Pulatinamu ndi golide woyera ndi chiyani?

Kodi akazi ambiri, kuyesera pa chokongoletsera wina chala, mukudziwa zimene zimakopa iwo kuzimiririka shimmer a pulatinamu - ndi uthenga mlengalenga? Ndi njira iti yomwe zitsulo wapatali pamaso panu kupambana mitima ya okonda kukongola ndi apamwamba? Tiyeni tikambirane za mbiri ndi katundu chodabwitsa pulatinamu, amene wakhala gwero la kudzoza kwa jewelers lodziwika bwino ngati Cartier, Faberge ndi Tiffany.

The zitsulo mfulu kapena mtengo wapatali

Amadziwika kuti zitsulo zosiyana. Nthawi zambiri timamva za akakhala, nonferrous ndi wofunika. Dama zinthu eyiti - golide, siliva, miyala ya pulatinamu, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium ndi osmium. Iwo sakudziwa oxidize ndi kugonjetsedwa zinthu zachilengedwe, ndi ductility komanso zosavuta kupanga kasakaniza wazitsulo. Koma si onse amene ali otetezeka kwa anthu.

Pakuti kupanga ntchito kokha golide zodzikongoletsera, siliva, palladium ndi pulatinamu, amene mwa anayi ndi mtengo kwambiri. Komabe, zitsulo izi kawirikawiri ntchito mu maonekedwe ake angwiro. maganizo awo mu ankakonda mankhwala angapezeke ndi kuyang'ana pa chitsanzo. Ife zoti pulatinamu ngati kuwasindikiza 950 °. Izi zikutanthauza kuti 1 makilogalamu a miyala yamtengo wapatali nkhani aloyi kwa magalamu 950 a chitsulo chabwinocho, ena - zigawo zikuluzikulu alloying. Platinum - kwambiri cholimba zodzikongoletsera zitsulo. Komabe, popanda alloying kasakaniza wazitsulo ngakhale sadzalola amasiyana mkulu durability.

Platinum kapena golide woyera?

Nthawi zambiri mukhoza kumva kuti pulatinamu - ndi golide woyera. Izi si choncho. zikuchokera zawo ndi katundu ali osiyana. Mayankho a mafunso pa zimene ndi pulatinamu ndi golide woyera. Kuchita izi, tayang'anani pa tebulo nthawi. Reference numeral 078 ndi mchitidwe pt. Tsopano zikuonekeratu kuti pulatinamu amenewa, - chitsulo mu mawonekedwe woyera. A golide woyera - ndi zodzikongoletsera tsenga pamene ndi Kuwonjezera siliva, faifi tambala ndi zosafunika ena angaimbidwenso chikasu. Muyeso wake wapamwamba - 750.

Komabe, chifukwa cha kutchuka kwa golide woyera, pulatinamu malonda aona mafani awo ndipo kumbuyo mmaonekedwe. Ndipo ngakhale kuti kwambiri zodula, izi kulimba zitsulo kuvumbitsira abwino mphete chinkhoswe ndi zodzikongoletsera miyala kwake zimadalira kudalirika kwa felemu lija. Mwa njira, wina mwayi pulatinamu ndi sayambitsa chifuwa, monga zambiri zilili ndi golide woyera chifukwa cha zigawo zikuluzikulu zina.

Onse pamwamba, kumene, sukhala mtengo, koma determinant waukulu wa mitengo Chinthu ndi njira kupanga.

Mbiri ya dziko lapansi ndiponso zitsulo zamtengo wapatali

Zaka zingapo zapitazo, asayansi German kupeza gawo la pt (078) meteorites, ganizirani zimene pulatinamu ndi mmene analowa dziko. Ofufuza a pa yunivesite ya Mainz, dziko lathuli anali palibe zinthu zachilengedwe mapangidwe zitsulo. Ngati kwawo ndi Lapansi, iwo ayenera kukhala ndi pakati osungunula, osati kutumphuka chapamwamba.

Wasayansi Gerhardt Schmidt amakhulupirira kuti zitsulo litapita kwa ife biliyoni 4 zapitazo, pamene Earth anaukiridwa meteorites, wopangidwa mwa chitsulo. Iwo inati kwa mtumiki amakezana wakumwamba, wolemera mu pulatinamu, amene anagwa Padziko Lapansi za 2 miliyoni zapitazo. Malinga ndi asayansi, mapangidwe zitsulo pa dziko mu chiwerengero alipo zinatengera avareji 160 zakuthambo 20 Km awiri.

