Existential Psychology. Mchitidwe ndi existential zamaganizo

Mchitidwe ndi existential malangizo anatuluka mu zaka za m'ma chatha ku Ulaya chifukwa cha chitukuko cha nthanthi ndi maganizo lingaliro la zaka ziwiri zapitazi, pamene kwenikweni, chifukwa cha sublimation wa utuluke amenewa, monga "nzeru za moyo" Nietzsche a nthanthi irrationalism wa Schopenhauer, intuitionism wa Bergson, nthanthi maphunziro azachilengedwe Scheler, Freud ndi Jung psychoanalysis ndi existentialism wa Heidegger, Sartre ndi Camus. Mu zolemba Horney, Fromm, Rubinstein, maganizo a zolinga za kukuchititsa zimenezi zimasonyeza bwinobwino. Mosakhalitsa, kufupi existential mu kuwerenga maganizo wakhala wotchuka kwambiri mu North America. malingaliro anali amapereka mwa oimira wakale wa ku "Kukwera chachitatu". Imodzi ndi existentialism mu lingaliro maganizo nthawi iyi komanso a anthu panopa, kudzera mwa zamaganizo ngati otchuka monga Rogers, Kelly, Maslow. Freudianism ndi behaviorism - onse nthambi za counterweight zitsulo m'madera a sayansi maganizo kale zokhazikika.

Existential-a anthu malangizo ndi zizolowezi zina

Anayambitsa existential-a anthu (EGP) - D. Bugental - zambiri kudzudzulidwa behaviorism kumvetsa chidule cha umunthu, kunyoza mwamuna wake dziko mkati ndipo lingathe mechanization a dongosolo khalidwe ndi mtima wofuna kulamulira umunthu. Behaviorists komanso anatsutsa njira a anthu kuti awaphunzitse overvalued chiphunzitso cha ufulu, kuganizira mofatsa chinthu kuphunzira experimental ndipo analimbikira kuti palibe ufulu ndi lamulo zofunika aliko ndi kuwalimbikitsa-ayankhe. Humanists amaumirira insolvency, ndipo ngakhale ngozi ngati njira kwa anthu.

Ndi otsatira Freud ali humanists analinso zonena zawo, ngakhale kuti ambiri a iwo anayamba monga psychoanalysts. Chachiwiri anakana dogmatism ndi Determinism mfundo zotsutsana fatalism khalidwe la Freudianism, adatsutsa chikomokere monga mfundo chilengedwe ofotokozera. Ngakhale izi, tisaiwale kuti existential kuwerenga maganizo a umunthu akadali pamlingo winawake ofanana psychoanalysis.

Akamanena za umunthu

Pa nthawi, palibe kugwirizana za mlingo wa ufulu wa umunthu ndi existentialism, koma ambiri a anthu a magulu amenewa amasankha kugawa, ngakhale aliyense amazindikira commonality awo achikhazikitso, chifukwa mfundo zikuluzikulu za m'madera amenewa - kuzindikira za ufulu wa anthu kuti asankhe ndi kumanga linakhalapo. Existentialists ndi humanists amavomerezana kuti kuzindikira kukhala, kukhudza izo otembenuka ndi chimasintha munthu kulera izo pamwamba pa chisokonezo ndi opanda kuli wazotsatira, limasonyeza anamuzindikira ndipo motero kupanga lingaliro pa yekha. Komanso, ulemu mtheradi ndi maganizo a anthu si umboni chiphunzitso anapatsa moyo, koma m'malo mwake, weniweni manja pa Zimene maziko generalizations sayansi. Experience ankaona anthu monga mtengo oyamba chosaiwalika chachikulu. Komanso a anthu ndi existential zamaganizo kuunikira zimenezo mbali zofunika kwambiri. Koma apa agona kusiyana njira iyi: chifukwa humanists zofunika mchitidwe zokumana chochitika chenicheni ndi njira mavuto enieni kwambiri munthu, osati ntchito ndi kukhazikitsa methodical ndi methodological zidindo.

