Njira yowoneka mu psychotherapy. Psychothrase yeniyeni: njira, njira, oimira, mfundo zazikulu

Nthawi zonse anthu akakumana ndi mawonetseredwe maganizo monga kukhumudwa, wotopa ndi moyo odzikayikira, kutembenuzira maganizo a. Mavuto pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana komanso anali osiyana, koma maganizo ndi zokumana nazo za anthu amene amamufuna. Lero anthu ambiri akudwala imfa tanthauzo la moyo ndi wachabechabe mumtima chifukwa cha kupeza mavuto ena moyo. Iwo pothandiza anthu amenewa existential misala.

Chiphunzitso cha misala existential

Existential misala - malamulo ndi njira maganizo kubwerera ku moyo adalinso, zonse nkhawa ndi nzeru. Pali kutsindika pa kudziletsa kuzindikira, osati monga chinthu osiyana, anatseka mwa iwo okha ndipo zomwe, komanso gawo la moyo, chowonadi mozungulira. Therapy ndipamene udindo moyo wanu ndi zinthu zimene zikuchitika izo. akuti lachokera ku Latin existentia - «moyo». Existential kuwerenga maganizo ndi misala kumagwirizana nzeru ndi. Mu zaka mazana makumi awiri panali azimuth monga "nzeru za kukhalapo" imene ili pafupi m'chilengedwe existential misala.

Existential malangizo misala anayambitsa kuyamika Søren Kierkegaard. Lofunika Chiphunzitso chake, anagwira mu 1830s ndi. postulates wake zofunika kuti munthu sangakhoze anapambulwa pa dziko lakunja ndi cikhalidwe. The Gawo la munthu wokhalapo - chikumbumtima, chikondi, mantha, nkhawa, khama. Munthu akadziwa alili zinthu mwadzidzidzi, amene protrude imfa, kulimbana ndi mavuto. Reassessing akale, munthu asadzakhale. Kierkegaard anayambitsa mfundo kukhalapo, wapadera ndi zosowa za moyo, kupatutsa munthu aliyense. Iye anapeza mogwirizana ndi kutembenukira umalozera moyo ndi kuzindikira okha, ena kuyang'ana pa nokha ndi moyo pambuyo akukumana mantha.

postulates Bugental

Dzheyms Byudzhental - Pulezidenti wa Association of misala existential. Mu 1963, iye anasankha malingaliro yaikulu ya misala existential:

• Man - uyu lonse, amene ayenera ayesedwa ndi kuphunzira mu ndalama zigawo zake zonse. M'mawu ena, ntchito tsankho sangathe ntchito kuwunika umunthu, koma zinthu zonse wonse.
• moyo wa munthu osati alibe amanga ubale lotha. Munthu sangakhoze anaphunzira popanda kutenga nkhani zimene zinam'chitikira.
• Kudziŵa makhalidwe ndi Zimatheka anapatsidwa adzadziwire ake. Zonse amayankha munthu zochita zake, maganizo.
• Munthu ndi mlengi wa moyo wake, iye si mlendo, amene kuuluka Kale chifanizo cha kukhala, ndi ophunzira mwakhama kanthu. Gayo zinachitikira, Analenga yekha.
• Mu moyo wa munthu uli ndi cholinga, maganizo ake akuuzidwa kuti m'tsogolo.

Existential misala umalimbana kuphunzira moyo wa munthu, mu padzikoli, ndi zinthu zawo moyo. Yense wa ife atengepo zimene anachita polimbana ndi dziko kunja, ndi anthu ena. Izi amaika chithunzi chathu maganizo, popanda zomwe n'zosatheka mu misala kuthandiza wodwalayo. Zogwiritsira makhalidwe sudzapereka kumvetsetsa zonse za munthu, munthu sakhala kudzipatula mwa Gulugufe ake, nthawi zonse ikusintha, kusintha khalidwe, amayankha chilengedwe ndipo pa mfundo imeneyi, anachita zinthu zina. Choncho, akatswiri ena kupewa maganizo dzina, monga zilibe mokwanira kufufuza mbali zonse za moyo wa munthu ndi chikumbumtima.

