Socialist-Chiwukirano Party mu Russia. Mtundu wa boma la chipani SR

Aliyense akudziwa kuti chifukwa cha kuukira boma la October ndi zotsatira nkhondo yapachiweniweni, ndi Bolshevik Party mphamvu anabwera Russia, yomwe, pa Phokoso osiyanasiyana mzere ake onse, utsogoleri anakhalabe pafupifupi mpaka nthawi azingokhala wa USSR (1991). Official Soviet zaka historiography anauzira anthu kuganiza kuti ndi mphamvu anasangalala Thandizo lalikulu la misa, pamene onse mabungwe ena ndale njira imodzi kapena wina anafuna kutsitsimutsa bizinesi. Izi siziri zoona ndithu. Mwachitsanzo, Party Socialist-Chiwukirano anali wotsimikizika pa nsanja, poyerekeza ndi zomwe malo a Bolsheviks nthawi zina ankaoneka mtendere. Pa nthawi yomweyo boma Social kudzudzulidwa "kumenyana mphamvu ya proletariat ndi", lotsogoledwa ndi Lenin kwa kudzitengera mphamvu ndi kupondereza demokalase. Choncho wotani chipani anali uyu?

Limodzi ndi onse

Kumene, pambuyo zithunzi zambiri luso analengedwa ndi ambuye wa "zokomera realist luso", ndi yolakwika tione pamaso pa anthu a Soviet Socialist Chiwukirano Party. SRs anakumbukira pamene nkhaniyi za chiwembucho Lenin mu 1918, kupha wa Uritsky, ndi Kronstadt kupanduka (kupanduka) ndi ena mfundo zosasangalatsa wa chikominisi. Zinaoneka kuti anali "..anathira m'manja mwa" potsimikizira-zisinthe, anayesa kupotokola ndi mphamvu Soviet ndi thupi kuthetsa atsogoleri Bolshevik. Pa nthawi yomweyo anaiwala kuti gulu anatsogolera amphamvu mobisa kulimbana ndi "masatarapi achifumu" anakhala ndalama zosaneneka za uchigawenga pa kusintha awiri Russian, ndi pa Civil nkhondo anachititsa kwambiri mavuto kayendedwe White. ambiguity amenewa kwachititsa chakuti Socialist-Chiwukirano Party anali osagwirizana pafupifupi magulu onse chikumenyana, kulowa nawo mu mapangano kanthawi kutsiriziratu zimatulutsa yemweyo kuti tikwaniritse zolinga zawo paokha. Chimene icho chinali? Ichi sichitheka kumvetsa popanda kuwerenga pulogalamu chipani.

Origins ndi chilengedwe

Akukhulupirira kuti chilengedwe cha Chiwukirano Social Party chinachitika mu 1902. Izi m'lingaliro ndi zoona, koma osati kwambiri. Mu 1894 Saratov Anthu Ufulu Society (mobisa, kumene) zachitika pulogalamu yake, lomwe lili n'kutilanga kwakukulu kuposa kale. angapo zaka anapita ku kupanga dongosolo, anatumiza akutali, kufalitsa makina timapepala ta, kuwalanditsa ku Russia ndi mwai ena amagwirizana ndi zikamera m'thambo ndale za mphamvu yatsopano. Kenako yaing'ono bwalo poyamba akutsogolera Argun, amene anadzatchedwa kuti amatchedwa "Union of Socialist boma." The muyeso woyamba anali cholengedwa a nthambi yatsopano phwando ndi kukhazikitsidwa ubwenzi wolimba wa iwo, zikuoneka zomveka ndithu. Offices anakhazikitsidwa m'mizinda ikuluikulu ufumuwo - Kharkiv, Odessa, Voronezh, Poltava, Penza ndipo, ndithudi, likulu, St. Petersburg. Kuika ndondomeko nyumba gulu la anaonekera limba. The nyuzipepala "Chiwukirano Russia" pulogalamu linasindikizidwa. ukukamba analengeza kuti chilengedwe cha Chiwukirano Social Party anali fait accompli. Zinali mu 1902.