Ndizachidziwikire kuti chinthu ndi yochepa. Ndi chifukwa cha mtengo ichi chaka ndi chaka kumawonjezera yekha.

Kufufuza ndi kupanga pulatinamu

gawo miyala Platinum anatsimikiza ndi miyala m'munsichi. Zimachitika onse mu mawonekedwe woyera kapena mankhwala, monga faifi tambala kapena golide. miyala mapangidwe ndi onse m'dzikoli komanso placer. Yotsirizira makamaka waukulu migodi. Mu Russia, pa kutsegula kwa ntchito pa placers zitsulo ankaona hellish, koma posakhalitsa anatulukira koyamba makina unsembe.

Ngakhale lero chitukuko cha zida za miyala chosavuta Komabe, pulatinamu ndi mtengo popanga. Kuletsa munthu nusu (za 31 magalamu) zofunika pokonza matani oposa 10 miyala yaiwisi.

Mayiko waukulu umene anapeza madipoziti lalikulu la pulatinamu ndi South Africa. Amalima za 151 matani zitsulo pa chaka. Mu malo lachiwiri ndi Russia, lomwe limapanga 26 matani pulatinamu. Otsatidwa ndi Zimbabwe, United States ndi Canada, kutulutsa matani 9 kuti 5 pa chaka. Platinum ndi m'dziko la Japan, Australia ndi Colombia. Mokulira ndi pafupifupi m'dziko lililonse, koma pamlingo mafakitale kubala zilibe tanthauzo.

Ine ndikudabwa zimene Ural ndi chopunthira cha awiri waukulu pulatinamu nugget mu dziko. kulemera - 5918,4 ndi 7860,5 ga Tsopano ife tiri pafupi kumvetsa zimene pulatinamu. Photos katundu wa zitsulo limeneli lili m'nkhani.

chitukuko wakale ndi ntchito ya pulatinamu

The mankhwala oyamba kuchokera golide ndi kuda akatswiri pulatinamu amakono apeza m'manda Aigupto chojambulidwa cha m'ma 1200 chaka BC. e. mapiritsi zopelekedwa ndi hieroglyphics Aigupto, ndi kwathunthu zitsulo wapatali imeneyi, pali pafupi zaka 700 BC. e. Mu chitukuko South America Inca miyambo zakale anapangidwa kuchokera chikasu ndi zitsulo woyera.

Unlucky anapeza - ndi golide ndi siliva osati

Ankadziwa ndi refractory zitsulo azungu zinachitika mu 1590 ku America South. pulatinamu pa nthawi ndi chiyani? Only "golide zovunda." The conquistadors Spanish anali adzakhumudwa chifukwa Kupeza kuti analitcha "serebretsom". Kupeza grayish mbale mu placers golide, anapeza kuti pulatinamu - ndi wodetsedwa, akhaipisa kupanga gloss ndi mwamtheradi si abwino chifukwa zovuta za processing ndi kudetsa. Ndipo ine ndinamuitana iye - Plata, kutanthauza "siliva", onyoza diminutive kutha mfundo. Pamene m'manja mwa anagonjetsa a m'mayiko ena inadza pulatinamu, amangoika anaponya m'nyanja.

Kugonjetsedwa Europe

Mu 1700, siliva item anapezeka pa gombe la Europe. Iye anakhala chinthu kuphunzira asayansi amene ankafuna kudziwa zimene pulatinamu. Ankachita zinthu zatsopano, kuyesa kudziwa katundu wake ndi kutembenukira mu golide. Mu 1751 Swedish wasayansi Theophil Scheffer (Theophil Scheffer) kupeza ngati zazikulu pulatinamu zitsulo. Ndipo mu 1780 mfumu ya France , Louis XVI ananena yake yokha anafuna royals.

jeweler wake Mark Eten Jeanette (Marko Etienne Janety) zopangidwa pulatinamu zapamwamba ochepa kuposa kuphatikizapo wokongola shuga mbale ndi chitsanzo zovuta. Mu 1788, Francisco Alonso analengedwa ndi dongosolo la Spanish Mfumu Carlos III nyali msinkhu wa masentimita 30, cholinga monga mphatso kwa Papa. Ichi chinapangidwira zikomo zotheka kuti atulukira mu chidwi pulatinamu Pera Fransua Shabole ndi Joseph Lui Prusta. Choncho French anaika mu Spain mwanaalirenji m'ma latsopano. pamwamba ake ndi Platinum Maapatimenti Arganeze, khomo limene ndi lotseguka kwa aliyense, ndipo m'masiku athu.