Zolinga za chithandizo

Existential misala cholinga malingaliro munthu m'njira yoyenera, kuthandiza kumvetsetsa moyo, kumvetsa kufunika ndi mwayi onse. Therapy sasintha chizindikiro cha mtima. tcheru chonse imatsogoleredwa enieni moyo weniweniwo, kupendanso zina za zochitika. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti zoonanso pa chenicheni, popanda Musanyengedwe ndi kukhumbira, ndi kumanga zam'tsogolo, ndi zolinga. Existential misala amasonyeza tanthauzo la moyo mu ntchito tsiku la udindo miyoyo yawo ndi ufulu wosankha. Cholinga chachikulu - ndi kupanga maganizo atsopano aliko kupanga izo ogwirizana. Tikhoza kunena kuti mankhwala kumathandiza kumvetsa moyo, limaphunzitsa kuti amenyane mavuto ndi kupeza njira yothetsera iwo, kugwiritsa njira zonse kusintha moyo wawo ndi kumabweretsa kanthu. Odwala anazindikira anthu odwala, ndipo osadziwa momwe angathetsere mwayi awo, wotopa ndi moyo. Ngati munthu agwidwa ku moyo ndi maganizo ake, chachikulu kulakwitsa - kuchitira iye monga wodwala. Kotero kuti oimira misala existential. Simungathe kumuona kuti ngati munthu wosowa chithandizo, tikufuna kumuthandiza kupendanso zimene zikuchitika ndi kusankha njira yoyenera imene iye adzapita m'tsogolo nzeru ndi cholinga. Cholinga si kusintha umunthu, koma pambuyo kulandira mankhwala munthu akhoza kudziwa kuti akufuna chinachake kusintha, kusintha miyoyo yawo, kuti cincino sakhala momwe ine ndikufunira kuti, chifukwa iwo ayenera kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu. Existential misala - ndi mwayi kudziwa ndi ufulu, mphamvu, chipiliro. Ilo limatiphunzitsa ife kutseka kuchokera ku chenicheni, osati kubisala kwa mavuto, ndi kuti aphunzire ndi kuti moyo mwa mavuto, madandaulo, zokhumudwitsa, koma kuwachitira mokwanira.

Misala ndi Philosophy

Tsopano zimaonekeratu chifukwa mwambo existential mu misala zinachokera ku zikhulupiriro, ndi chifukwa chake kumagwirizana ndi izo. Ichi ndi chokhacho psychotherapeutic chiphunzitso, mfundo za amene olungama ndi nzeru ndi. The anayambitsa ziphunzitso existential angatchedwe Chidanishi nzeru zapamwamba Serena Kerkegora. Western za akatswiri ena amene adzipangira chopereka kwambiri chitukuko cha sukulu existential: German nzeru zapamwamba, tingachipeze powerenga za nzeru existential wa Heidegger ndi M. Buber, P. Tillich, Jaspers, French nzeru zapamwamba Jean-Paul Sartre ndi ena ambiri. Ndi vremnem ambiri existential misala. Oimira nzeru Russian komanso sanakhazikike pambali padera mphamvu zochepa ndi chidziwitso mu chiphunzitso existential. Iwo Rozanov, S. Frank, S. Troubetzkoy, Shestov, Berdyaev.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba kuphatikiza nzeru ndi misala anaganiza Swiss psychoanalyst L. Binswanger. Amenewa pofuna iye anayenda mu 30s zaka mazana makumi awiri, kutanthauza munthu njira existential kuti misala. The chododometsa kuti iye sanachite mchitidwe langizo la, koma iye anali wokhoza kufotokoza zoyamba za dziko munthu wamkati, khalidwe lake ndi zochita mfundo ozungulira, kuyala maziko a mankhwala. Iwo angatchedwe anayambitsa misala existential. Medard Bwana, ndi Swiss maganizo, anapereka masomphenya ake, woyamba wa mtundu wake. Izo zinachitika pa zaka 50 za zaka mazana makumi awiri. Pakuti maziko izo anatenga German nzeru zapamwamba ziphunzitso Heidegger ndi kusandutsa iwo ntchito mankhwala. Iye ankaona anayambitsa imodzi mwa nkhalango ya mankhwala existential - daseinsanalysis, muli chitsanzo cha chidziwitso cha anthu. Mu bwana 60 bungwe pulogalamu maphunziro kwa psychoanalysts ndi psychotherapists mu njira zawo. mafunde ambiri tsopano ali existential misala, njira zosiyanasiyana ake, koma cholinga zinthu limodzi - kuti moyo wa munthu womasuka ndi Mkhalidwe.

