The ndege "limakhulupirira Gorky" (Nyerere-20): zofunika

Amadziwika kuti Soviet propaganda vosmimotorny mwakwera ndege "limakhulupirira Gorky" - nyerere 20 - ankaona yonyamula waukulu wa nthawi yake, dziko okonzeka galimotoyo. Linamangidwa mu mzinda wa Voronezh ku fakitale ndege.

chilengedwe

Tiyeni tione mmene bwino cholinga ndege "limakhulupirira Gorky". Mu 1932, mu October, chizindikiro tsiku la 40 la Maksima Gorkogo kulemba ntchito. Atolankhani ndi olemba, kutsogozedwa ndi Mikhail Koltsov anali pa chochitika kwambiri. Tsiku lomwelo, iwo abverana kuti amange agitsamolot, iye dzina polemekeza wolemba lodziwika bwino - "limakhulupirira Gorky". Yomanga a malo inakhazikitsidwa Union onse Committee, dziko lonse anayamba kusonkhanitsa ndalama yomanga. Mu nthawi yochepa anthu anatha kusonkhanitsa rubles oposa mamiliyoni asanu.

anayambitsa ndege "limakhulupirira Gorky" ndi ndani? Komiti mu kapangidwe kake bungwe Council zaumisiri, amene tcheyamani anasankhidwa mkulu TSAPI Kharlamov. Kuti anapatsidwa kudziwa nkhope tsogolo la mbalame chitsulo ndi kulenga zinthu luso pa maziko a zolinga zake zazikulu.

Mu chitukuko cha Council luso mabungwe zinakhalira: TSAPI, CIAM, kufufuza ndi anayambitsa sayansi ya Air Force, ntchito yofalitsa mabuku, Kinofotoinstitut, okonza ambiri ndi akatswiri: VM Petlyakov, N. Nekrasov, A. Saukke (kutsogolera injiniya), AA . Engibaryan (zipangizo), A. A. Arhangelsky, VN Belyaev (mphamvu mawerengedwe), B. M. Kondorsky (okwana mitundu), EI Pogossky ndi ena. Ntchito lotsogoleredwa ndi AN Tupolev.

The ndege "limakhulupirira Gorky" analenga ambiri mabungwe. Ndinangoyang'ana nyumbayi ndipo anapambana kuti pa zosiyanasiyana zida ndi kumanga komiti (tcheyamani AN Goryanov), bungwe ndi Komiti. Mu 1933, March 10 , ichi Commission adalowa mgwirizano ndi TSAPI kuti kupanga ndege nyerere-20.

Amadziwika kuti mlengi AN Tupolev mu 1933 bwinobwino anapezerapo ndi TB-3 madzi yoponya mabomba kupanga siriyo. Kuti iye ankachita nawo kamangidwe winanso wa chidwi colossus - lakumwamba bastions. Komanso, akatswiri apanga kusodza kuyambirira kwa galimotolo chitsanzo TB-4 yoponya mabomba otchedwa Nyerere-20.

kamangidwe cilamulo la zinthu latsopano kuwunikira mu April 1933, anapereka kwa Mwina ntchito yake yoponya mabomba propaganda galimoto, zimene zingathe kufalitsidwa kwambiri ndi anthu. The ndege "limakhulupirira Gorky" kugwira ntchito likulu mafoni kwa nyumba pamwamba ndale komanso nkhondo za dziko.

chipangizo

Nyerere 20 TB-4 (Nyerere-16) amasiyana okha kukula ndiponso anafunika kupirira payload la makilogalamu 1500 chachikulu, tingathe unathandizira ndi airfield yaing'ono. Pofuna kupeza pansi, iye amayenera kutenga mathamangitsidwe ku mtunda cha 300-400 mamita (ku TB-4 - 800 m).

Chifukwa cha zimenezi, akatswiri cholinga mapiko watsopano, womwe unali elongation apamwamba m'dera kuposa nsonga ya phiko la TB-4. Pafupifupi anthu onse a padziko zopangidwa corrugated.

