Mpingo marquee ku Russia: Zitsanzo

Mkulu, zooneka akachisi kutali hipped anali mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri yomanga ku Russia. zipilala ambiri akupezeka masiku zonsezi ndi kudabwitsa alendo ndi kukongola kwake. Ngakhale dera mkati sanali ndi udindo waukulu mu hema akale ndi akachisi sanalengedwe misonkhano ikuluikulu. atumwi khumi mphambu zisanu ndi chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri anali asonyeza kuti zikamera wa zipilala chidwi. Mwachitsanzo, Vasiliya Blazhennogo Cathedral (Cathedral wa Kupemphera pa mtsinje) mu Moscow pa Red Square, inamangidwa 1552 ndipo limadziwika maonekedwe ake adani a Kazan. Other hema mipingo Russia sangathe kupikisana nawo kukongola ndi kutchuka.

zomangamanga

Pa maziko onse a iwo zinamangidwa pafupi zofanana. Kuimba muyeso, umene unali ndi yaing'ono octagon - thandizo chihema octagonal, wokhala kumwamba. Komabe, aliyense wamanga anabweretsa kumanga chinachake chosiyana, bwanji ziwiri zofanana akachisi. Luso anasonyeza zambiri zosiyanasiyana yofanana ndi mbali mu yokongola kwambiri.

Mbali kuti akuzisunga akachisi onse hipped - sitili pa zipilala, ndiko kuti, dongosolo lonse apuma pa makoma, kotero mahema lonse ndi zosatheka. Choncho, pachifukwa ichi, alephera kwambiri yotakata mwala hema Cathedral New Jerusalem obisika. Ndiyeno m'malo ndi nkhuni kuwala ndi mchimake mu chitsulo, ndi kachisi waima, wodala anthu padziko.

Kuletsa?

Zaka zambiri hipped akachisi kunafalikira dziko. Koma adadza kusintha mpingo wa mabishopu, Nikon mu 1653, kenako kalembedwe anali ngati taboo a. Mpingo marquee mu Russia anasiya anamanga. Mwina zoletseratu yomanga sanali. Koma chenicheni si anamangidwira pambuyo kukonza wa Nikon mwala mpingo marquee. Mu kumpoto, iwo anapitiriza kuti amange mahema pa matabwa mipingo ing'onoing'ono ndi nsanja belu monga akamaliza anakhalabe otchuka pamaso pa Kubwera kwa classicism.

Mwatsoka, ochepa wotsalayo zitsanzo za zomangamanga matabwa, mahema matabwa mipingo kuwonjezera kuvala zingang'ambe ndi kusiyidwa pambuyo chosintha akukonza mavuto ambiri ndipo pafupifupi mbisoweka. Pali Komabe, kutetezedwa zilumba mu dziko kumene yakale yoyendera sitolo. Pamene ndinafika ku kutchuka kwa kalembedwe Russian (kunapezeka, Komabe, zoyerekeza), ntchafu zomangamanga monga anatsitsimuka m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi mochedwa. Komabe, nyumba izi ndi zosiyana kwambiri ndi akapolo anzawo akale. Hema mipingo kwa zaka za m'ma 17 kunapezeka kuti n'zosatheka motsanzira, makamaka yoyamba, amene anaonekera kumayambiriro kwa zaka khumi ndi ndi chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi.

miyambo

Maonekedwe a pommel hipped makamaka chifukwa chakuti mipingo Russian zinamangidwa monga zipilala makamaka sachoka zinthu zina. Hema mipingo kwa zaka za m'ma 16 zambiri anatambasula m'mwamba. Russian zomangamanga mpingo anayamba izo kwa anawasema kusintha. The amanena kuti miyambo ya zomangamanga mwala ndi kale - mitengo - wakhala unproven osati zoonadi. Izi chimaonekera maphunziro a nyumba woyamba - Mpingo wa Ascension mu Kolomenskoye (1532 Vasily III) ndi mpingo wa Mfundo za Vologda posadas (1493). Ndi zitsanzo wodziŵa za ntchito ya mipingo mwala hema.

