Makhalidwe a mpira. Ndondomeko yamakono. Zakale zamakono komanso zamakono

Munthu wosadziwika ndi mpira, pakuwona masewerowa, zingawoneke kuti anthu makumi awiri ndi awiri amakhala osokonezeka kwambiri akuyendayenda m'munda, akuyesera kulemba mpirawo. Komabe, izi siziri choncho - mpira ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi, ndipo njirayi ili ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri. Ngakhale athandizi abwino kwambiri, kutuluka kumunda opanda chidziwitso ndi lingaliro, popanda kugawidwa bwino kwa maudindo ndi maudindo, adzatayika kukhala bungwe, koma otsutsa ofooka.

Machenjerero a mpira amachokera makamaka pazinthu - zomwe zimatchedwa zomangamanga, zomwe ndizosiyana kwambiri. Poyamba, mu mpira, onse ankasewera njira imodzi, yomwe imadziwika kuti "piramidi", koma pang'onopang'ono anayamba kuonekera ndi ena. Ndipo lero pali zambiri za iwo. Ena mwa iwo ndi otchuka kwambiri ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, ena ndi zitsanzo zosowa.

Maseŵera a mpira amavomereza mphunzitsi kusintha ngakhale masewerawo pa masewerawo, kusintha kumangako kumodzi. Kuchokera m'nkhaniyi, muphunziranso za mapangidwe omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kubadwa kwa mpira, komanso momwe mungayang'anire zomangamanga zamakono. Monga tanenera kale, pali zambiri za iwo tsopano, kotero otchuka kwambiri ndi omwe adzatchulidwe pano.

Piramidi

Ndondomeko 2-3-5 - iyi ndi yotchedwa piramidi yapamwamba, kuchokera pa iyo mpira wachangu unayamba. Zinali zosavuta kwambiri ndipo zikutanthauza kukhalapo kwa anthu awiri oteteza, midzi itatu ndi oyimba asanu, awiri omwe adzakhala otalika, awiri - pakati, ndi pakati.

Chiwembuchi chinayambira chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi ndipo chinagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi magulu onse mpaka zaka makumi atatu za m'ma 1900, pamene masewera a padziko lapansi adayamba kuchitika ndipo masewerawa adakhala otetezeka kwambiri kuposa kusangalatsa.

Pa ntchitoyi, omenyerawo adagwira ntchito yodzitetezera, anthu oyenda nawo pakati adalumikizana ndi kuukira kwawo ndi kuwateteza. Otsutsa kwambiri adayankha kwathunthu pambali, kuphatikizapo podzitetezera, koma msilikali wamkuluyo anali mlembi wamkulu wa zolinga ndipo nthawi zonse anakhala woyang'anira. Mchitidwe uwu wa mpira unali wochititsa chidwi, koma wosagwira ntchito, kotero ndi chitukuko cha mpira panalibe njira ina yomwe inasintha piramidi.

"Awiri"

Machitidwe a mpira ndi chiyambi cha thirties asintha kwambiri, ndipo izi zikhoza kuwonedwa makamaka "muwiri" (3-2-5), zomwe zinalowetsedweratu. Apa ndiye kuti magulu a mpirawa anayamba kumvetsera kwambiri kuti ateteze zipata zawo - chiwerengero cha omenyerawo chinawonjezeka kufika pa atatu, ndipo chiŵerengero cha midziyi chinachepetsedwa kukhala awiri. Pamwamba pawo panali ziwalo ziwiri zomwe zinakonza ziwembu - ndipo zinathera ndi womenya pakati, yemwe anali pamphepete mwa winger.

Chigamulochi chimatchedwa "awiri" chifukwa chakuti pamene mukuyang'ana, mungasankhe kalata iyi, yomwe imapangidwa ndi osewera podziletsa ndi kuzunzidwa. Komabe, ndondomekoyi, yomwe poyamba inkawoneka ngati yochuluka kwambiri kuposa yomwe yapita kale, inatsimikiziranso kuti ndi yopanda ungwiro - ndipo izi zinatsimikiziridwa pakati pa zaka makumi asanu, pamene mawonekedwe a 4-2-4 akuwonongera ndondomeko ya 3-2-5. Njira zamaseŵera osewera mpira kwambiri pafupi ndi zomwe zingathe kuchitika panopa.

Mchitidwe wa Brazil

Zolinga zamakono zonse za mpira, zomwe mukuziwona lero pamunda, zakhala zikuchokera ku zomangamanga, zomwe zimatchedwa "Brazilian system". 4-2-4 - iyi ndi yoyamba m'mbiri ya chiwembu, zomwe sizinagwiritse ntchito ziwiri, osati zitatu, koma ochuluka kwambiri, komanso osakhala amodzi, koma kutsogolo kwachisanu. Chinsinsi chinali chakuti ndi chitetezo chodalirika kwambiri, pomwe wina wa chitetezo wamkulu akhoza kumenyana ndi wina, ndipo aliyense wa iwo akhoza kumanga chitetezo chokwanira pambali pake, chiwonongekocho chinachotsa chitetezo cha anthu atatu.

Izi zidapindula chifukwa chakuti mmodzi wa awiriwa omwe anaukira anabwezedwa panthawi ya chiwonongeko, akukopa mtetezi wapakati ndi kutsegula chipata. Momwemonso gulu la a Hungarian, lomwe linayamba kusewera pulogalamuyi 4-2-4, linatha kukhala timu yoyamba ya ku Ulaya, omwe adagonjetsa mpira wa Britain, omwe adakonza 3-2-5.

