Mchitidwe njira: zinthu zofunika

Society ochuluka kukopa chidwi cha anthu kulenga, anatha kupirira mpikisano ndi kukhala ndi zoyendayenda, nzeru ndi luso kudzimvera actualization ndi kulenga mosalekeza kusanduka.

Chidwi mu mawonekedwe osiyana a moyo wa munthu ndi mapangidwe umunthu chimaonekera a anthu malangizo a zamaganizo ndi pedagogy. Uyamiko kwa Iye, munthu amaona kuchokera amazionera a wapadera ake, kukhulupirika ndi kudzipereka bwino munthu mosalekeza. M'tsinde mwa malangizo anati kwa masomphenya a mtengo anthu a anthu onse ndi ulemu lamulo kwa kudziyimira pawokha payekha.

Zikhulupiriro General wa umunthu

"Umunthu" mu Latin amatanthauza "umunthu". Ndipo malangizo ndi njira Mchitidwe nthanthi unachokera mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Iye pabwino pansi pa dzina "Kubadwa Kwatsopano umunthu." dzikoli, lingaliro lalikulu limene ndi mfundo yakuti anthu - mtengo pamwamba katundu zonse padziko lapansi, ndi otuluka zopanda izi, ndikofunikira kuti amange ubale ndi izo.

Nthawi zambiri, umunthu - ndi worldview zomwe zikusonyeza kufunika kwa munthu, ufulu wake, moyo wosangalala, kutukula ndi mwayi kusonyeza luso lawo. Pamene dongosolo la ziphunzitso mtengo lero inkayenda monga ya malingaliro ndi makhalidwe abwino azilimbikirazi phindu chilengedwe ndi moyo wa anthu ambiri makamaka (kwa munthuyo).

Pamaso pa Kubwera kwa maganizo "Njira Mchitidwe chifukwa munthu "anatuluka maganizo" anthu ", kumene kumasonyeza amenewa yofunika umunthu khalidwe ndi kufunitsitsa ndi mtima wofuna kuthandiza ena, kusonyeza ulemu, chisamaliro ndi mbali. Popanda anthu, mfundo, sangakhale kukhalako kwa mtundu wa anthu.

Khalidwe la munthu, limene lili luso lotha kupanga chifundo dala munthu wina. Masiku ano anthu ambiri, umunthu - yabwino yothandiza anthu, koma munthu - cholinga chapamwamba Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe, imene zinthu ayenera analenga mosazindikira umatha kukwaniritsa mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe, dera zachuma ndi wauzimu ndi chitukuko apamwamba a munthu.

Maziko waukulu njira Mchitidwe munthu

Lero anthu kutanthauzira ikufotokozanso za chitukuko amafunika luso ophunzira a munthu, komanso chigawo mwauzimu komanso makhalidwe zokongoletsa. Pakuti ichi nkofunika kuona munthu deta yake angathe.

Cholinga cha umunthu - zonse kunachitika nkhani ya ntchito, cognition ndi kulankhulana, lomwe ndi ufulu, kudzidalira ndi udindo pa zimene zikuchitika mmadera. Muyeso, omwe motero adzatenge njira yachifundo Iwo kumatanthauza prerequisites chifukwa chololera kuzindikira ndipo anapereka mphamvu kutero. Chinthu chachikulu - kuulula adzadziwire ndi kuthandiza kuti ufulu ndi udindo ntchito.

Chitsanzo cha mapangidwe munthu woteroyo, mwa mawu a zamaganizo a anthu, anayamba chitukuko mu United States (1950-1960 gg.). Limafotokonzera ntchito za A. Maslow, Frank S., K. Rogers, Kelly J., A. zisa, asayansi.

umunthu

Anafotokoza chiphunzitso ichi njira Mchitidwe munthu, kwa kuwerenga maganizo a umunthu wakhala kwambiri kusanthula asayansi asayansi zamaganizo. Ndithudi, sitingathe kunena kuti malowa kwathunthu ankafufuza, koma anapanga kwambiri kufufuza ongolankhula.

umenewu wa zamaganizo anatuluka monga ngati mfundo zina za otaya, kwathunthu kapena pang'ono kuzindikiridwa anthu kuwerenga maganizo ndi nyama khalidwe. Chiphunzitso cha umunthu, kuonera kaonedwe ka miyambo anthu, ndi wa psychodynamic (pa nthawi yomweyo, interactionist). Izi si experimental nthambi za kuwerenga maganizo, ali structural ndi gulu ndi pogona nthawi yonse ya moyo wa munthu. Anafotokoza monga munthu, pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo za katundu mkati ndi makhalidwe, ndi mawu khalidwe.