zolinga

Aliyense mphamvu yandale zochita, motsogozedwa ndi pulogalamu. chikalata ichi, amawatenga ambiri msonkhano woyamba, analengeza zolinga ndi njira, ogwirizana ndi otsutsa, waukulu mphamvu galimoto ndi zopinga Chotipambana. Komanso, malangizo mwachindunji kasamalidwe, lolamulira matupi ndi zikhalidwe za umembala. SRs ntchito chipani anakonza m'njira zotsatirazi:

1. kukhazikitsidwa mu Russia a boma ufulu ndi demokalase ndi dongosolo la feduro.

2. Kupereka nzika zonse othandiza ofanana.

3. Declaration ndi ufulu ndi kumasulika kwa chikumbumtima, atolankhani, kulankhula, mabwenzi, mayanjano ndi zina zotero.

4. ufulu maphunziro aulere.

5. chiyembekezo chakuti la asilikali onyamula zida monga kapangidwe okhazikika boma.

6. Tsiku maola asanu ndi atatu.

7. kulekana kwa mpingo ndi boma.

Panali mfundo zingapo, koma akukhudzidwira iwo kwakukulukulu anabwereza mawu a Mensheviks, ndi Bolsheviks ndi mabungwe ena anafuna kulanda mphamvu SRs. Pulogalamu chipani ananena ndi makhalidwe kuzichita.

Generality dongosolo akuwonetseredwa mu utsogoleri wolowezana anafotokoza hayala. Mawonekedwe a chipani boma Socialist Chiwukirano inkakhala m'njira ziwiri. Congresses ndi akulu (mu nthawi mezhsezdovsky) kusankha njira kuti anapangidwa m'Komiti ya Central, thupi wamkulu.

Boma ndi funso agrarian

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIX, Russia kunali dziko ambiri ulimi, kumene wamba m'gulu la anthu ambiri. The kalasi kuti Bolsheviks makamaka, ndipo democrat chikhalidwe amaona m'mbuyo poyera ndale paokha umwini achibadwidwe, ndipo anachira kuyambira la anthu osauka okha udindo wa angakuthandizeni yapafupi ya proletariat, ndi sitima za zisinthe. Zingapo maganizo osiyana pa nkhani SRs. Pulogalamu chipani zinaphatikizapo socialization m'dziko. Pankhaniyi, izo sizinali za nationalization, mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwa umwini anthu, koma kufalitsidwa kwa antchito. Nthawi zambiri, monga mwa Socialist-boma, ndi demokalase woona osati kubwera ku mudzi, ndi mosemphanitsa. Choncho, umwini payekha chuma ulimi ayenera kuletsa malonda ndi amaletsa kutengerapo maboma m'deralo, umene kugawira onse "wabwino" malingana ndi zofuna za makasitomala. Zonse palimodzi, izo ankatchedwa "socialization" a dziko.

alimi

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ndi kulengeza m'mudzi gwero la sosholisimu, chipani cha a boma Social ndi anthu ake mosamala chokwanira. Wamba sindinayambe kwenikweni kusiyana wapadera kulemba zandale. Kodi kuyembekezera kuti atsogoleri ndi udindo wapamwamba mamembala a bungwe sankadziwa m'mudzimo moyo inali yachilendo kwa iwo. Socialist-boma "moyo odwala" wa anthu oponderezedwa, komanso, monga kawirikawiri ankakhulupirira kuti mudziwa kuti wokondwa kuposa iye. chotenga mbali mu mabungwe kuti chikanachitika m'nthawi ya Woyamba Russian utasintha, kulimbitsa chikoka osauka komanso malo antchito. Koma proletariat, ndiyeno zinali maganizo a yovuta. Nthawi zambiri, unyinji wa anthu ogwira ntchito ankaona kuti amorphous, ndipo ayenera kuyesetsa kwambiri kuti likhale logwirizana.