misala Frankl

Imodzi mwa oimira ambiri ankaikira misala existential angatchedwe Viktor Frankl. Izi Austria zamaganizo, yamaganizo ndi matenda okhudza ubongo. Existential misala, njira zomwe ndi zochokera ziphunzitso za Frankl otchedwa logotherapy. lingaliro Aika ndi chinthu chachikulu kwa munthu - kupeza tanthauzo la moyo ndi kumvetsa miyoyo yawo ili, ayenera kuyesetsa. Ngati anthu saona mfundoyi, moyo wake amakhala opanda kanthu. Frankl a Existential misala zachokera kuzindikira kuti kuli kwambiri akufunsa mafunso kwa munthu za tanthauzo la moyo, osati mosemphanitsa, ndi munthu ayenera kuyankha zimenezi. Existentialists ndikukhulupirira kuti aliyense angapeze tanthauzo la ife, mosasamala kanthu za jenda, zaka, mtundu kapena chipembedzo, chuma chawo.

Njira tanthauzo lake ndi osiyana munthu aliyense, ndipo ngati sakhoza ayipeza, wawombolera mankhwala. Koma existentialists kuti Munthu ameneyo adzakhala wokhoza kuchita ichi, chitsogozo chachikulu iwo amachitcha chikumbumtima, amene Frankl adakhulupirira "thupi tanthauzo" ndi kuthekera kwa izo amatchedwa kudziletsa kupambana. Kutuluka wachabechabe munthu angakhoze kokha kucheza ndi chowonadi ozungulira; asamangokhala palokha ndipo Atchule nkhawa zawo, zimenezi sizingatheke. Frankl ankanena kuti 90% ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi mowa moti chifukwa imfa ya cholinga cha moyo ndi imfa ya njira iyo. Njira ina - kuonetseredwa, pamene munthu tikunena yekha, kuyesera kupeza chisangalalo ichi; kumakhalanso yachinyengo. Zokha Frankl logotherapy izo potengera zinthu zimene za kulingalira - derefleksii ndi cholinga paradoxical.

lolankhula njira. Derefleksiya

Derefleksiya amapereka zonse kudzipereka kunja kuchotsa kukumba m'miyoyo yawo. Njira ntchito pamaso pa matenda obsessive-zinazake. Zitsanzo za matenda amenewa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mavuto moyo kugonana kugwirizana ndi kuopa kusabala, frigidity. Frankl ankakhulupirira kuti gwero lachisokonezo obsessional kugonana chikhalidwe zokhudzana ndi kukhumba zinthu zosangalatsa ndi mantha kulibe. Kuyesera kupeza chimwemwe, nthawi zonse akupanga nkhani imeneyi, munthu kupeza izo. Iye amapita mu chinyezimiro, kuonera nokha ngati kuti kunja, kupenda maganizo awo osati kupeza okhutira aliyense zimene zikuchitika mapeto. Frankl akaona njira yochotsera chinyezimiro, kudzikonda kuiŵala. Chitsanzo cha ntchito bwino njira kuchita derefleksii Frankl amatha kusiyanitsa nkhani ya mtsikana amene anadandaula frigidity. Monga wachinyamata, iye anali ndi nkhanza ndi mwamantha, kuti mfundo imeneyi kumanzere chizindikiro pa moyo wake kugonana ndi mwayi wokhala ndi izo. Ndipo cholinga ichi okha, maganizo awo ndi maganizo, kukumba kukana chikwiyire, koma osati mfundo chiwawa. Mtsikanayo anali wokhoza mwanzeru mwa iye bwenzi la zinthu zasintha mokomera iwo. Anakhoza kukasangalala kugonana, vuto mbisoweka. Osiyanasiyana ntchito njira derefleksii lonse ndipo zikhonza kukhala zothandiza kuthetsa mavuto ambiri maganizo.

cholinga paradoxical

Paradoxical cholinga - lingaliro mfundo za Frankl za mantha ndi phobias. Iye anati kuopa munthu wa Mulimonse, osatembenukira ku nibala zipatso, pang'onopang'ono anamutengera enieni iye amaopa zimene. Mwachitsanzo, munthu akasauka kapena wodwala chifukwa chisanadze kuona mtima ndi malingaliro a munthu mantha kukhala izo. Mawu akuti "cholinga" lachokera ku Latin intentio - "tcheru, kukhumba," kutanthauza cholinga mkati chinachake, ndipo "paradoxical" zikutanthauza kanthu anyamata, kutsutsana. Akamanena za njira imeneyi chagona pa cholinga kupanga zinthu zomwe chifukwa cha mantha. M'malo mwake, kupewa zitani, kupita kukakumana naye, ndiwo chododometsa.

