Ontogeny: Mitundu ndi Makhalidwe

Ontogenesis - njira ya chitukuko cha munthu wa zamoyo kuyambira chiyambi cha linakhalapo mpaka mapeto a moyo. Mawu amenewa anali akufuna ndi Ernst Haeckel, ndi German wasayansi, mu 1886. M'nkhaniyi tiona mwachidule tione ontogeny, mitundu yake ndi kulunjika awo mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

The ontogeny wa umodzi ndi multicellular

Mu mogwirizana ndi mabakiteriya zimakhala chikugwirizana ndi mkombero selo. Izi zamoyo ontogeny akuyamba ndi zikamera wa zokhala ndi selo imodzi chamoyo ndi kugawa foni mayi. Iwo anamaliza ndondomeko ya munthu amafa chifukwa cha mavuto, kapena kugawikana wina.

Ontogeny mitundu multicellular kuti kubereka asexually, akuyamba ndi mfundo umene umawalekanitsa gulu la maselo (timakumbukira, mwachitsanzo, ndondomeko ya budding hydra) kholo lake. Kuuza mitosis, maselo amenewa kupanga munthu watsopano ndi ziwalo zonse ndi kachitidwe. Mitundu kuti kubereka kugonana, ndondomeko ontogenesis akuyamba ndi umuna, kenako zygote ndi aumbike, ndilo selo loyamba la munthu watsopano.

Ontogenesis - ndi kusintha kwa thupi mwa munthu wamkulu?

Tikukhulupirira inu molondola funso lakuti, kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa nkhani ino ndife chidwi lingaliro anafotokoza. Ndipo mitundu ya ontogeny, ndi njira yokha, ngati mwina mukukumbukira, ntchito kwa moyo wonse wa chamoyo. Iwo sangakhoze yafupika kukula kwa anthu kusandutsa mbewuzo kukhala wamkulu. Ontogeny - unyolo njira zovuta zimene zimachitika pa mayiko onse a chamoyo. Chifukwa ndi mapangidwe ntchito zawo yofunika kwambiri Kapangidwe ka mayina a anthu a mitundu, ndi mphamvu ya kubereka. The ontogeny njira anamaliza chopatsa ukalamba ndi imfa.

Zotsatirazi nthawi ziwiri zazikulu anapambulwa pa ontogeny - yoopsa ndi postembryonic. Poyamba, Ndisanaumbidwe nyama aumbike. Iye anapanga dongosolo lalikulu limba. Kenako Postnatal nthawi. Pa zoyambirira njira mapeto ake, amadza msinkhu, ndiyeno - kubereka, kukalamba ndipo anafa.

Kukwanilitsidwa kwa mudziwe kumtundu

Latsopano munthu amalandira majini a makolo mtundu wa malangizo amene mwachindunji zomwe zidzachitika mu thupi bwinobwino kumene moyo wawo. Choncho, ndife chidwi ndondomeko - ndi kuzindikira mfundo cholowa. Kenako tiona mwatsatanetsatane ontogeny (zoyimira ndi makhalidwe).

Direct ndi mosadziwika ontogeny

Mu mtundu mwachindunji chamoyo chikhalepo, mu mfundo zikuluzikulu ndi ofanana wamkulu, palibe siteji ya metamorphosis. Mu mtundu mozungulira limapezeka larva, amene losiyana mu dongosolo lake mkati ndi kunja kwa chamoyo wamkulu. Kumasiyana mu Njira kayendedwe chikhalidwe mphamvu, komanso amagwiritsa ntchito zina. Mphutsi adziwonetsa ngati wamkulu chifukwa cha metamorphosis. Kamakupatsani ubwino thupi kwambiri. Mtundu wa chitukuko limatchedwa larval. Molunjika mtundu amapezeka utero ndi nelichinochnoy mawonekedwe.

Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane aliyense wa iwo.

Sitipereka ontogenesis: mitundu, nthawi

Iwo yokondwerera mitundu ya invertebrates ndi ena inakhala (achule, njoka). Mu ndondomeko ya chitukuko iwo ndi chimodzi kapena zingapo magawo larval. linakhalapo chifukwa nkhokwe ochepa yolk ali mazira a nyama. Komanso, anafotokoza chifukwa kufunika kusintha malo moyo mu citukuko kapena kuthetsa mitunduyi parasitic, ozilala kapena amangokhala moyo.

Kukula kwa wathunthu ndi chosakwanira metamorphosis

Aswa mphutsi moyo mu kuwala kwa awo. Iwo mwachangu kudya, kukhala ndi kukula. Ali angapo zosakhalitsa matupi wapadera (provisory), amene ali kwina akulu. Larval (mozungulira) mtundu wa chitukuko ndi lathunthu kapena chosakwanira metamorphosis. mugawo ili ikuchitika pa maziko a mbali ya metamorphosis, amene amakhala ndi ontogeny makamaka. Mitundu pamafunika tinafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane kwambiri, tiwuzeni zambiri za iwo.

