The Golden enaake Karla 4 1356. Zokonza mchitidwe wa Ufumu Woyera wa Chiroma

Czech maluwa ndi kubera Mfumu Charles IV. Inde, Golden ng'ombe - ndi kuchita zofunika kwambiri, koma si iye yekha.

Iwo anali mapulaneti zinalengedwa ophunzira munthu. Iye ankakonda ndakatulo, kucheza ndi Petrarch, zinenero zisanu European. N'chifukwa chake Charles IV anathandiza kukhazikitsa mu Prague mpando archiepiscopal ndipo anatsegula yunivesite choyamba mu chigawo cha Ulaya.

Mark pa mbiri

Czech Republic mwadzaza malo mbiri kugwirizana ndi zochita za Charles IV, - Mfumu ya Bohemia, amene anakhala mfumu ya Ufumu Wopatulika wa Roma. Izi ndi wotchuka spa tawuni Karlovy zosiyanasiyana Nyumbayi mu Hradcany ndi Charles Bridge pa Vltava ndi chinyumba Karlštejn.

nkhondo pafupifupi osafunika, nalemekeza mfumu sanali zoyembekezeka iwo monga lounikira ndi kumanga chidwi kwambiri. Dzina la zaluso ndi sayansi umwana Gold ng'ombe moona olembedwa ndi makalata golide m'mbiri ya dziko.

kuyambira

Carl anabadwa mu banja lachifumu ku Prague. bambo ake - Yohane Akhungu - anatuluka Luxembourg lachifumu, ndi mayi wake - Eliška - mwana wa Mfumu Vaclav II. Iye anakulira mu chikhalidwe cha chikondi, zikusuntha, smyshlonym, chidwi.

Karl anali mwayi kuphunzira mu France pa bwalo la Philip VI m'tsogolo Papa Clement VI - munthu wophunzira kwambiri, devotee wotchulidwa, zaluso ndi sayansi. Pa zaka khumi ndi zisanu, Charles unayamba kale kulamulira deralo, bambo woyamba anamuuza kuti Luxembourg, ndiye Moravia, ndi pambuyo pa imfa ya mwana wake anasiya lonse Czech Republic.

Ngakhale pamaso pa coronation a Karl kambirana ndi wovomerezeka chilengedwe cha Korona latsopano, amadziwika pansi pa dzina la St. Wenceslas. Mwambo chomwecho ndipo anakhazikitsa watsopano - linayamba Visegrad, ndiyeno chionetsero anasamukira mwakachetechete pa the Old Town Square mu Prague Castle kudutsa Vltava. chikondwererocho anthu onse amene mpake anasangalala mfumu yatsopano, kenako kumuyitana bambo wa Mama. Osati kokha Czech Republic komanso onse a ku Ulaya ankaona kuti ubwino wa ulamuliro wa Charles IV.

chilengedwe

Mu ulamuliro wa Charles anatha kulipira mikangano onse ankhondo ndi munyengo Mphukira, choncho sanaletse nkhondo mfumu bwino kutenga mphamvu manja awo. Yamtendere - chisomo chitukuko m'tauni, kukhazikitsidwa yunivesite ya, yomanga nyumba ndi misewu, kuukitsa mkulu mlingo wa Agriculture (French Lorraine mphesa ndi nthuza ku Czech Republic - zonse ndi mtengo wa Charles).

Komanso, anapanga Vltava yodutsira Konzekeretsani amatunga kuti ulimi wa nsomba. Zonse Karl anamanga, ngakhale zovuta ati. Komabe, iye ankawerenga okha kwambiri, analemba autobiography kwa mbiri yakale.

mfumu

Mwa mafumu European Charles anali mbiri mkulu monga bizinesi ndi kazembe moona mtima, osati amakani. Ndipo ngati kuti iye mfumu? Wopatulika wa Roma sanali otsutsa. Komanso, mfundo yakuti mwina anabwera ndi mphunzitsi wake - Papa Clement, kale wakukhala pa mpando Avignoni. wophunzira uyu ndi tchimo losati kuthandiza.