mantha

Socialist-Chiwukirano Party mu Russia chapeza kutchuka m'chaka cha pochimanga. Mtumiki wa Sipiagin Mkati anawomberedwa ndi Stepan Balmashev ndi bungwe kupha wa G. Girshuni amene anatsogolera phiko lankhondo la bungwe. Ndiyeno panali matenda a zigawenga (wotchuka kwambiri a iwo ankaona udavshiesya chiwembucho S. A. Romanova, malume a Nicholas II ndi nduna Plehve). Zitasintha, Gulu la SRs Kumanzere anapitiriza mndandanda damning la anthu amene anali atsogoleri ambiri Bolsheviks, amene panali kusamvana kwambiri. kuthekera kulinganiza zochita munthu wa uchigawenga ndi chokana adani munthu ndi AKP sanathe kupikisana aliyense chipani chimodzi ndale. SRs kwenikweni kwathetsa mutu wa Petrograd Cheka Uritsky. Pankhani kuphedwa anachita ndi fakitale Michelson, nkhani ndi wosamvetsetseka, koma kwathunthu analetsa okhudzidwa sangathe kukhala. Komabe, kuli kwakuti mantha misa kwa iwo pamaso pa Bolsheviks anali kutali. Komabe, mwina, ngati iwo anafika mphamvu ...

Azef

A umunthu lodziwika bwino. Yevno Azef anatsogolera gulu zigawenga ndipo wakhala momveka kutsimikiziridwa, anathandizana ndi dipatimenti ofufuza za Russian Ufumu. Ndipo ambiri Chofunika - mu awiri awa, kotero osiyana mu zolinga, nyumba, iwo anali osangalala kwambiri. Azef bungwe mndandanda wa uchigawenga ndi nthumwi za utsogoleli achifumu, koma kutumikira chinsinsi m'manja nambala yaikulu zigaŵenga. Only mu 1908 kutengako SRs wake. Lomwe chipani adzavutika mabungwe ake wompereka zimenezi? Komiti ku Central anapulumutsa chigamulo chake - imfa. Azef anali pafupifupi m'manja mwa comrades chake chakale, koma iye anali wokhoza kupusitsa iwo ndi kuwathamangitsa. Kodi iye anachita izo si bwino kwathunthu, koma mfundo ndi yakuti mpaka 1918 anakhala ndi sanafe ku ululu, omangika kapena chipolopolo, ndi matenda a impso, amene "udachita" mu ndende Berlin.

Savinkov

Social Chiwukirano Party anakopeka adventurers ambiri mu mzimu, amene ankafufuza kufika ntchito zigawenga Talanov chikhazikitso awo. Mmodzi wa iwo anali Boris Savinkov, amene anayamba ntchito yake andale owolowa manja, ndiyeno limodzi ndi zigawenga. Chipani cha boma Social anabwera patatha chaka chilengedwe chake, anali kazembe woyamba Azefs nawo pokonza kuukira ambiri a zigawenga, kuphatikizapo kwambiri resonant, kuti aphedwe, nathawa. Pambuyo pa October kuukira boma kumenyana Bolshevism. Ankati ndi mphamvu wamkulu Russia, ndinayenda ndi Denikin, ankadziwa bwino Churchill ndi Pilsudski. Savinkov anadzipha atamangidwa wake ndi KGB mu 1924.

