Pangano la Paris 1856: zikhalidwe ndi Kulipira

Russian-English lapansi, Paris pangano kapena Pangano la Paris mu 1856 - mayina amenewo ndi chikalata chimene anasiya Crimea Nkhondo ya 1853-1856.

pangano yosainidwa mosapatuka wa Paris Congress, yomwe inali yololedwa anatsegula pa 13 February. Ntchito nawo Ottoman Ufumu, England, Sardinia, Prussia, Austria ndi France, pa dzanja limodzi, ndi Russia - pa ena.

Pa 1856-1871 biennium. Russian Ufumu anamenyera chiyembekezo chakuti zofunikila pansi mgwirizano umenewu. Boma sanali kunena kuti malire a nyanja Black wotseguka kwa mpweya mwadzidzidzi. Mukamaliza zokambirana yaitali, kulipira chosakwanira cha nkhani ya Pangano la Paris, womwe zochotsa kuletsa zili zombo mu Nyanja Black, anatenga malo kuyamika panganoli London mu 1871.

Crimea nkhondo

Panganoli likathetsedwa onse ubale zamtendere ndi zachuma pakati Russia ndi Turkey mu 1853, woyamba kutenga maukulu Danubian. Boma la Turkey sanavomereze zimenezi yokha ndi 4 October chaka chomwecho watero nkhondo. asilikali Russian anatha kulikankhira la Turkey kuchokera kugombe la Danube, komanso kubweza kuukira awo mu South Caucasus. Wachita ndi mdani pa nyanja, amene wakuti mu mtima wa kanthu. Pambuyo zimenezi pankhondo akulowa UK ndi France. Iwo bwinobwino kudutsa Nyanja Black ndi atazunguliridwa ndi ankhondo mdani. March 27 England watero nkhondo pa Russia, tsiku lotsatira iwo amachita ndi France. Patatha mwezi umodzi, ndi Anglo-French asilikali akuyesera pamtunda pafupi Odessa chisanafike yowotcha malo mfuti 350. September 8, 1854, izi mphamvu yomweyo kuswa Russia pansi pa mtsinje Alma ndi kukhala mu Crimea. Kuzinga Sevastopol ikuyamba pa 17 October. asilikali dislocation malo anawerenga anthu pafupifupi 30 zikwi .; m'tawuni avutika 5 mabomba zikuluzikulu. Atalandidwa France, kum'mwera kwa Sevastopol Russian asilikali obisika. Kwa kuzinga (masiku 349) ufumu m'njira iliyonse kuyesera kupatulako mdani, koma zoyesayesa ndi zinalephereka. Sevastopol lili m'manja mwa atsogoleri Anglo-French.

Pangano la Paris mu 1856, yolembedwa pa March 18 anamaliza nkhondo. Iye anaitanitsa amasulidwe Nyanja Black (amakhala ndale), yafupika ilibe osachepera Russia. Maudindo womwewo oletsa Turkey. Komanso, Ufumu si m'kamwa mwa Danube, gawo la Bessarabia, boma la Serbia, Wallachia ndi Moldavia.

Pangano la Paris

Chifukwa chigamulocho zomvetsa chisoni za nkhondo Crimea Russian, izo zimakhala khosi mu ufulu ndi zofuna. N'zosadabwitsa kuti malire m'zigawozo Ufumu nkomwe anakhudzidwa. Iye anapatsa ena zilumba, maukulu ndi m'kamwa mwa Danube, chifukwa cha mizinda ngati Sevastopol, Kinburn ndi ena. Komabe zinali kokha kuti chifukwa Mtendere gawo anazunguliridwa ndi asilikali anagwirizana. Kwambiri kwambiri kugundidwa ndi Russia kuti Pangano la Paris cha 1856 womangika katundu wake pa nyanja Black, osati kukhala ndi zombo, arsenals, m'malinga.

pangano bwanji malo European chikhalidwe, maziko amene anaikidwa pansi mu Vienna Mfundo. Mtsogoleri wa onse a ku Ulaya anakhala Paris, akale Petersburg anali allocated kuti lachiwiri.