The ndege "limakhulupirira Gorky" anali okonzeka ndi amagetsi, amene anali injini eyiti M-34FRN malita wina 900. a. (Total mphamvu 7200 L. C.). aircraft injini sikisi onse anali pa mapiko awiri - pa fuselage mu gulu Mgwilizano. zomangira chimphona amapangidwa nkhuni ndipo anali ndi awiri a 4 m. Poyamba izo zinakonzedwa kukhazikitsa injini asanu, koma anapeza kuti mphamvu zawo singakwane.

The ndege "limakhulupirira Gorky" mkati mwake chinali chachikulu! Malo a m'midzi yake inali 100 sq. mamita. iwo moti ankatha za makumi asanu ndi anthu. Mapiko anali kugawanika mlingo Bedi zina. yonyamula anali okonzeka ndi makwerero, amene, kungomanga kusanduka gawo la pansi.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba kwa akatswiri chachikulu ndege kuti ntchito dongosolo waya kulamulira. Navigation ndi piloting Chalk nyerere 20 amalola ntchito masana ndi usiku. Akhoza imayima mu mtunda osakonzekera.

Mwa njira, Nyerere 20 amadziwikanso okonzeka ndi akatswiri ndi Autopilot. Pa bolodi linaikidwa zosiyanasiyana zipangizo msonkhano, kuphatikizapo filimu purojekitala, wailesi wamphamvu "Mau kuchokera kumwamba", kusindikiza transmitters wailesi, chithunzi labu, laibulale, ndi zina zotero. Zachilendo okonzeka mpweya makalata.

Ndege "Maksim Gorky" (Nyerere-20) okonzeka ndi dongosolo magetsi okwanira ndi AC 120 V, 50 Hz. luso uyu anali ntchito kwa nthawi yoyamba (ndipo mwina mu dziko) kuchita zoweta. Adakwera siteshoni kuti inkakhala injini awiri mafuta (aliyense anali ndi oveteredwa liwiro 3000 Rev / Mph) ndi magudumu anayi (ndi magudumu awiri anagwira alternating mphamvu panopa 5.5 kW ndi 3 magudumu ziwiri akulimbana voteji 27 V ndi mphamvu 3 kW 5,8 kW).

Ngati m'pofunika, ndegeyo akhoza mfutizo natengedwa ndi njanji.

flights

Gwirizanani, akatswiri bwino kukhala ndege "limakhulupirira Gorky". The chipangizo ndi kamangidwe kake ndi zidzasintha! analenga inayamba mu 1933, pa 4 July, ndipo mu 1934, patsamba 3 April, mankhwala wakhala zimagulitsidwa ku airfield lapansi. Komanso, 24 April, panatha ntchito yapadera. Kwa nthawi yoyamba pa izo kupanga ndege mayeso woyendetsa M. M. Gromov July 17, m'chaka chomwecho. The ndege inatenga mphindi 35.

Yonyamula mu ndege chachiwiri anapita masiku awiri kenako iye anawuluka pamwamba pa Red Square pa nthawi Chelyuskinites chokumanako. Iwo anapita ndege omenyana awiri I-5.

Mofanana 1934 N. S. Zhurovu ndi M. M. Gromovu pa makina akanakhoza kupanga zikayenda awiri sikunachitekepo: Atakweza katundu yolemera matani khumi ndi khumi ndi kutalika mamita zikwi zisanu! Amadziwika kuti ngakhale Antuan De Saint-Exupery, anapita ku Soviet Union, anawulukira pa izo!

tsoka

The ndege "limakhulupirira Gorky" makhalidwe anali chonyezimila, koma moyo wake inatenga pa chaka. Mu 1935, May 18, unachitikira chionetsero ndege pa Moscow chapakati Airport, izo kenako anakonza kusamutsa Nyerere 20 agiteskadrile iwo. Gorky. Aviator agiteskadrili I. V. Miheevu zapita galimoto woyendetsa N. S. Zhurov. Iwo analoledwa kuwuluka, ndipo anthu a m'banja Nyerere 20 ndiAmene.