Gershuni

Grigoriy Andreevich Gershuni anali mmodzi wa anthu achangu ya phiko lankhondo la Socialist Chiwukirano Party. Analamula zisudzo zokhudza uchigawenga ndi Nduna ya Sipiagin, amafuna kupha kazembe Harkova Obolenskogo ndi zochita zina zambiri cholinga kukwaniritsa chitukuko cha dziko. Iye anagwira ntchito kulikonse - kuchokera Ufa ndi Samara kuti Geneva - kuchita ntchito gulu ndi mgwirizano mabwalo m'dera mobisa. Mu 1900, iye anamangidwa, koma Gershuni anakwanitsa kupewa chilango cha Mulungu, pakati makhalidwe abwino chipani, kolimba anakana kugwirizana mu dongosolo mobisa. Komabe kunali kulephera, ndi kutsatira chigamulo mu 1904 ku Kiev: kugwirizana. Kuthawa anatsogolera Gregory A. ankakhala Paris, komwe posakhalitsa anafa. Zinali wojambula woona mantha. Kukhumudwa chachikulu cha moyo wake unali mwala Azefs.

Party mu Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni

Obolshevichivanie Soviet Union anapatsa, malinga ndi Socialist-boma, chongopeka, ndi conductive njira mwachinyengo zinachititsa kuti achire wa owayimilira phwando. ntchito mopitirira ankathimathima. The SRs adalowa mgwirizano zosakhalitsa ndi woyera, wofiira, ndi mbali zonse kumvetsa kuti mgwirizano ndi malinga ndi zofuna yochepa chabe ndale. Atalandirapo ambiri mu Nyumba ya Constituent, chipani analephera kuti akalandire bwino. Mu 1919, Bolsheviks, kuganizira kufunika kwa zinachitikira bungwe zigawenga, waganiza kulembetsa ntchito zake m'madera m'manja mwawo, koma stepi ino analibe mphamvu pa mphamvu ya odana ndi Soviet. Komabe, SRs nthawi analengeza moratorium pa ntchito, pothandizana pamagulu kutsutsana. Mu 1922, a AKP kwathunthu "poyera" adani a zisinthe, nayamba kuthetsa zawo zonse gawo lonse la Soviet Russia.

mu ukapolo

Yachilendo nthumwi AKP anatuluka kale kugonjetsedwa enieni a chipanichi mu 1918. Kapangidwe sikuti akuluakulu Komiti ya Central, koma Komabe, analipo mu Stockholm. Patapita de A facto yoletsedwa ku Russia mu ukapolo anali pafupifupi onse opulumuka ndi otsalira a chipani pa lalikulu. Iwo ankaganiza makamaka Prague, Berlin ndi Paris. Anali kupita ntchito ya maselo yachilendo, Victor Chernov, amene anathawa kunja mu 1920. Kuwonjezera "Chiwukirano Russia", lofalitsidwa mu ukapolo ndi periodicals ena ( "Pakuti anthu!", "Modern Mfundo"), zomwe amasonyeza lingaliro lalikulu kuti amagwidwa ndi mobisa zakale posachedwapa kumenyana exploiters lapansi. Pakutha 30s, iwo anazindikira kufunika kubwezeretsa bizinesi.

Kutha kwa Socialist-Chiwukirano Party

nkhondo ndi KGB kupulumuka SRs anakhala nkhani ya mabuku ambiri luso mafilimu. Ambiri, chitsanzo cha mankhwala amenewa akufanana ndi zoona zake n'zakuti Kukhuta molakwika. Ndipotu SR kayendedwe pofika m'ma 20 ntchentche anali mtembo ndale, kwathunthu vuto lililonse kwa Bolsheviks. Mkati Soviet Russia SRs (poyamba) mwankhanza chinagwidwa zina chikhalidwe-chosintha maganizo ngakhale zimachitika anthu, sadzawalola nawo. The ntchito bwino kutikopa ndi mamembala makamaka odious wa Party mu Soviet Union ankafuna kuphunzira chokana kwambiri tsogolo akadandaule ngati inanso padzuwa la mabungwe mobisa odana Soviet. M'malo mwa SRs doko anayamba Trotskyites, Zinoviev, Bukharinites, Martovites ndi zina Bolsheviks kale, anakhala mwadzidzidzi kusagwirizana. Koma kuti ndi nkhani ina ...