Pankhani ya kusintha chosakwanira, wobadwa larva kenako wotaya ziwalo larval ndipo amalandira zokhazikika ndiwo khalidwe la chamoyo wamkulu (kumbukirani, mwachitsanzo, ziwala). Ngati chitukuko ikuchitika ndi metamorphosis wathunthu, ndi larva akukhala amodzi chidole choyamba. Ndiye, izo zifika kwa munthu wina wamkulu, amene ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi mphutsi (kumbukirani ndi agulugufe).

chifukwa mphutsi

Tanthauzo la moyo wawo, mwina, ndi kuti ntchito zakudya monga akulu, potero kuwonjezera m'munsi chakudya cha mitundu. Tingayelekezele, mwachitsanzo, mbozi chakudya ndi agulugufe (masamba ndi timadzi tokoma, motero) kapena tadpoles ndipo achule (zooplankton ndi tizilombo). Komanso mitundu yambiri koma mu gawo larval, zikukangalika akuyendayenda gawo latsopano. Mphutsi za bivalves, mwachitsanzo, akhoza kusambira kuti si zoona za anthu akuluakulu omwe ali pafupifupi immobile.

Development wa metamorphosis mu achule ndi nsomba

Mitundu chitukuko (ontogeny), zochokera ku metamorphosis ndi khalidwe la inakhala monga achule ndi nsomba. Mwachitsanzo, mazira a mitundu chule namchidwe (mphutsi), imene matabwa ake, malo okhala ndi moyo ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi akulu. Tadpoles ndi makutu, mchira, mizere mbali thupi, ziwiri chambered mtima. Monga nsomba, ali makope wina. Pamene larva kufika pamlingo winawake chitukuko, metamorphosis ake chikuchitika, imene pali zizindikiro khalidwe la chamoyo wamkulu. Umu ndi mmene pa nthawi namchidwe kwasanduka chule.

Achule kuli siteji larval amapereka mwayi kukhala mapangidwe osiyana, ndipo ntchito zakudya zosiyanasiyana. Namchidwe Mwachitsanzo, amakhala madzi ndi kudya zakudya zamasamba. Chule akudya chakudya nyama ndipo makamaka lapadziko moyo. Tizilombo ambiri pali chodabwitsa ofanana. Kagwiridwe, motero njira ya moyo pa kusintha kwa gawo larval kuti siteji wamkulu, amachepetsa mphamvu ya kulimbana kupulumuka mwa mitundu anapatsidwa.

Direct mtundu wa chitukuko

Akupitiriza kufotokoza mitundu ikuluikulu ya ontogeny ndi kupita lotsatira - molunjika. Limatchedwanso nelichinochnym. Iye ali utero ndi yaytsekladnym. Mwachidule zimaonetsa mitundu, magawo a ontogenesis zimasiyana Chrixitu.

Yaytsekladny mtundu

Iwo anati zingapo za inakhala, komanso mbalame, nyama zokwawa, nsomba ndi zina zam'madzi mazira ali olemera mu yolk. Ndisanaumbidwe Choncho akufotokozera mkati mazira kwa nthawi yaitali. Kuweta ntchito moyo akutsatiridwa nembanemba embryonic - wapadera ziwalo provisory.

Nyama, kuikira mazira

Pali mitundu 3 nyama, kuikira mazira kuti sizionekaoneka kalasi lonse. Komabe, pups Ayamwitse mkaka. Izi ndi khalidwe la nyama ambiri. Platypus kuikira mazira (onani chithunzi pamwambapa), kuleza nosed mamba ndi korotkonosaya. Iwo amakhala mu Australia, Tasmania ndi New Guinea, ndi a dongosolo la monotremes.

Nyama zimenezi amafanana zokwawa osati kuika mazira, komanso dongosolo la excretory, ubereki, ndi m'mimba kachitidwe, komanso zinthu zambiri anatomical (loukitsa msana, nthiti ndi phewa lamba, kapangidwe ka diso). Monotremes Komabe, ankaona kuti nyama chifukwa mtima wawo uli ndi zipinda zinayi, ali magazi ofunda, yokutidwa ndi ubweya, Ayamwitse ana awo mkaka. Kuwonjezera nyama amakhala ndi chiwerengero cha mbali ya kapangidwe ka mafupa awo.

akalandire chithandizo mtundu

Mutu wa "mitundu ontogeny ndi chikhalidwe chawo," ife pafupifupi chipenyere. Komabe, ife sindinayankhule koma za yotsirizira akalandire chithandizo kalasi. Ndi khalidwe la anthu ndi nyama apamwamba, oocytes amene pafupifupi palibe mapuloteni. Pankhaniyi ntchito zonse zofunika kwambiri akasintha kudzera chifukwa Ndisanaumbidwe akuchikazi chamoyo. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, mayi wa mwana wosabadwayo ndi latuluka minofu akufotokozera - thupi wapadera provisionally.

latuluka

thupi ili alipo yekha pa mimba. The latuluka cha anthu mu thupi la chiberekero zambiri pa khoma kumbuyo, osachepera - kutsogolo. Kwathunthu kuti aumbike gestation za 15-16 masabata. Pa sabata la 20 pambuyo ziwiya placental akuyamba kulankhula mwachangu kuwombola.

The nsengwa ndi munthu - wozungulira lathyathyathya litayamba. Imatha kulemera pa yobereka ndi za 500-600 ga, makulidwe - 3.2 cm, ndi awiri a - 15-18 masentimita 2 padziko nsengwa ndi :. akuchikazi ndi zipatso.

Kumapeto kwa mimba pali thupi kukalamba latuluka lapansi. Iwo limodzi ndi maonekedwe a malo mchere mafunsidwe, kuchepetsa dera kuwombola pamwamba. Kubereka ndondomeko akupitiriza ontogeny.

Mitundu, zomwe takambirana, anatchula yochepa. Tikukhulupirira mudzapeza m'nkhani ino zonse zofunika. Tanthauzo ndi mitundu ya ontogenesis ayenera kudziwa ngati muli kukonzekera za mayeso mu zamoyo.