Koma mfundo wosatsutsika wakuti anagonjetsa Ulaya imvi zitsulo ndi ntchito zake mu chilengedwe mfundo za dongosolo kayesedwe. Mu 1799, Mark Eten Jeanette, amene pambuyo French kuukira boma kumanzere Paris, anaitanidwa kuti alenge pulatinamu mita ndi kilogalamu. Lero, iwo anali pa Bureau mayiko a poyeza.

Platinum chuma cha Russia

Kudziwika ores mtengo mu Russia, mu Urals, anali patapita nthawi yaitali - kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XIX. Pa nthawi imeneyo, pulatinamu kale anagonjetsa Ulaya ndi ankaona "mfumu" zitsulo. madipoziti ake anali m'mayiko a mtundu Demidov amene, chifukwa cha chuma chake, kale amawaona kuti ambuye chinsinsi cha ufumuwo. "Anatulukira" madipoziti anali serfs Yefim Kopylov ndi Yemelyan Rostigaev.

Placers zitsulo zikuluzikulu mbewu analibe yokutidwa ndi topsoil. Patapita nthawi yochepa zikwi serfs Demidov a unagwirira pa "poddernikah" pamanja kukonzedwa pafupifupi 40 matani mitundu pulatinamu. Akuti waukulu wa yokha ncho wolemera pafupi 9 makilogalamu, koma palibe umboni wodalirika izi.

Platinum ndi m'manja mwa jewelers

Choncho, pofika kumapeto kwa pulatinamu XIX m'ma - chitsulo cha osankhika, ndi kukwera kwa Olympus chifukwa cha m'chipani chake ndi kukana nkhawa makina. Chimakopa okonda glitz ndi kukongola ndi chifukwa ntchito oyera - lero ndi 950-TH nyemba.

The kulimbikitsa waukulu pulatinamu mu dziko zodzikongoletsera ndi Louis-Fransua Karte, woyambitsa wa wathuwu olimba Cartier. Iye ankaona kuti ndi nkhani singasiyanitsidwe ndi mwayi malire, chifukwa kusinthasintha ndiponso kudalirika. Chithunzi wotchuka wa Panthers, analenga mouziridwa ndi chikondi cha Zhanne Tussen, zopangidwa pulatinamu ndi miyala ya safiro ndi diamondi.

Komabe, iye sanali yekhayo amene anayamikira ubwino wa chuma siliva. mpikisano waukulu panthawiyo anali Carl Faberge, amenenso ntchito pulatinamu mankhwala kukopera. Ndipotu, ambiri dongosolo maluwa ndi amajambulapo maluwa okongola nyama anabwereka ndi Lui Karte anali Faberge.

Chidwi pulatinamu onse kuchuluka, kufika pachimake pa chiyambi cha m'ma XX, osati kuchepa mpaka Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. A zambiri bwino lino chinathandiza royals ndi "nyenyezi" za Hollywood.

"Platinum" matenda a blondes pulatinamu

Mu America mu 1930s anthu wamba zikutanthauza nkhawa komanso kukhumudwa chifukwa cha Great Depression, anakhala mafilimu a kanema. Pa zowonetsera kunja mazana a matepi za chuma sindikudziwa nkhawa ndi anzawo. An chizindikiro cha nthawi kuti anali Dzhin Harlou, kudawala filimu Frank Capra a 'Platinum tsitsi. Bright kukongola, mwanaalirenji ndi osangalatsa, nakodola kuwala khalidwe lokonda moyo, amuna ndi akazi. Dzhin Harlou, komanso ena Hollywood Ammayi, ali kulenga mulingo watsopano yowoneka bwino. chowonjezera wake nthawi zonse kukhala diamondi, anaika mu pulatinamu. Ndipo kutsirizitsa kukhudza fano - yapamwamba tsitsi. Kodi? Kumene, pulatinamu.

Iwo anatenga kuposa zaka zana, ndipo tikuona kubwerera chokonda zitsulo wapatali kwambiri. Dziko limafuna kukongola, kuyengedwa ndi durability. Tsopano ife tonse tikudziwa kuti ndi pulatinamu. Zithunzi m'nkhani kusonyeza mwanaalirenji ndi wokongola tione zitsulo wapatali kwambiri.