Anthu chikhalidwe mu SE ndi ES

Pa maziko a njira Mchitidwe (GP) ndi chiphunzitso cha akamanena za umunthu, chomwe chili ndi mafunde ake osiyanasiyana ndi osiyana ochokera m'madera ena a zamaganizo. Ndi Roy Cavallo, akamanena za umunthu ndi zonse kukhala mu ndondomeko ya mapangidwe ake. Mu ndondomeko ya kukhala munthu yoyenda yokha, yogwira, amatha kudziletsa kusintha ndipo anatengera kulenga, lolunjika pa chisankho mkati. Kupewa mapangidwe mosalekeza kwa kukana kwa moyo lodalirika, "anthu mwa munthu."

Existential njira za kuwerenga maganizo (EP) umunthu amakhala, koposa zonse ziyenera Mkhalidwe wa akamanena za munthu ndi kuyang'ana pa chikhalidwe cha magwero a ndondomeko mapangidwe. Malinga existentialism, akamanena za munthu si kupereka zabwino kapena zoipa - izo poyamba ndale. Makhalidwe Komanso wabweza m'kati ndimafufuza adzadziwire yake yapadera. Ndi kuthekera zabwino ndi zoipa, munthu amasankha ndi kusankha kwa udindo.

kukhalako

Kukhalapo - kukhalapo. Mbali Aika - chosowa kukonzedweratu, predzadannosti kuti akhoza kusokoneza munthu, kudziwa mmene kukhala m'tsogolo. Kwaletsedwa kuimitsa kaye m'tsogolo, womwe ukulozera udindo pa mapewa a anthu ena, mtundu, anthu ndi boma. Munthu kudzisankhira yekha - pano. Existential zamaganizo Mzimuyo malangizo a chitukuko cha kusankha aliyense payekha zimene amapanga. Munthu wokhazikika zamaganizo za akamanena za umunthu monga zabwino anapatsidwa poyamba.

Kukhulupirira munthu

Kukhulupirira umunthu - zofunika unsembe, amene chimasiyanitsa njira a anthu kuti kuwerenga maganizo ndi mafunde zina. Ngati maziko a Freudianism, behaviorism, ndipo ambiri malingaliro a zamaganizo Soviet osakhulupirira umunthu, ndi existential malangizo zamaganizo M'malo mwake, asamalira munthu wokhalapo pa kaonedwe ka anamukhulupirira. Mu Freudianism chakale poyamba zoipa chikhalidwe cha munthu, cholinga cha mphamvu pa izo - kudzudzulidwa ndi malipiro anu. Bihevioristy ayesedwa umunthu ndiponso ndale bwanji izo ndi kupanga ndi uphungu. Humanists kuona umunthu kapena mosayang'anira zabwino ndi kuona cholinga yolimbikitsira thandizo mu actualization wa munthu (Maslow, Rogers), kapena kuzindikira Uthunthu monga quasi HIV ndi cholinga chachikulu cha polojekitiyi maganizo kuona thandizo posankha (existential kuwerenga maganizo ndi Frankl Bugental). Choncho, chifukwa cha Institute yake yophunzitsa wa zamaganizo existential amaika maganizo kusankha munthu moyo. Umunthu kuoneka ngati analandira ndale.

Vuto wa zamaganizo existential

Maziko a kufupi a anthu anaika maganizo mtengo anazindikira kuti munthu "amasankha yekha", motero nkhani zokhudza moyo. Existential zamaganizo a munthu kulengeza ulamuliro wa moyo wa munthu mu dziko. Munthu chibadwire zonse interacts ndi dziko ndipo wapeza iye tanthauzo la kukhalako kwake. dziko lili kumuopseza ndi njira zina zabwino ndi mwayi kuti anthu akhoza kusankha. Mogwirizana ndi dziko umathandiza munthu ndi zofunika existential mavuto, nkhawa ndi nkhawa, amalephera kupirira imbaenda ku vutoli mu mtima wa munthu. mavuto zosiyanasiyana, koma schematically zikhoza kuchepetsedwa ndi chachikulu "mfundo" anayi polarities, zimene njira ya chitukuko cha munthu ndi zofunika kusankha.

Time, moyo ndi imfa

Imfa - lovuta kwambiri kuzindikira, chifukwa odziwika mosalephera zenizeni mtheradi. Kuzindikira kuyandikira kwa imfa amadzadza mwamuna ndi mantha. Wofuna kukhala ndi moyo ndi kuzindikira munthawi yomweyo kuli nthawi - mkangano waukulu, umene Maphunziro a zamaganizo existential.