Mungapereke chitsanzo powonekera. Man, kamodzi kuchita pa siteji kutsogolo kwa omvera ndipo nthawi yomweyo nkhawa, anaona kuti wake manja anali njenjenje. Nthawi yotsatira musanapite, iye anayamba kuopa kuti manja agwedeza, ndipo mantha chakwaniritsidwa. Mantha kumabweretsa mantha, chifukwa cha zonsezi wakhala chonama, zizindikiro recurred ndi itakula, panali kuopa kuyembekezera. Kuti tichotse chikhalidwe ichi ndi kukhala mu mtendere, kusangalala ndi moyo, inu muyenera kuthetsa muzu wa mantha. njira ingagwiritsidwe paokha kupanga angofuna kulenga zinthu mosiyana ndi umene Ndikufuna kuti amuchotsepo. Nawa angapo zitsanzo.

Mnyamata wina kukodza usiku uliwonse mu tulo take, ndipo dokotala wake tinagwirizana kuti tizigwiritsa ntchito njira cholinga paradoxical. Iye anauza mwana kuti nthawi iliyonse zimachitika kachiwiri, adzalandira mphoto. Choncho dokotala wawasinthira mantha mwanayo, kukhumba kuti zimenezi zinachitika kachiwiri. Choncho mwana kuchotsa matenda ake.

njira iyi itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito tulo. Man kwa nthawi yaitali kugona, kuopa tulo akuyamba zikuvutitsa iye usiku uliwonse. The zambiri iye amayesetsa kumvetsa maganizo awo ndi khutu ku tulo, chindichepere izo likukhalira. The njira yosavuta - kusiya kukumba nokha, mantha kugona ndi dongosolo dala kukhala usiku wonse. Existential misala (phwando paradoxical cholinga makamaka) amalola kuti tione moyenera zinthu, kulamulira pa eni ndipo miyoyo yawo.

Kasitomala zokha njira

Mbali ina womwenso existential misala. Malingaliro zazikulu ndipo ntchito zida zake wosiyana tingachipeze powerenga za. kasitomala wokhazikika mankhwala njira anayamba kupanga ndi zamaganizo American Karlom Rodzhersom ndipo anafotokoza m'buku lake "zikufuna wokhazikika mankhwala. mchitidwe panopa ndi chiphunzitso cha tanthauzo" Rogers ankakhulupirira kuti munthu moyo wanu motsogozedwa ndi mtima wofuna kukhala, kukula akatswiri ndi chuma, ntchito mipata yopezeka. Iye kotero anawachititsa kuti ayenera kuthetsa mavuto ndi iwo, kulongosola ntchito yawo kubwerera pamzere olondola. Koma kuti luso limeneli mungathe pamaso pa makhalidwe. Rogers anayambitsa mfundo kuti amaonetsera i zikuluzikulu za chitukuko umunthu:

• munda wa zinachitikira. Kudziwa dziko munthu uyu lamkati kudzera prism chimene amaona zenizeni kunja.
• Self. Yonseyi zinachitikira auzimu.
• I-weniweni. Mfundo za iwo okha, potengera zochitika zenizeni m'moyo kulemekeza anthu ena.
• I-abwino. Kodi anthu ukapezeka pa nkhani ya kukwaniritsidwa kwa mipata awo.

