Mtima wa mbalame: kapangidwe ndi maonekedwe a m'thupi

Mbalame - wapadera gulu zamoyo gomoyoternyh amene moyo wake amagwirizana ndi nzeru, ngati chakuwuluka. N'zotheka pansi pa chikhalidwe zovuta minofu ntchito sternum ndi forelimbs - mapiko. Zimenezi Zikatero, imapereka zizipezeka wa myocyte mpweya ndi chakudya, makamaka shuga.

Magazi - ndi mankhwala kuti nawatengera iwo mozungulira thupi ndi kayendedwe umadalira pa ntchito kwambiri kwa mtima - mpope, madzi amawapopa minofu mwakhama connective. Kulanda oxyhemoglobin ndi organic zinthu amapereka magazi dongosolo mbalame. Mtima - limba waukulu amazungulira magazi. Makamaka matabwa ake ndi ntchito ayankhidwa m'nkhaniyi.

Features a m'thupi

Nacho kagayidwe mu mbalame ndi zotheka zifukwa ziwiri. Choyamba - kuthamanga magazi, amachititsa lalikulu magazi mu mitsempha ndi mitsempha ngakhale. The chachiwiri - ndi kulunjika mwa kundipatsako magazi m'mapapo. Mtima mbalame Quad, lamanzere ndi lamanja gawo si lipoti (pali kugawa zonse), kotero magazi si kusakaniza: kumanzere kusuntha wolumikizira, ndi bwino - venous. Pa kuwombola zinthu bwanji mbalame chinthu monga kudutsa impso osati wolumikizira (monga nyama), komanso pa zipata venous dongosolo magazi chotengera kuti metabolites madzi kuchokera m'malo urea anapanga asidi uric. Kenako maselo magazi - maselo ofiira - oimira wa Aves kalasi ndi pakati, amene kumawonjezera kutalika kwa moyo wa maselo amenewa. Kuchokera ventricle kumanzere kwa mtima abwera lalikulu wolumikizira chotengera - ndi msempha. Iwo ali Arc lamanja, bifurcation imbaenda kuna mapangidwe lamanzere ndi lamanja mtsempha wamagazi innominate, yomwe mutu ndi mapiko a mbalame ndi chakudya ndi mpweya.

mtima thunthu

Monga dzenje akulu limba, izo lili kumanja a chifuwa ndi yokutidwa ndi pericardium - ndi pericardium. Kutsogolo kwa sternum mtima mbalame pang'ono yokutidwa ndi zina ziwalo kupuma - sacs mpweya. Iwo ali mawonekedwe a chulucho, ndi nsonga ya amene ali ndi udindo wapakatikati pakati pa mimba ndi chiwindi.

Malingana ndi mtundu wa mbalame, mtima mawonekedwe ndi osiyana ndi kruglokonicheskoy kuti ellipsoidal kutalika. Izi limba magazi tichipeza zigawo zitatu: lakunja - serous (epicardium), sing'anga (myocardium) wamkati ndiponso (endocardial). Ofunika kwambiri a iwo - pakati Kakhungu, potsata kapangidwe ka ntchito zapamwamba komanso dzuwa la mtima.

myocardium

Amakhala striated minofu minofu dongosolo chapadera chimene chimasiyanitsa mtima wa mbalame kuchokera ku ziwalo zina zonse za mkati, uli yosalala minofu. cardiomyocytes Inboard amapereka mphamvu ndi wogawana kugawira katundu pa kuchepetsa. Mbali ina yofunika ya mnofu mtima - ufulu wa systole ndi diastole zipinda: atria ndi ventricles. maselo m'mnyewa wamtima zapiringizana, kotero zikhumbo mitsempha yochokera nutera pa cardiomyocytes, ndi chipolopolo lonse yomweyo yafupika.

zipinda za mtima

atria awiri - lamanzere ndi lamanja, komanso ventricles awiri ndi mbali zingapo wokhudzana ndi thunthu la myocardium lapansi. mpanda wake ndi wamphamvu kwambiri komanso thicker mu theka kumanzere kwa mtima, chifukwa cha iye yamitsempha yamagazi wolumikizira magazi pansi kuthamanga ndi ejected mu msempha kenako walowa kufalitsa zokhudza zonse. Pa mtima mwazi nthawi zonse akusuntha mu njira imodzi: kuchokera atria kuti ventricles ndiyeno kuchokera mtsempha wamagazi pomwe m'mapapo mwanga, ndi kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja kung'ambika Chipilala. M'malire a mayiko m'zipinda zili atrioventralnye mavavu, wopangidwa mwa minofu connective: minofu membranous. Iwo salola magazi kubwerera gawo la ventricle kuti atrium lapansi. Mtima mbalame, kapangidwe ka zipinda zake ndi mavavu zimadalira gulu limene adzaupereka mwadongosolo.

Mu neognathae (mbalame izi), kumanzere kutsogolo ndi chabwino ndi kumbuyo mitsempha kanthu mu atrium bwino paokha ndi drevnenebnyh mitsempha dzenje kuphatikiza kupanga sine. Pakati pa iye ndi atrium lamanja, awiri akulu vavu anapanga. Gulu loyamba limapangidwa banja la mbalame Columbiformes, Anseriformes, vorobinyh, woodpeckers ndi ena. Gulu lachiwiri imakhala casuariiformes, kiviobraznye, nanduobraznye akadali otchedwa bezkilevymi mbalame (flightless).

kufalitsidwa

Monga ife Akutchulidwa, mitima ya-mbalame zinayi. akuphatikizapo amachititsa awiri kufalitsidwa. Small Circle (m'mapapo mwanga) kumayambira ventricle bwino ndipo itha atrium kumanzere. bwalo lalikulu akuyamba mu ventricle kumanzere. Kuyambira pomwe mitsempha kung'ambika Chipilala nthambi ndi kubweretsa mpweya ndi chakudya ku maselo a ziwalo zonse ndipo zimakhala ndi nkhuku. magazi Venous Akusonkhanitsa mu vena cava, amene m'gulu la atrium chabwino, ichi anamaliza kufalitsa zokhudza zonse.

The kulunjika wa ntchito mtima

Kuphunzira Mbali yaikulu ya m'thupi - mbalame mtima, kapangidwe ndi ntchito za kamera - onani kuti thupi lili mokwanira chachikulu phindu ndi kulemera wachibale kwa kulemera kwa thupi. Mwachitsanzo, mbalame monga bullfinches, akhwangwala, abakha 1 - 1.3% ndi kulemera, ndi mitundu ndi liwiro lalitali ndi maneuverability ndege - 2%.

Mwachitsanzo, mbalame zodya nyama - White-tailed Mphungu, Chimphamba - mtima index ndi za 1.8%. Komanso, mbalame ndi vuto ndi mtima umagunda mofulumira kwambiri kwa magazi ranges kuchokera kumenyedwa 200 600 pa mphindi, ndi pa ndege ndi 1200 mtima kumenyedwa.

Mu pepala ili, ife anayankha funso, mtundu wa mumtima mbalame, anaphunzira makhalidwe a myocardium ndi zimaonetsa ndi kulunjika ntchito yawo mtima.