Determinism, ufulu, udindo

Kumvetsetsa ufulu existentialism ndi osokoneza. Pa dzanja limodzi, munthu amamuchititsa kusowa dongosolo kunja, pa zina - ndi mantha kulibe ake. Ndipotu, alipo mwadongosolo, kumvera dongosolo kunja chilengedwe mosavuta. Koma, Mosiyana, existential zamaganizo litsimikizira kuti munthu amalenga dziko lake, ndipo limathandizana udindo. Kuzindikira chosowa zidindo okonzeka ndi kapangidwe zimapangitsa anthu mantha.

Kukambiranako, chikondi ndi kusungulumwa

Pa mtima womvetsa yekha ndi chiphunzitso cha kudzipatula existential, ie, detachment ku dziko ndi dziko. Mwamuna amabwera mu dziko yekha ndipo monga masamba. Mkangano kwaiye ndi kuzindikira kusungulumwa awo, pa dzanja limodzi, ndi amazifuna kulankhulana, chitetezo, yoperekedwa kwa wamkulu - pa ena.

Meaninglessness ndi cholinga cha moyo

Vuto la kusowa tanthauzo la moyo umabwera kuchokera woyamba mfundo zitatu. Pa dzanja limodzi, kukhala kudziwa yothandizira wa munthuyo amalenga tanthauzo lake, pa zina - amadziwa kudzipatula ake, kusungulumwa ndi kuyandikira kwa imfa.

Lodalirika ndi conformism. vinyo

Zamaganizo, humanists, kumadalira pa mfundo ufulu wa munthu, kusiyanitsa polarities ziwiri zazikulu - lodalirika ndi conformism. Poyang'ana worldview munthu amasonyeza makhalidwe awo lapadera, amaona ngati munthu amene akhoza kusonkhezera anthu ndi luso lanu mwa posankha zochita, chifukwa anthu analengedwa ndi anasankha anthu Choncho zosiyanasiyana chifukwa cha khama lawo. moyo lodalirika yodziwika ndi mkati lathu, luso, mgwirizano, finesse, kulimbika ndi chikondi.

Komabe, kunja zochokera analibe mtima kusamalira chisankho chawo, amasankha njira ya mofanana, liwulo yokha basi monga yoimba wa zokhuza chikhalidwe chawo. Timvere kukolola zidindo anthu, munthu wotero kuganiza stereotypically, sangathe ndiponso safuna kuvomereza bwino ndi kupereka iye ziyenera mkati. Conformist wakuyang'ana zapitazi, kudalira okonzeka zopangidwa mawonedwe, umene ali kusadalira ndipo amadziona kuti ndi osafunika. Pali kudzikundikira mlandu ontological.

Ubwino ofotokoza njira kuti munthu akhale ndi chikhulupiriro mwa munthu wa mphamvu yake inam'thandiza kufufuza kwambiri. Malangizo heuristic kumaoneka ndi kukhalapo zosiyanasiyana kumathandiza kupeza ngodya mmenemo. Waukulu wa iwo - ndi miyambo existential, existential-mawunikidwe komanso a anthu existential kuwerenga maganizo. Mei ndi Schneider komanso secrete existential-integrative njira. Komanso, pali njira monga dialogical mankhwala Friedman ndi Logotherapy Frankl.

Ngakhale ambiri kusiyana cilamulo, umunthu wokhazikika a anthu ndi existential otaya umodzi mu yonena za munthu. An ntchito yofunika kwambiri mumaganiza izi ndi kuti iwo safuna kuti "wosalira" munthu, nachiyika mavuto chofunika kwambiri pakati pa maganizo ake, osati kudula nkhani zovuta kumvera wa munthu mu dziko ndi chilengedwe mumtima mwake. Pozindikira kuti anthu zimakhudza mapangidwe umunthu ndi linakhalapo mu izo, kuwerenga maganizo existential ndi umakhudza mbiriyakale, maphunziro chikhalidwe, Chaanthu, nzeru, Social Psychology, komanso kukhala coherent ndi zingamuthandize nthambi ya sayansi yamakono za munthuyo.