Gululi chiphunzitso kuti amaona adzadziwire ndi mu njira anthu, makamaka chidwi kuzindikira, kumvetsetsa ndi malongosoledwe a munthu wa zochitika zenizeni za moyo wake. Zokonda zapatsidwa kwa phenomenology wa munthu osati kufufuza kuti mudziwe. Choncho, mtundu wa chiphunzitso mChipangano phenomenological. Choncho, kungokamba za munthu ndi zochitika mu moyo wake, kwenikweni chimakamba za panthawiyo ndipo limafotokoza mawu awa: "zolinga za moyo", "tanthauzo la moyo", "makhalidwe", etc ...

Umunthu mu kuwerenga maganizo Rogers ndi Maslow

Mu chiphunzitso chake cha Rogers anadalira chakuti munthu ali ndi chilakolako ndi luso munthu kudziona kusintha, monga wapatsidwa kutsitsimuka. Malinga ndi Rogers, munthu - cholengedwa kuti akhale nkhani yekha woweruza wamkulu.

Ongolankhula a anthu njira umunthu zamaganizo Rogers kumabweretsa chakuti mfundo yaikulu ya munthu - "Ine," ndi malingaliro, maganizo, zolinga ndi mfundo. Kumbali ya, iye akhoza kudzipereka ayankhe ndi kuti anene ziyembekezo za kukula munthu ndi chitukuko. Munthu ayenera kupereka tikudzifunsa funso, "Ine ndine ndani? Kodi ndikufuna ndipo ine ndikhoza kukhala? "Ndipo ndithu kulikonza ilo.

Chifanizo cha "Ine" chifukwa cha chondichitikira moyo amakhudza kudzidalira ndi maganizo a dziko ndi chilengedwe. Izo zikhoza kukhala zoipa, zabwino kapena zotsutsana kuwunika. Anthu ndi osiyana "Ine" -Concept kuona dziko mosiyana. Mfundo yoteroyo zinthu molakwika, koma kuti si woyenera ake zinawonongeka, kutsitsimuka. Mlingo pa moyo - muyeso wa msinkhu wa chidzalo cha chimwemwe. Iye mwachindunji amadalira kugwirizana pakati weniweni ndi abwino "Ine".

Mwa malamulo a kufupi a anthu kuti kuwerenga maganizo a umunthu zazikulu:

• kudziletsa actualization;
• chilakolako cha kudzinenera zakukhosi;
• chilakolako chofuna kudzilemeretsa kusintha.

Ŵa pakati pawo - izo amadzipweteka yekha actualization. Kumagwirizanitsa ndi mzake ndi theorists munda, ngakhale yosiyana maganizo. Koma ambiri ali ndi maganizo kuganizira malingaliro a Maslow A.

Iye ananena kuti anthu onse kudziletsa actualizing amapanga malonda iliyonse. Iwo ali okhulupirika kwa iye, ndipo mlandu ndi chinthu chamtengo wapatali kwambiri kwa munthu (a mtundu wa ntchito). Anthu a mtundu uwu amakonda ukhondo, kukongola, chilungamo, ubwino ndi ungwiro. Izi mfundo ndi zofuna kwambiri ndipo kudziona actualization. Munthu wotereyu zikuoneka kuti kulibe ndondomeko kusankha nthawi zonse: kupita chitsogolo kapena kumbuyo pansi ndi osamenyana. Self-actualization - ndiyo njira ya chitukuko mosalekeza ndi kusalandira nkhambakamwa za ndiyotani pakuchotsa olakwika.

ndicho njira a anthu kuti zamaganizo Kodi

Anatinso a anthu njira monga G. Allport chiphunzitso cha makhalidwe, kudzikonda actualization wa Maslow A., K. Rogers indirektivnoy za misala, za moyo wa munthu S. Buhler ndi malingaliro Meyya R. chakudya chachikulu ndi maganizo a anthu mu kuwerenga maganizo otsatirawa:

• poyamba munthu ali weniweni zaphindu mphamvu;
• mapangidwe mphamvu yowononga kumachitika pamene chitukuko;
• munthu ali ndi cholinga cha kudzikonda actualization;
• panjira wodzilamulira actualization pali zopinga kuti uziyenda bwino munthuyo.

mawu chifungulo cha chiphunzitso cha:

• congruence;
• zabwino ndi chopanda malire kuvomereza yekha ndi ena;
• empathic kumvetsera ndi kuzindikira.