Nthawi zambiri, "limakhulupirira Gorky" ndege zatsopano amanyadira kwambiri brainchild wake. Mbalame thandizo njanji outfitted ndege: iwiri F-5 (woyendetsa opareshoni galimoto Rybushkin) ndi womenya-5 (mayeso anathamanga makina N. P. Blagin). Sefani kujambula anagwira Schekutev woyendetsa kuti P-5.

Kodi munaonapo ndege "limakhulupirira Gorky"? Kufotokozera, zithunzi mbalame chodabwitsa chitsulo angapezeke mu mabuku a sayansi a nthawi imeneyo! Koma tipitirize nkhani yathu pansipa. Amadziwika kuti N. P. Blagin anayenera ntchito iliyonse pa dongosolo la opanga filimu zopelekedwa, iye anali kuuluka pa kujambula ya nyerere 20, kotero amaonetsa aone kusiyana kukula.

Zokwera chimphona tafotokozazi osiyanasiyana aerodrome lonse. Koma mwadzidzidzi ndege anapeza zoopsa mawonekedwe Blagin anachita pa womenya zidule zabwino kukhala Choncho pa mtunda yaing'ono kuchokera ku Nyerere-20. Kwa mchira, "Maksima Gorkogo" Blagin anatumiza galimoto yake kakafupi pachimake, mwadzidzidzi kukoka ulamuliro ndodo (anafuna kufotokoza padziko chimphona "kuzungulira akufa"). Akafike pamwamba pa womenya yozungulira, mosatsata mlingo nagwa pa zouluka akuluakulu pansi nyerere-20.

Icho chinali ndege zidzasintha - "limakhulupirira Gorky"! Zojambula wake kulenga akatswiri bwino. Ndipo Blagina ndege nathamanga kulowa pakati pa injini wake ndipo anam'menya ndi nkhonya imodzi. Adaunyema, anagwada pansi ndi munakhala mu makina Blagina anaonekera ovutika dzenje phiko. Oopsa ramming yonyamula anapulumuka.

Mwina Mikheev ndi Zhurov akhoza kudzala, ngati I-5 sangagwere pa mchira, amene anapha yachiwiri, tsopano nkhonya kumapha "Maksimu Gorkomu" iye anagunda amazilamulira wake.

Yolemekezeka mbalame yagwera mapiko a, kugubuduza ndi adalikung'ambika kudzulu. bingu kuphulika lowopsya, ndipo nyerere 20 amapatsa pa holide farmstead Chimphamba angapo masekondi. ndegeyi ankanena miyoyo ya anthu 49, kuphatikizapo Blagina, 11 adalira mamembala ndi okwera 37 yonyamula - antchito TSAPI ndi mabanja awo, kuphatikizapo ana asanu. Kujambula tsoka limene wasoŵa (ambiri amaganiza kuti anali wachinsinsi pamodzi ndi choncho).

chipilala

M'manda a akuvutika chifukwa cha ngoziyi zinachitika pa Novodevichy manda. Mu ulendo wake omaliza anapita anthu akufa a boma, lomwe anali mlembi woyamba wa MC ndi CIM CPSU (b) N. S. Hruschov ndi mutu wa Moscow Soviet N. A. Bulganin. Mitembo ya akufa unachita kutenthedwa urn m'manda mu gawo lachitatu la columbarium mu gawo lakale la manda. Lero, ndi chikumbukiro ndi korona ndi chidwi chosemacho inaonongeka lalikulu lopangidwa ndi lubwe.

Zimayambitsa mavuto

Aliyense inandisangalatsa ndege "limakhulupirira Gorky". Kufotokozera zimamuthandiza ena chipinda ndi ganizo amanditenga m'maganizo! Soviet boma atolankhani chala onse anaika pa Blagina amene anaphwanya malangizo ndi kuchita aerobatics, anali kuchititsa tsoka.