Kumachita kwathunthu njira mtendere, Karl chakhala kukodzedwa umwini wake. Pogula malo mu Silesia, Thuringia, Saxony, iye analimbitsa mphamvu wapamwamba polumikiza dziko pafupi. Choncho thereto ndipo anasamukira Luzatsiya Margravate Brandenburg. choncho anapita zonse koma kukangana: kugula zinthu zosiyanasiyana ukwati.

Dziko akukumana ndi Boom zachuma ndigwira zobisika mphamvu. Rose maluwa vinyo, nkhalango ndi nsomba, malonda ndi ntchito zamanja. The ufumu mphamvu, ndipo iyi inali bwinobwino. Komabe, Carl kenako sanafune tiyeni zochitika kutenga njira yawo.

ng'ombe Golden

Cholinga chachikulu cha mfumu Czech anali kulimbitsa boma mwa kulenga malamulo atsopano. Golden ng'ombe mu 1356 ndipo anakhala chikalatacho kuti mpaka masiku ano anachita m'dera la dziko.

Makamaka, wakhala anafotokozedwa ndi motsatizana: wachifumu zonse zimapita kwa mwana wamkulu wa mfumu, madona mukhoza adzalandira mphamvu chabe, pakalibe oimira mtundu wamwamuna. Ngati uli anasiya pa zifukwa zina, korona afika kusankha chakudya. mosamala komanso pragmatically kwambiri adakonza. Othandiza kwa Sejm komanso kutsimikizira anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane Golden ng'ombe mu 1356

A malamulo atsopano pamaso kuvomereza takambirana ndipo analamulira mwakhama mu Reichstag ku Nuremberg ndi Metz. Kutsirizitsa kwa bukuli anali chokongoletsedwa ndi chizindikiro cha golide ndi mlandu golide. Choncho dzina - Golden ng'ombe. Popeza zinaonekeratu kuti zili mu chikalata ichi wapatali kwa zaka zambiri. Iye anatumikira mpaka mapeto a ulemerero German Ufumu (mpaka 1918!) Lamulo zenizeni za bungwe ndi kumanga dziko lino chapakati ku Ulaya. Izi zikutsimikizira kamodzinso mmene Golden ng'ombe waluntha.

Ubwino lamulo latsopano

Papa okhudzidwa kusankha wolamulira wa dziko kwathunthu inathetsedwa. Poyamba, palibe wolamulira ali sanasonyeze zimenezi yokhala kupatukana ulamuliro aboma ndi zampingo. Iwo anatenga Golden ng'ombe. General maonekedwe a malamulo ake amasonyeza kuti zaluso anabweretsa moyo kwambiri za nkhani. Zinamugwira maiko onse ndi zigawo zonse za anthu a ufumuwo akale.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Golden ng'ombe anagonjera kale mwambo maziko a Mfumu chisankho. Poyamba, asanu ndi akalonga-electors nawo chisankho (atatu achipembedzo ndiponso anayi yakale).

The Golden enaake Karla 4 Zakuti inviolability akalonga a ufulu lamilandu. Akalonga yekha akhoza kukhazikitsa mchere migodi, lopanga ndalama, kutenga kasitomu ndipo ngakhale mwalamulo pa nkhondo ndi anansi. Ndipo atumiki okha analibe ufulu kuchita mbuye wake. Ndi mzinda uwu kutiletsa kulowa mgwirizano ndi. Choncho States kuteteza conspiracies.

Electors komanso kuchepetsa ufulu Kupititsa magawano oponya voti, ndipo mwalamulo anatsimikizira Golden ng'ombe. General maonekedwe a chikalata ku funso limasonyeza kuti koposa monga kusamalira Charles IV ya Bohemia mbadwa, ndiko kuti, Czech ufumu mwayi waukulu kwambiri nkhawa ya mayiko amenewa ndi eni.

