Paleogene nyengo - nthawi ya mapangidwe nyama. khalidwe Paleogene

Ena nthawi Geological mbiri ya dziko lapansi, Paleogene, ndi Devonian, Mathanthwe Mwachitsanzo, amasiyana kusintha mwamphamvu pansi. Choncho, 570 mln.- miliyoni 480 zapitazo, mwadzidzidzi kwambiri chuma. 400 miliyoni - zaka miliyoni 320 zapitazo, anafika orogenic ake pachimake kuyenda. Pa dziko anayamba kufalitsa zomera mbewu, achule anaonekera. Akukhulupirira kuti ndi nthawi yambiri yogwira mbiri dziko lapansi miyala. Paleogene N-D kutumphuka kapangidwe ndi zovuta. M'njira zambiri anali ofanana ndi a masiku ano.

NKHANI zinthu zachilengedwe

Ambiri, pa mapangidwe dongosolo kutumphuka pa dziko anakhalabe kutentha ndi mkulu. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi kuchuluka kwa zikhalidwe za m'chipululu, kugawa chokwawa, zamoyo wa tizilombo (Paleogene, Perm). Triassic nthawi amalembedwa zikamera nyama wosazindikira zinyamazi choyamba. Pa dziko la chogwidwa zomera coniferous. Mu Paleogene nyengo anali wofatsa. Mu kutentha kunyanja akafuna madigiri 28, ndi malo pafupi ndi Nyanja North -. 22-26.

magawidwe

Pa Paleogene panali mabacteria zisanu:

• 2 otentha.
• Equatorial.
• 2 otentha.

The kutentha ankalimbikitsa yogwira weathering. Zotsalira za mankhwala laterite ndi kaolinite pachimake ndi redeposition awo amadziwika mu chishango ku Brazil California, India, Africa ndi kuzilumba za m'mayiko a Chimaleya Archipelago. Mu gawo kunyanja chinayamba nkhalango yonyowa yobiriwira. Iwo ndi zina zofanana ndi magulu alipo lero mu sub-Saharan Africa ndi Amazon. M'madzi otentha anali lililonse kwa Ulaya, ku United States, kum'mwera ndi chapakati zigawo za kum'mawa kwa Ulaya ndi mbali ya kumadzulo ya China ndi Asia. Kum'mwera zonebyli wamba nkhalango chinyezi-wachikondi yobiriwira. Panali ferriallitnoe ndi lateritic weathering. kotentha kum'mwera chimakwirira chigawo chapakati cha Australia, mbali ya South. America ndi South Africa.

mayiko

Iwo anagawanika kumpoto United States ndi nsanja East European, kum'mwera Canada, Japan ndi Far East. Pamodzi ndi zobiriwira broadleaf kakwamba anali anawonjezera kuti m'madera amenewa. Cha Kumwera kwa dziko lapansi mayiko anali ofanana kum'mwera kwa Chile ndi Argentina, New Zealand ndi South. Australia. Wapakati kutentha kwa madzi pamwamba mu epicontinental nyanja lamba anali madigiri zosaposa 18. Mwina zinthu kutseka kwa pang'ono, chinayambira ku madera a ku Far North wa America North, pa Kamchatka Peninsula kum'mawa Siberia. Pa Eocene, kukula kwa zotentha ndi mabacteria yamphamvu kwambiri kukodzedwa, zikhalidwe za mayiko ndi osamukira kutali m'madera amene kumalo ozizira.

khalidwe Paleogene

Iwo anayamba 65 miliyoni, ndipo zinatha zaka miliyoni 23,5 zapitazo. Monga chilli Paleogene allocated Naumann mu 1866, iye anali m'gulu Mpaka mfundo imeneyi dongosolo ukachenjede. Kapangidwe ka kutumphuka pamodzi ndi nsanja amisinkhu pano. kufala m'madera Recent mokwanira lalikulu m'zikwama geosynclinal khola. m'dera lawo poyerekeza ndi chiyambi cha Mesozoic, kwambiri utachepa m'dera Pacific. Apa chiyambi cha Cenozoic nyengo panali yaikulu apangidwe phiri dera. Mu kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi kuti North America Europe ndi ku Asia. Awa awiri nsanja inkakhala osiyanasiyana formations wakale ndi achinyamata. Iwo anali ndi Atlantic beseni, koma m'dera la Nyanja Bering, lero alipo n'zokhudza. Kum'mwera kwa Africa wa Gondwana kale. Antarctica ndi Australia anali m'maiko osiyana. America South Africa ndipo unali olumikizidwa kwa Eocene pakati.