Terms of Pangano la Paris

Pangano la Paris m'gulu 34 kuvomerezedwa ndi Nkhani 1 zosakhalitsa. The akuluakulu ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:

1. Pakati pa mayiko, kulowa zimenezi, tsopano pali mtendere ndi mwa ubwanawe.
2. Gawo anagonjetsa pankhondo ya, adzamasulidwa kwa eni pachiyambi.
3. Russia likuvomereza kubweza ku Kars ndi mbali zina za m'mayiko Ottoman, amene tsopano ali wotanganidwa ndi asilikali.
4. France ndi Britain amavomereza kuti abwezeretse ufumu analanda madoko ndi mizinda ya Sevastopol, Evpatoria ndi zina kulamulidwa ndi Anglo-French asilikali.
5. Russia, France, Britain ndi Sardinia kupereka kukhululuka kwanu amene mwa njira iliyonse mwakhala wolakwira wa inayamba nkhondoyi.
6. magulu onse anayenda kwa yomweyo kubwerera akaidi a nkhondo.
7. Pangano la Paris mu 1856 obliges dziko kusaina chikalata kuthandiza ogwirizana vuto la adani awo; mosamala zinthu, popanda kuswa iwo.
8. Ngati aliyense pakati maiko amene anamaliza lonena, pali kutsutsana kapena kusagwirizana, ena amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kuthetsa kukhala kotheka kuthetsa zonse mwamtendere.
9. Palibe olamulira sanali kulowerera pa ndondomeko zoweta ndi achilendo wa m'boma loyandikana nalo.
10. Khomo la Bosporus ndi Dardanelles amakhalabe chatsekedwa.
11. Black Sea amakhala ndale; izo ndikoletsedwa ndi zombo.
12. Anandilola malonda mphepete mwa Nyanja Black, yomwe ndi nkhani yokhayo akuluakulu zogwirizana.
13. Kodi nkhokwe pa Nyanja Black ndikoletsedwa.
14. chiwerengero cha zombo ndi magulu atsimikiziridwa malinga ndi mgwirizano ndi sangakhoze kuposa.
15. ntchito anathetsa pa navigation pa Danube.
16. Wovomerezeka gulu liyang'anire ndi kuyeretsa a mabanki mtsinje ndi zina zotero.
17. ntchito ayenera akatunge malamulo a panyanja ndi mayendedwe a chuma, kuchotsa zimalepheretsa wochezeka kulondera m'dera nyanja.
18. The ntchito m'mphepete mwa nyanja adzapatsidwa ulamuliro zofunika ntchito imene undertakes kudzapereka, inatha pa mapeto a zaka 2.
19. Aliyense dziko ali ololedwa kukhala 2 kuwala chotengera pa magombe a Danube.
20. Russian malire pafupi Bessarabia ankatembenukira kuyenda mosavuta pa Danube.
21. Anthu m'madera amene adzamasula ndi Russian Ufumu, kodi Ufumuyo Moldova.
22. Palibe ali ndi ufulu kulowerera mu mkati ndale valahskogo ndi ukulu Chimoludaviyani.
23. The Ottoman ayenera osati kulowerera pa ndale za anagwirizana mayiko anasiya iwo lamanja kudzimvera ulamuliro; masamba ufulu wonse wosankha chipembedzo, malonda navigation ndi malamulo ambiri.

Kuletsa Pangano la Paris

Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Russian dziko Russian-English anayesa kuti tisaletse ufulu Choncho ayambirenso Nyanja Black ndi mwayi ndi zombo. N'chifukwa chake pa nthawi yosangalala imeneyi asapita zamtendere. Pa 1856-1871 biennium. Ufumu atamangika pa ubwenzi yopindulitsa ndi France: iye anakonza kuti amuthandize Russia mu mkangano Austria-French, ndi yachiwiriyi kuwerenga pa chikoka cha France mu funso East.

Msonkhanowo Paris, chimene chinafika mpaka 1863, anali zikuluzikulu mu asapita Chirasha French. Dziko anayamba kwambiri ndi ichitikire kuthetsa nkhani zina. March 1859 kunali kofunika kwa France, chifukwa pangano chinsinsi yosainidwa, chimene vuto la nkhondo ndi Austria Ufumu akulonjeza kulowerera ndale. The kuwonongeka ubale anaona pa chiwembu Polish. Chifukwa cha zimenezi Russia amakhazikitsa kugona ndi Prussia.

Pambuyo pa kuphatikiza wa ku German Ufumu mu 1872 Berlin masewero khamu ku 3 mafumu. Convention akuyamba, imene u Austria. Malinga ndi Berlin Pangano anavomera pa nthawi ino, chiyembekezo chakuti za nkhani ya Paris pangano mtendere amakhala kwa Russia nthawi nkhani. Iye ungatengeso zombo mu Nyanja Black ndi madera otaika.