Location maonekedwe Golden ng'ombe

Monga likulu la Ufumu Wopatulika wa Roma, Rome ankati yekha, ndipo mfumu zambiri ankakonda m'dziko kwawo - mu Prague, Karl wasankha mumzinda wa Nuremberg, komwe anakhala yake yaikulu lachifumu Zakudya - chopereka cha anthu otchuka apamwamba ku Ulaya Central.

Kumeneko kuti Golden ng'ombe anali ovomerezeka mu 1356. Mu Germany, izo sanataye mphamvu zake ngakhale pambuyo pa kuvunda kwa Ufumu Wopatulika wa Roma mu 1806. Nuremberg anakhala mzinda chapakati mu Ufumu wa Roma: Charles IV anapita wake nthawi makumi asanu ndi awiri zinali zonse holide dziko. Pakhomo mwambo anali zokongoletsa chidwi ndi zokongola sewero lirilonse, ndi kukhala Mfumu kwambiri ndi bwalo ake mu Mzinda mozizwitsa moyo wa anthu.

Kuti pali mfundo imodzi yokha chidwi zokhudzana chochitika monga kuti amawatenga Golden ng'ombe. Iwo Männleinlaufen - "Kuthamanga Amuna" - wokongola maola pa Frauenkirche, kotsegula tsiku masana. Pakhomo pali crier, ndi oimba, mfumu ndiponso wotchuka Electors iwiri, imene kuzilambalala mfumu yoweramitsidwa katatu. Wolamulira kugwedeza ndodo, kanjedza awiri watchmakers ulesi usana, kumanda lonse usiku kubisala mkati koloko. zokopa awa ndi nthawi ya Charles IV mu Nuremberg pali ochuluka kwambiri.

Ang'onoang'ono kugawikana la chilamulo

Malire enshrined kamodzi kwa nthawi zonse, Woyera wa Roma mu zaka XIV-XV analibe chifukwa iwo asintha nkhondo, maukwati dynastic, ndi kuchita m'manja zikulumikizana ankasiyana masiyanidwe. Koma ali mawu enieni zaka amenewa anakhala nthawi yabwino kwa wotukuka wa mizinda German kwa kukula ndi kutukuka kwa zamanja onse malonda.

Cities kutulutsa katundu yekha kumisika mwini m'deralo. Koma m'kupita pali malo amenewa, amene mankhwala amagulitsidwa osati m'dzikoli komanso kunja. Pamene Charles IV osema anatuluka mafakitale oposa makumi asanu, kuphatikizapo typographic ndi manufactory. Viticulture ndi ziweto wabweza kulemera mu ulimi konsekonse ukuyenda bwino.

analoleza

Kukula ndale za ufumu mu Ages Middle adaletsa akalonga zenizeni, amene distrusted kulimbitsa mphamvu wachifumu, ndi cholinga cha chilakolako chawo sanali ogwirizana ndi centralization mwa malo ochepa.

Carl, kuyambitsa zokambirana za machitidwe woyamba malamulo, ndithudi, izo moganizira chilakolako cha nkhani. Iye anagwirizira ufumu m'manja mwamphamvu, koma mwaulemu, mu mgwirizano ndi mapapa ndi apamwamba apamwamba. Ndipo ankasamalira makamaka za chitukuko zachuma ndiponso chikhalidwe cha gawo zopatsidwa kwa iye. Choyamba - Czech Republic, ndiyeno zina. Choncho ndi yabwino kwa electors German wa Golden ng'ombe analengedwa. A khalidwe ambiri nthawi imeneyi: kugawikana ndale ndi dera lawo analowa malamulo.

Sankasangalala ndi za ndale za ufumuwo kumene, iwo anali. German polycracy ngozi Mwachitsanzo, wotchedwa Gold ng'ombe FK Schlosser. Koma mu mabwalo ndiwofatsa ndi kulemekeza yomweyo anafotokoza Golden ng'ombe. tanthawuzo mosapita yeniyeni: ndi lamulo lofunika la ufumuwo, analola kuti patsogolo. Ena amati uyu ndiye woyamba German malamulo.