Wina, Baibulo wosangalatsa ndi yoti Blagin mwadala rammed Nyerere-20. The nyuzipepala Polish "Lupanga" mu 1935 September 12 lofalitsidwa kalata yolembedwa ndi Blagin, zimene zili apilo anali akulimbikira kuneneza pa chikominisi boma. Kenako anaonekera mu nyuzipepala Paris anthu ochokera Russian "Chitsitsimutso". Today anavomereza kuti kalatayo kunali chinyengo.

Blagin m'manda pafupi akuvutika zina za ngoziyi. mwana wake wamkazi ndi mkazi wamasiye anathandiza: anakhazikika ku nyumba yatsopano, anatsimikiza mtima kuphunzira mwana ku sukulu. Mwana, wamasiye ndi kholo limodzi Blagina yomweyo yoikidwiratu penshioni anapulumuka. banja lake ankakhala ndi kusamaliridwa wa atsogoleri phwando. Mwachionekere, Baibulo cholinga kudwala anali untenable.

Unenviable tsoka ndege "limakhulupirira Gorky". Zojambula chake zili yachokera kwa. Tipitiriza kufufuza zina tsoka la nthawi imeneyo. Choncho, mfundo zimene takambiranazi kupereka zifukwa kulankhula za wachitatu kwambiri zoona Baibulo: ambiri ankakhulupirira kuti Blagin analamula kuchita zidule zosayenera mu mlengalenga. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anayamba "tailspin" chifukwa cha liwiro otsika. Zisanachitike izi, Stalin anayambitsa newsreel achilendo, zomwe zili kanema wa zidule mpweya, wotchuka mu zaka. Zotsatira zake zinali lingaliro kuchita zinthu zokhudza ndege "limakhulupirira Gorky".

NKVD anachititsa kufufuza, omwe anatsimikiza kuti theka la ora pamaso pa ndege ndi oyendetsa amene anali nawo ndege ndi chimphona ndege, anakumana maphunziro ndodo ndi asilikali filimu situdiyo mafilimu V. G. Ryazhsky ndi A. A. Pullin. Ali ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi ndege chimphona nyerere-20. Photo ( "limakhulupirira Gorky" kunali kwenikweni), zinandipangitsa chidwi chachikulu pa iwo, iwo akufuna kumverera. Kuvomerezedwa mkulu Air Force utsogoleri awalola amaumirira kusintha ndege sewero. Chifukwa, ndege, popanda kugwirizana ndi mutu wa ndege ndi owayang'anila, anali kugwirizana. Zopelekedwa filmmaker ankazunza cholinga cha kujambula amapinimbiritsa mlengalenga pafupi "Maksima Gorkogo" ntchito mabodza. Ryazhskiy Pullin ndipo pambuyo pa tsokalo anali kumbuyo mipiringidzo.

Nyerere 20 bis

Ndipotu ife anayang'ana pa ndege "limakhulupirira Gorky". Amene anapanga izo, ife tsopano odziwika bwino. anaganiza kuti akonze buku lachiwiri la bwino pambuyo kugwa kwake. Mgwilizano inathetsedwa, ndi m'malo 34FRN eyiti M-M okhazikika asanu 34FRNV capacitance 1000/1200 L. a. Kupanga makina atsopano inatha mu 1938, iye anawonjeza M. M. Gromov wadutsamo ake.

Mu 1940-1941, ndi zapamadzi pansi pa dzina SS 124 (R-760) anali kunyamula m'basimo ku Moscow kuti Mineralnye Vody kudzera Kharkov ndi Rostov pa-Don. Pamene nkhondo inayamba, icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati katundu chonyamulira mu kumbuyo. Iye inagwera mu 1942. Pa December 14, 60 Km from Tashkent pamene tidakocheza, chochitika maola 272.

