba ndi Yosunga ndi Yuliy Tsezar. M'zaka za m'ma-makumi awiri, mawu akuti "wolamulira" ulamuliro chosefukira osati dziko, koma ngakhale m'mafakitale payekha.

mphamvu zonse sizitanthauza chigamulo cha munthu mmodzi yekha - n'zosatheka. Koma matupi chenjezo pa kupondereza ndi zomveka yekha pa malamulo ndi chifuniro ntsogoleri.

Mu nkhani ya akapitawo adani mphamvu zisinthe anapanga stratocracy. Amaona mawonekedwe stratocracy. Pankhaniyi, dziko kulamulidwa ndi asilikali, koma pali zosintha la mphamvu - malingana ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya ankhondowo pa kugwira ntchito zida boma. Nthawi zambiri mtundu wa kupondereza opezeka mu Africa, America South ndi Middle East.

Chitsanzo chabwino ndi junta, ambiri mu Latin America. Dziko likuyendetsedwa bungwe asilikali. Zitsanzo ndi modes Jorge Videla ku Argentina ndi Augusto Pinochet ku Chile.

olamulira asilikali Africa ndi ku Middle East yodziwika ndi authoritarianism. Dziko likuyendetsedwa osati bolodi kapena komiti, ndi mtsogoleri mmodzi. Mwachitsanzo, pamene wakhala anakonza kupha ulamuliro wa asilikali Idi Amin ku Uganda.

Kwa zaka mazana makumi awiri amakhala ndi mitundu iwiri ya kupondereza asilikali kuti: Mphamvu ya anthu kapena mtsogoleri limodzi. The choyamba - ndi opondereza ndi wachiwiri - ndi authoritarian Republican ankhanza.

Lalikulu ndi lowopsya. The olamulira a nthawi yathu

Nthawi ya kusintha kwambiri ndi zikuluzikulu chofunika atsogoleri ena amphamvu. The mzaka zana makumi awiri anali olemera mu ulamuliro wa mitundu yonse ndi akalumikidzidwa.

Ku Ulaya kulamulidwa ndi Adolf Hitler (Germany), Benito Mussolini (Italy), Francisco Franco (Spain) ndi Iosif Stalin (USSR), Nicolae Ceausescu (Romania); mu Asia - Mao Tszedun (China), Kim Iri Sen (Korea North), Pol M'phika (Cambodia), Saddam Hussein (Iraq); mu America - Fidel Castro (Cuba), Augusto Pinochet (Chile); Africa - asilikali Idi Amin (Uganda), Omar al-Bashir (Sudan), Muammar Gaddafi (Libya). Great Utsogoleri ankhanza unakhazikitsidwa pa maziko a Nazi, lopondereza mfundo (Italy, Germany, Spain), ndi nkhanza za ulamuliro wankhanza boma (USSR ndi China).

pomaliza

modes onse ndi ofanana: ulamuliro authoritarian mtsogoleri wa kwa zaka zambiri, kupondereza umalimbana otsutsa mutu wa boma, ndi zina kudzipatula andale ndi azachuma, statism, wamphamvu Army kulamulira.