Zolinga zikuluzikulu za njira:

• provisioning kukwaniritsa ntchito kwa munthu;
• chilengedwe cha zinthu kudziletsa actualization;
• akulembayo maphunziro, omasukirana, lodalirika, waubwenzi ndi kubvomerezana;
• maphunziro a chisoni (chisoni ndi mogwirizana);
• Kukula kwa luso kuwunika mkati;
• omasukirana kwa latsopano.

Njira imeneyi ali ndi zofooka mu ntchito. Iwo psychotics ndi ana. Chance ya chifukwa zoipa kukhudzana mankhwala mwachindunji chilengedwe aukali chikhalidwe.

Pa mfundo za njira Mchitidwe

Zoyamba za njira a anthu akhoza mwachidule mwachidule:

• ndi zofooka zonse pokhala munthu ali ndi ufulu ndi ufulu kukhazikitsa izo;
• zofunika amawatenga - existential ndi zotengera malingaliridwe zinachitikira munthu;
• umunthu nthawi zonse amayesetsa chitukuko mosalekeza;
• munthu logwirizana ndi kwathunthu;
• umunthu ndi wapadera pamafunika kudziletsa actualization;
• Anthu Polingalira za m'tsogolo ndiponso ndi yogwira kulenga wokhalapo.

Amakhala ndi mfundo udindo zochita. Man - chida si kanthu komanso si kapolo khalidwe anapanga. Poyamba, chikhalidwe chake ndi HIV ndi wabwino. Maslow ndi Rogers ankakhulupirira kuti kukula munthu nthawi zambiri amavutika ndi njira kumbuyo ndi mantha. Ndipotu, kudzidalira zambiri kusiyana ndi kuti anapatsidwa ndi munthu padziko. Motero, anakumana ndi vuto la - kusankha pakati pa kuvomereza ndi kuwunika ndi mtima wofuna kukhala pa wake.

Existentialism ndi umunthu

Zamaganizo woimira existential- uweme njira ndi Binswanger L., Frankl V., R. Mei, Bugental, Yalom. Njira anafotokoza anayamba kupanga mu theka lachiwiri la zaka mazana makumi awiri. Tikungotchula chakudya chachikulu cha lingaliro ili:

• munthu imatengedwa pa kaonedwe ka moyo weniweni;
• ayenera kuyesetsa kudziona actualization ndi kudzikonda kuzindikira;
• munthu wamlandu wake, kuli ndi kukhazikitsa angathe zawo;
• munthu ndi ufulu ndipo ali zambiri za zisankho. vuto imakhala pofuna kupewa izo;
• Alamu - ichi ndi chifukwa chosadziwa mphamvu kukhazikitsa;
• Nthawi zambiri munthu sazindikira kuti ali kapolo wa dongosolo ndi makhalidwe si munthu weni weni ndipo amakhala abodza. Kusintha boma ayenera kukhala kuzindikira udindo wawo woona;
• Anthu akuvutika kusungulumwa, ngakhale iye yekha poyamba, monga amabwera mu dziko ndi masamba yekha.

Zolinga zikuluzikulu anathamangitsa ndi existential-a anthu ndi njira iti:

• maphunziro a udindo, luso perekani ntchito ndi kuthetsa iwo;
• Kuphunzira kugwira ntchito ndi zothetsera mavuto;
• kufufuza ntchito, mungapezeko momasuka okha;
• ndi kugonjetsa kuvutika, ndi "pachimake" mphindi;
• kusankha maphunziro ndende;
• kufunafuna tanthauzo lenileni.

Free kusankha, omasukirana kuti zinthu zatsopano kubwera - mawu onena za munthu. Mfundo yoteroyo wokanayo conformism. Awa ndi makhalidwe chibadidwe zamoyo anthu.

Umunthu mu Education

Malamulo ndiponso mfundo zimene zimalimbikitsa njira Mchitidwe maphunziro, Iwo ankaganizira kwambiri chakuti dongosolo mgwilizano, "mphunzitsi / mwana wa" inachokera pa ulemu ndi chilungamo.