"I-weniweni 'chaperekedwa kwa" Ine-abwino. " Ang'onoang'ono kusiyana pakati pa iwo, m'pamenenso osiyana munthu amamva moyo. Malinga ndi Rogers, kudzidalira, kulandira munthuyo monga iye ali, ndi chizindikiro cha matenda a maganizo ndi uzimu. Ndiyeno kambiranani za congruence (kugwirizana mkati). Ngati kusiyana ndi lalikulu, munthu yodziwika ndi kutchuka ndi achabechabe, overvaluation wa mphamvu zawo, ndipo zimenezi zingachititse kuti gwero lachisokonezo. Real sindingathe kudza pafupi ndi ganizoli chifukwa zochitika moyo, osadziwa, kapena chifukwa chakuti munthu akusokoneza yekha unsembe, makhalidwe, maganizo kuwasiyanitsa ndi "I-abwino". Mfundo zikuluzikulu za njira kasitomala zokha - chizolowezi kudzimvera actualization. Munthu ayenera kuvomereza yekha monga iye ali, kuti tikhale kudzidalira ndi kuyesetsa kukula ndi kukhala malire kuti sakutsutsana yekha.

kasitomala zokha njira njira

njira Existential kwa misala ndi Karl Rogers limatchula magawo asanu a chitukuko, kuzindikira ndi kudzikonda kuvomereza:

1. Pali detachment ku mavuto, wosafuna kuti asinthe miyoyo yawo kwa bwino.
2. Munthu amayamba kusonyeza mmene zawo, maganizo awo, ndi pang'ono kutsegula mavuto awo.
3. Chitukuko cha kudzinenera zakukhosi, kudzikonda kulandiridwa ndi zovuta za nkhaniyi, mavuto awo.
4. Pali kufunika kuti iwowo ndi mtima wofuna kukhala okha.
5. Khalidwe amakhala organic, mowiriza ndi zovuta. Pali ufulu mkati.
6. Man Limadzitsegula lokha ndi dziko. Magawo ndi zamaganizo angathe zimafika.
7. Zikamera wa chenicheni bwino pakati weniweni ndi ine-abwino.

Kupeza zigawo pachimake pa njira:

• kuonetseredwa kwa mtima,
• verbalization,
• kukhazikitsidwa kwa congruence.

Tiyeni tikambirane mwachidule aliyense wa iwo.

Chinyezimiro cha mtima. Pokambirana ndi zamaganizo adzaitana mokweza munthuyo anakumanapo ndi kasitomala pankhani inayake, zochokera nkhani yake.

Verbalization. limatsimiki- zamaganizo mu mawu ake uthenga kasitomala, koma kusokoneza tanthauzo kumuuza. Mfundo lakonzedwa kuti asonyeze kasitomala lapadera kwambiri Nkhani ya, ya mphindi kwambiri chokhumudwitsa wake.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa congruence. A bwino wathanzi pakati weniweni ndi abwino J. The ndondomeko konzanso tinganene kuti bwino ngati chikhalidwe kusintha munapangana mu njira izi:

• amaona yekha mokwanira kutsegula kwa anthu ena ndi zokumana latsopano, kudzidalira akubwera kubwerera mwakale;
• kuchuluka kwa dzuwa;
• yokhudza vuto;
• wotsikirapo chiopsezo kumawonjezera kusinthasintha kwa zinthu;
• kuchepetsa nkhawa;
• kusintha khalidwe m'njira zabwino.

Rogers njira akugwiritsa ntchito bwino mu masukulu ndi achinyamata mu kuthetsa kusamvana. Kumeneko, iye ndi contraindications - ndi osafunika ntchito, ngati munthuyo palibe mwayi kukula ndi kukhala.

kuzindikira imfa

Pali kuweluza anthu amene anakumana kukomoka kapena matenda aakulu, phindu moyo wawo ndi kukwaniritsa kwambiri. Pozindikira finiteness mosalephera ya moyo, imfa, existential misala zimapangitsa kupendanso maganizo awo kuti dziko loyandikira, kuzindikira zenizeni mu kuwala kosiyana. Kawirikawiri anthu sindikuganiza zonse za imfa, koma atakumana ndi matenda aakulu, mwina zinthu zosayenera. Mwachitsanzo, natseka ena, mkati kapena kuyamba kubwezera anthu onse wathanzi momuzungulira. Zamaganizo Ntchito njira imeneyi ayenera kutsogolera ku chikhazikitso cha matenda munapangana monga mwayi kukula munthu. kufa kufupi wokonzedwera kwa anthu kumabweretsa kudziŵerengera kopambanitsa mfundo ndende pa mphindi. Limadzitsegula kwa anthu ena, banja lake ndi anzake - yotero: ubwenzi umakhala wolimba mtima.

Existential misala, luso kuzindikira imfa wina ngati yowawitsa, makamaka zimathandiza kwambiri anthu kupulumuka ulemu mavuto zinachitika nawo.