Koma izi zikugwirizana bwanji ndi mpira wa Brazil? N'chifukwa chiyani mawu akuti "dongosolo la Brazil" amagwiritsidwa ntchito? Chinthuchi ndi chakuti anthu a ku Hungary anali pakati pa oyambirira omwe anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njirayi, ndipo a ku Brazil anali oyamba omwe anapambana bwino ndi iye - kuti apambane mosangalala pa World Cup. N'chifukwa chake mpira wa ku Brazil wa nthawi imeneyo umagwirizananso ndi zomangamanga.

4-2-3-1

Mpaka pano, njira yodziwika kwambiri komanso yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi 4-2-3-1 - iyi inali njira ya timu ya mpira wa ku Russia ku European Championships yomwe inachitika mu 2016 ku France.

N'chifukwa chiyani nyumbayi ndi yotchuka kwambiri? Ndizoyenera kudziwa kuti omvera anayi - izi ndizofunikira kwambiri mpira wamakono, womwe unayambitsidwa pamodzi ndi dongosolo la Brazil ndipo silinasinthe kuyambirapo. Pogwiritsa ntchito mndandanda wa chitetezo, anthu awiri omwe ali pakati pawo akusewera, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi wina wowononga-madzi osokoneza bongo, omwe amachititsa kuti azikhala otetezeka kwambiri, komanso bokosi-mabokosi, omwe ndi midzi yoyamba yomwe imasewera munthu wina - Iye akhoza kuthandiza onse mu chilengedwe ndi mu chiwonongeko.

Pamwamba pa ozungulira awiriwa ndi woimba masewera, yemwe ndi raspasovschikom wamkulu, wamkulu wothandizira, jenereta ya ziwonongeko. Pamwamba pa iye mumasewera msilikali mmodzi, ndi kumbali zonse za iye pa wingewero wamaseŵera. Chiwembuchi chimatchuka kwambiri chifukwa cha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake - ndibwino kuwukira ndi kuteteza, mungathe kumenyana nonse pakati ndi kudutsa pambali, mungathe kukhala nalo mpira, kapena mungathe kusewera pamtunda wotsutsa. Kawirikawiri, iyi ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri lero.

Mwamwayi, njira iyi ya timu ya mpira wa mpira wa Russia siinamuthandize kuchita bwino pa European Championships, koma izi sizowona kuti ndi zomangamanga.

4-3-3

Yachiŵiri yotchuka kwambiri masiku ano ndi ndondomeko ya 4-3-3, yomwe imasiyanasiyana ndi yomwe yapita kale kuti palibe wolemba masewera otchulidwa bwino - pali midzi yapakatikati pakati pawo omwe maudindo awo amasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi mkhalidwewo. Kawirikawiri ndi kusungidwa kotereku kumaseŵera mu zotchedwa mpira wachete, yemwe cholinga chake chiri ndi mphamvu yambiri pamunda komanso kukwera mpira. Komabe, atapatsidwa mzere wodzitetezera wokwera ndi kupanikizika kolimba, chiwembucho ndi chovuta kwambiri chothetsera mavuto - ndicho chifukwa chake magulu omwe amati ndi mpira woterewa samangolola kuti otsutsawo atenge mpirawo. Mwachidziwikire, njira zowonetsera mpira sizingatheke pomwepo - mudzapeza zina zomangirira.

4-4-2

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti nkhaniyi silingaganizire za masewera a mpira 8 mpaka 8 - komangidwe kokha mpira 11 ndi 11. Mu mini-mpira pali anthu ochepa m'munda, ndipo malingalirowo adzakhala osiyana. Kotero, potsata ndondomeko zocheperako, ndibwino kukumbukira 4-4-2, yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kumayambiriro kwa zero. Pali njira ziwiri: gulu limodzi limasewera ndi midzi yachiwiri yoyamba ndi winger wachiwiri, ndipo yachiwiri, wotchedwa "rhombus", anthu oyenda pakati amapanga rhombus pakati pa munda.

4-3-2-1

Piramidi yatsopano imatanthauzira masewera ndi kutsindika pa ziwonongeko kupyolera pakati. Mwachidziwitsochi mulibe wodwala wofotokozedwa, koma pali midzi yoyamba pakati, awiri mkati ndi womenyedwa mmodzi. Nkhondo yonseyi ikuchitika kudzera pakati, zomwe zimachepetsa mphamvu za gululo pogwiritsa ntchito zomanga.

3-5-2

Masewera a atatu oteteza nthawi zambiri akhala m'mbuyo, koma ku Italy akadagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, midzi yoyamba ya midzi itatu ikukwaniritsa pakati pa mundawu, pamene midzi yachiwiri yolimbana nayo ikuthandizira kuzunzidwa ndipo, ngati kuli koyenera, abwerere ku chitetezo. Pogwiritsira ntchito zomangamanga sizowonjezera kupeza mgwirizano pakati pa kuukira ndi chitetezo - izo zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pa "catenaccio", kumene Italiya inkayenda patsogolo ndi ochita masewera asanu ndi awiri owonetsa kuti akwaniritse cholinga chimodzi, pambuyo pake panali anthu awiri otsutsa, ndipo ena onse anali mu chilango kapena njira Zowonetsera kwathunthu.

5-3-2

Chiwembuchi chikufanana kwambiri ndi chakale, koma ndi chitetezo chochuluka. Tsopano sizikugwiritsidwa ntchito, chifukwa mphamvu zake zinali pamaso pa libero - mkulu wa chitetezo amene adasewera m'deralo, otchedwa "woyera". Iye anali malo otsiriza a chitetezo pamaso pa wolemba masewera ndipo anayeretsa kwa otsutsa ena, omwe ankasewera pang'ono.