Choncho, pedagogy Rogers mphunzitsi kuyenera kudzutsa mphamvu zawo mwana kuthetsa mavuto ake, osati kusankha iye. Sikutheka kuti asanene okonzeka zopangidwa njira. Cholinga - kukondoweza ntchito munthu kusintha ndi kukula, ndipo iwo ali wopandamalire. Chinthu chachikulu si ya mfundo ndi ziphunzitso, ndi kusintha kwa wophunzira aliyense chifukwa cha kudzikonda kuphunzira. Ntchito maphunziro - kukhala mphamvu kudziletsa chitukuko ndi kudzikonda actualization Kufunafuna asadziwike. Rogers kuzindikiridwa zinthu zotsatirazi umene vuto izi ziri akuyendera:

• Ophunzira kuphunzira kuthetsa mavuto zofunika;
• mphunzitsi poyerekezera ndi ana amaona congruent;
• amanena kuti ophunzira ndithu;
• mphunzitsi chifundo kwa ophunzira (malowedwe mu dziko lamkati la wophunzira, tione chilengedwe cha maso, pamene otsala mwini;
• wophunzitsa - wothandizira stimulator (amalenga yabwino kwa wophunzirayo);
• Iye amalimbikitsa ophunzira kusankha abwino, kupereka zinthu kwa kusanthula.

Munthu, amene anakulira, ndi mtengo wapatali kwambiri, amene ali ndi ufulu yabwino ndi chimwemwe. Choncho, a anthu njira maphunziro, kunenetsa ufulu wa mwana zimathandiza kuti chitukuko kulenga ndi kudzikonda chitukuko - patsogolo mu pedagogy.

Njira imeneyi amafuna kuwunika. Komanso, muyenera kumaliza tanthauzo la malingaliro a (zosiyana): moyo ndi imfa, mabodza ndi kuona mtima, kukoma mtima ndi waukali, chidani ndi chikondi ...

Sports maphunziro ndi umunthu

Panopa njira a anthu kuti maphunziro wothamanga kumatha ndondomeko kukonzekera ndiponso maphunziro wothamanga amachita monga gulu makina, kuti iyende, anakamba pamaso pake.

Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti othamanga zambiri kukwaniritsa ungwiro thupi, kuti avulaze lalikulu kwa psyche ndi thanzi. Zimachitika kuti katundu ntchito yosalongosoka. Izi zimathandiza kuti othamanga achinyamata ndi wokhwima. Motero, njira imeneyi kumabweretsa kusokonezeka maganizo. Koma kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti mwayi wokhala ndi wothamanga dzina, machitidwe ake wamakhalidwe ndi wauzimu, mapangidwe zolinga - osatha. Njira umalimbana chitukuko angathe kuchitidwa mu utumiki, ngati inu sinthani phindu ngati wothamanga ndi mphunzitsi. khwekhwe ili ayenera kukhala uweme.

Kukhala wothamanga makhalidwe a anthu - ndondomeko izi m'malo ovuta nthawi wonyeketsa. Izo ziyenera kukhala dongosolo ndipo amafuna kwa mphunzitsi (namkungwi mphunzitsi) luso lophunzira intricacies mmene mkulu. Njira imeneyi lolunjika pa a anthu kolowera - UTUKULA ZA UMOYO, iye m'maganizo thanzi mwa masewera ndi chikhalidwe thupi.

Management ndi umunthu

Masiku ano, magulu osiyanasiyana akuyesetsa zonse kusintha mlingo chikhalidwe wa ndodo yake. Mu Japan Mwachitsanzo, ogwira ntchito iliyonse (kampani) ndi antchito ake si malo kupeza ndalama moyo, komanso malo amene amabweretsa pamodzi anzake munthu mu timu. Kwa iye, kungathandize kwambiri pa mgwirizano ndi kudalirana.

Organization - kupitiriza banja. The a anthu angafike kwa kasamalidwe kuoneka ngati njira kuti amalenga zenizeni zimene zimathandiza anthu kuona zochitika, kuwamvetsa ndi kuchita mogwirizana ndi zinthu, kupereka tanthauzo ndiponso kufunika kwa khalidwe lawo. Ndipotu malamulo - izo zikutanthauza, ndi kanthu chachikulu chikuchitika mu nthawi kusankha.

Mbali zonse za bungwe ndi yodzaza ndi tanthauzo ndipo zimathandiza kuti zikuchitikadi. Mchitidwe njira lonena za munthu, osati bungwe. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, m'pofunika luso cigawo mu dongosolo alipo makhalidwe awo komanso kusintha zinthu zatsopano ntchito.