Flora

Paleogene Cainozoe osiyana ubiquitous ulamuliro angiosperms ndi softwood (gymnosperms). Yotsirizira anagawanika mwapadera mu M'madera a zitunda mkulu. The nkhalango kunyanja anapambana mwa omwe udali zomera ambiri labala, mitengo ndi owayimilira zosiyanasiyana wa sandalwood. Pa mtima a mu chogwidwa ndi mitengo ndi udzu. M'madera a zitunda Middle anali malo kufala kwa otentha zomera chinyezi-wachikondi ndi zomera za M'madera a zitunda kotentha. Panali mtengo Mumapezekanso, nsapato, buledi ndi mitengo nthochi. M'madera kumpoto mkulu mitundu zikuchokera zinasinthiratu. Apa mu nthawi Paleogene anakula Araucaria, arborvitae, paini, thundu, mlombwa, mgoza, Redwood, Myrtle. Onse a iwo anali ophiphiritsa oimira zomera mayiko. Zomera ku nthawi Paleogene anali ndi Arctic Circle. Mu America, Northern Europe ndi Arctic chogwidwa ndi nkhalango coniferous ndi yotakata-Ndalankhula deciduous. Koma akhakula pa malo awa ndi zomera subtropical, monga tafotokozazi. Pa chitukuko ndi kukula alibe zotsatira makamaka usiku kumalo ozizira.

zomera lapadziko

Nyama nthawi Paleogene ndi ukasintha zosiyana ndi zimene iwo anali kale. M'malo zinyamazi ang'onoang'ono wosazindikira nyama. Iwo makamaka asezare zone nkhalango ndi m'madambo. N'zochititsa chidwi chepetse chiwerengero cha achule ndi zokwawa. Iwo anayamba kufalitsa proboscidian, nkhumba ndi tapiropodobnye, indikoterievye (chokhala ndi rhinoceros). Ambiri a iwo zagwiritsidwa yokwaniritsira nthawi za m'madzi. Mu Paleogene nthawi ya dzikoli inayamba anthu monga makolo a akavalo, makoswe a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Chinachake padaonekera creodontas (ogwirira). Nsonga za mitengo anayamba kutenga mbalame mano. Savannah anthu diatrimy zolusa. Sanathe kuuluka mbalame. Tizilombo akhala akupezeka zosiyanasiyana. Kumayambiriro Paleogene anayamba kuoneka lemurs - oimira a magulu ambiri wosazindikira wa anyani - prosimians. Komanso anayamba akhalemo dziko lalikulu marsupials. Mwa iwo amadziwika ndi zamiyendo Inayi ndipo zimadya nthumwi.

oimira m'madzi

Mu nthawi Paleogene anayamba ukuyanga wa molluscs bivalve ndi cephalopods. Mosiyana ndi mitundu chatha, ukhale osati mchere madzi, koma brackish ndi madzi oyera m'madamu. Ena mwa gastropods anali atakhazikika pa otsika lapansi. osasamba urchins nyanja akhala ofala kwambiri makamaka invertebrates zina, thonje, bryozoans, miyala yamtengo wapatali, arthropod. ndalama zocheperako anali kuperekedwa nkhanu decapod. Zikuphatikizapo, makamaka monga nkhanu ndi nsomba zazinkhanira. Kwambiri yafupika poyerekeza ndi kale brahoipod nthawi udindo ndi bryozoans. Chifukwa cha maphunziro posachedwapa, chinapezeka kuti mtengo wapadera mwa zamoyo pa nthawi anali oimira nanoplankton - tosaoneka kokkolitofridy. Maluwa awa algae golide nkhani Eocene. Pamodzi ndi iwo, tili ndi phindu rockforming diatomaceous siliceous ndi flagellates. Nyanja kumene kuli anthu komanso inakhala. Pakati pawo, kwambiri ambiri ntchito Bony nsomba. Komanso, mu nyanja ndipo panafika nthumwi ya chichereŵechereŵe wa - cheza ndi Akulovo. Iwo anayamba kuoneka makolo a anamgumi sirens, anamgumiwa.

nsanja East-European

Pa Paleogenic monga neogene nthawi mapangidwe ili mu zikhalidwe chokhala. Kupatulapo anali mbali ya mmphepete. Iwo anakumana ndi kuchimwa pang'ono ndipo anayamba ataphimbidwa ndi nyanja osaya. Development wa East European nsanja mu Cenozoic amagwirizana ndi kusintha mu zone ya Mediterranean. Poyamba, makamaka kutsitsa, ndiyeno - kwa Nyamulani chachikulu. Kum'mwera kwa Paleogene sagged nsanja, umene uli pafupi ndi lamba Mediterranean. Mu nyanja osaya anayamba kudziunjikira carbonate-clayey ndi m'dambo mchenga. Pofika kumapeto kwa Paleogene beseni anayamba kuchepa mofulumira, ndipo mu nyengo yotsatira - Neogene - anapanga chokhala ndi boma.

Siberia nsanja

Iye anali zinthu yosiyana kuposa kum'mawa kwa Ulaya. Pa Cenozoic nyengo ku Siberia nsanja inali kuperekedwa mu mawonekedwe a mokwanira mkulu okwera m'dera la kukokoloka kwa nthaka. Ndinayamba kupanga dongosolo lamapiri la malangizo kumpoto kum'mawa. Msinkhu unyolo kuchuluka motsogozedwa okwera wotchedwa Baikalsky m'chipinda chotetezeka. Pakutha AD anaonekera lamapiri mtunda, ena nsonga yomwe kufika zikwi zitatu. M. Mu gawo ofananira a dongosolo anapanga wa matendawa, wautali ndi yopapatiza. Iwo kutambasula pa mtunda oposa 1.7 zikwi. Km Gawolo liyambire Mongolian mayendedwe pakati. Olekma. Nyanja yaikulu akuti ndi maganizo. Baikal - kuya pazipita - mamita 1.620.