Kwenikweni zinakonzedwa kulenga 18 more ndege nyerere 20 bis Komabe, iye ngakhalenso Nyerere-20 ndi kuŵeta ndipo sikuloledwa. Kumene, akatswiri apanga ntchito zambiri makina akuluakulu nyerere-26 Nyerere 28, koma anasiya ntchito mu 1936.

imbroglio

Kotero chinachitika pa tsiku limenelo fateful mu 1935? Tiyeni tikambirane za kuwonongeka wapadera ndege zimene zinachitika pa May 18. Chinthu choyamba kuunikila zoopsa ophiphiritsa commonality tsiku: 1896 May 18 (. Art kalembedwe) ndendende 39 zapitazo, pa tsiku la coronation Nicholas II, pa Khodynka kumunda tulo lowopsya la goodies wodzichepetsa achifumu ziwalo panali 1,300 anthu ndi monga zambirimbiri anafa.

TASS mwalamulo analengeza tsatanetsatane wa tsokalo: ngati kwenikweni za makumi asanu a anthu osalakwa, ndi ana asanu, kuphatikizapo chadzaoneni Pilot scorcher. Komabe, mayankho odalirika a mafunso ambirimbiri zokhudzana ndi kugwa zapamadzi, pali lero. Ndithu posachedwapa, zikalata kuchokera miyala ya KGB declassified, ndipo ngakhale zinthu zambiri osokonezeka mlanduwo.

Ife tikudziwa kale kuti kapangidwe ndi pomanga chombo anatumizidwa ku OKB A. N. Tupoleva TsAGI: chinthu anali kumangidwa ndi May 1, 1934. The ndege "limakhulupirira Gorky" zinachitikadi mu chitonthozo chapadera: mu zipinda zonyamula pa mawindo anapachika makatani, matebulo zida ndi nyali desiki, mipando anali lalikulu, pansi chidafundidwa ndi makalapeti. The zapamadzi analinso kugona cabins ambiri, kosunga zinthu zina, katundu chipinda, laibulale, pogulitsira zakudya zokhwasula inasangalatsa ndi zokhwasula-khwasula ozizira ndi otentha, zimbudzi ndipo limalephera.

Ndipo potsiriza, makina chimphona anawuka mu mlengalenga. Ndiyeno anayamba zoopsa kwambiri. I-5 anayamba fabricate ziwerengero padziko Nyerere-20. Pamene iye anali wachiwiri "kuzungulira akufa" Ine inawombana ndi phiko la "Maksima Gorkogo". Nkhonyayo zinali moipa mphamvu. Ante-20 choyamba linapendekeka lamanja, ndi inertia zouluka More 10-15 masekondi ndipo kenako anasamukira ku madzi ofukula ndi adagadabula pamsana pake. The ndege anagwa pa m'nkhalango ya, anagwetsa mitengo ndipo potsiriza anabalalika pansi. Izi zinalembedwa Patapita tsiku nyuzipepala "Pravda» (nambala 137 1935 20 May).

Kumene, chiwerengero cha anthu amene sunali akuuluka ndege. Zinyalala motalikiranatalikirana m'dera la m'mudzi aluso "Sokol" kugonjetsa nyumba nambala 4 pa msewu. Levitan ndi sichikupindulitsani pa msewu. Surikov nyumba nambala 7 ndi 11. Apa, chiwerengero cha imfa sanali mwachindunji.

kusanthula ngozi chiyani sanapezeke zimayambitsa woona. Yankho chinsinsi chachikulu - zinali chinachake amene analangiza kuchita amapinimbiritsa mlengalenga padziko Nyerere 20, kapena yachibadwa "mpweya zoipa" Blagina - sanalandire konse. The "Choonadi" pa May 19-20 zinatuluka kanema kujambula, koma sikuti atazikocheza ndi mesejiyo TASS. Mavuto anayesa mwamsanga anaiwalika, pamene ngakhale inathetsedwa pang'ono ganyu luso filimu "mapiko Wamkulu."

"Mosungira" kapena "kuzungulira"?

M'pofunika kutsindika mfundo yakuti kudwala-fated mpweya tsenga mu mauthenga Tass amatchedwa "akufa kuzungulira," ndipo mu nkhani yake ya woyendetsa wake Rybushkin otchedwa "Mosungira". Berry mu memo wake chithunzi Blagina amatchedwanso "Mosungira", ndipo akatswiri a mbiri yakale ndege kafukufuku wake anayamba kunena kuti Blagin anachita "Mosungira" - chifukwa Stalin sakanakhoza kukhala kuti afotokoze zolakwika! Chifukwa, ndi kusanthula posachedwapa Mabaibulo ndi zimayambitsa ngozi m'malo kukambirana zaphindu zambiri m'malo opanda ntchito kutsutsana pa nkhani: "Mosungira" kapena "kuzungulira"? Malinga ndi maganizo a akatswiri ena, n'zotheka kuti asasiye lomwe Blagin kuchita "kuzungulira."

Mukhonza kunena chinthu chimodzi: ku osovnom ntchitoyi NP Blagina anali kwambiri kuposa woyendetsa wotchuka V. P. Chkalova, kupanga ndege pansi Neva milatho.

Tikumbukenso kuti kuzungulira woyamba kuphedwa Blagin zodzikongoletsera amene anena kuti woyendetsa madzulo a kwambiri ntchito pa chiwembu, ndi ndege njira. Sizikudziwika ngati woyendetsa anali ntchito mlengi ... Ife tikudziwa kuti mwachangu kupeka zinthu zosiyana ndipo, mosakayika, anali mwangwiro bwino kuwerengetsera ya zomangamanga. Zimene zinachitika pa nthawi ya chilango cha kuzungulira chachiwiri, ife tikhoza ndikulingalira. Ndipo Mulungu akudziwa ngati iye anachita izo mu nkhani (poganizira mafelemu a mfundo zosiyanasiyana kuwombera, sikutheka kuti azindikire), kapena anapita njira yatsopano.

maganizo

Pamaziko a mudziwe pamwamba, akatswiri ambiri amati mfundo zotsatirazi:

1. Kamera ngodya P-5 pa nthawi ya chilango cha kuzungulira, malo ake ndi mtunda osachepera ku ndegeyo (mapiko mu chimango si kwathunthu kuika) Izi zikusonyeza kuti anali chisanadze mgwirizano pakati pa cameraman ndi ndege. Mosakayikira, pano anapeza chinachake amene ponena za kuphedwa kwa chotero kafukufuku.
2. Sitingathe kunena kuti anapangidwa "mpweya hooliganism". Kumene, Mochenjera kunali koopsa (poyamba zinalephereka, ndiye - osati), koma ife tikuona kuti apa linaphwanya malamulo ndege kupewa ngozi. Nthawi zambiri, flights amenewa ndi okwera pa bolodi kuchita kujambula mlandu.
3. Gwero lenileni la tsoka anatumikira Blagina woyendetsa zolakwa, ndipo ngakhale methodical (ndi kuzungulira choyamba molondola masamu), koma luso, amene amaika mu yaing'ono (zosakwana wina wachiwiri) Kuchedwa nthawi ya dzuwa litalowa pa kuzungulira chachiwiri.
4. luso Flight NP Blagina akulankhula za Universalism wake ndi Luso - iye akanakhoza kupikisana ndi kwambiri M. M. Gromovym. Mu 1935 Blagin miyezi isanu yokha anaulukira maola 26 ndi mphindi 11.

Amadziwika kuti pa kufufuza, onse nawo amapha kujambula zonse ataunjikidwa pa Blagina. Komabe, urn munali phulusa Blagina m'manda mu mpanda wa Novodevichy manda, pamodzi ndi akuvutika zina za ngoziyi. Pa manda a gulu gulu kwalembedwa Baibulo boma cha imfa, amene anauza Tass.

Wolemba limakhulupirira Gorky, ndi njira anakhumudwa kwambiri chifukwa cha imfa ya "Dzina". Koma, zinthu zambiri, ntchito ya opanga siriyo zoyendera ndi ndege zonyamula chimphona tsoka analibe chochita.