Chidwi chitsanzo ndi Mpingo wa Kupemphera mu Medvedkovo komwe bwino kutchulidwa kalembedwe mapulani ndi chihema m'malo mzikiti a. kachisi Izi zikufanana kwambiri ambiri mutu St. Basil a Cathedral Vasiliya Blazhennogo ndiponso ndi woyenera kufotokoza kutchula. Ndi khalidwe wa wotchuka hipped akachisi Russian: Kupemphera (poyamba Utatu) Mpingo wa Alexander kuthetsa (1510), Mpingo wa Uglich "Kwambiri" (1628), Moscow mu Putinki Kubadwa kwa Yesu wa mpingo Virgin.

Medvedkovo

Kachisi inamangidwa pa mkulu pansi (kumeneko Znamenskaya yozizira mpingo), amene amasunga buku lonse la quadrangle ndi ngodya ya amene anamaliza domes yaing'ono. Pa quadrangle ndi mwachilungamo otsika kuwala octagon monga maziko a chihema zisonga mwala. Anapangira ndi quadrangular ndi octagonal squat, olimba ndiponso hema yomanga amapereka mogwirizana wapadera ndipo pafupifupi zouluka, chifukwa kutalika la chihema pafupifupi kuposa gawo lonse m'munsi kachisi. Chapansi, atazungulira tambirimbiri ndipo ali awiri ofanana-yopemphereramo - Naini Ofera ndi Sergiya Radonezhskogo.

Mwa njira, kwa nthawi yoyamba mu Russia wina mutu quadrangular hipped denga zapatsidwa pano. Pa guwa la nyumbayi, aposa ndi mutu wapadera, ake ochepa Mipikisano zikuchokera chifukwa apse yaitali kum'mawa kwa mpingo m'munsi. Kokoshniki, anaikidwa mizere kudutsa pamwamba pa mpanda wa quadrangle, ndi zochokera chihema chokumanako, ndipo pa mutu yokoma kutsindika pyramidal yomanga nyumba, chofunika ake, kukhumba kumwamba ndi kumukweza moyo kukongola. kachisi A kuchokera kumadzulo ngati Anachotsa ndi amathandiza Ufumu kalembedwe belu nsanja anamanganso mu 1840s ndi.

nkhani

Mavuto kubwera nthawi olemba ndi mitundu yonse ya masoka achilengedwe, zikunena ndi Zitsulo asilikali a Sweden, kotero boma, nkhani zandale ndiponso zachuma a boma anali ovuta. mipingo hema Moscow, ndi dziko lonse kumanga inaima. Stone nyumba, monga, adaleka palimodzi. Only zaka twente-faifi, Russia wafika msinkhu chokwanira pa resumption a zomangamanga mwala. Kwenikweni, pambuyo akachisi 1620 mobwerezabwereza mitundu ina ya m'mbuyomu nyumba.

Ndipo posachedwa ndithu ndi kusintha kwa mabishopu, Nikon, pamene mipingo hema sanalinso "woyenera pamalo." Nikon ankakonda mzikiti wa machaputala atatu kapena asanu. Mu 1655, mu Vishnyaky ntchito yomanga kachisi pa lamulo la mabishopu, wa matchalitchi awiri anamalizidwa mitu osati peaked ndi kuzungulirako, ngakhale ntchitoyi nawo poyamba.

Stolpoobraznoe monga kalambulabwalo

Apa, poyamba pa zonse ndinazichita kulephera pa kusintha mpingo ndi onse akale ndi zokonda za kholo onse Byzantine, kuphatikizapo mtanda mzikiti kamangidwe. Ngakhale marquee mpingo mu Russia ndi zina amatikumbutsa Western Gothic: mphamvu, kuyesetsa m'mwamba, nsanja zomangamanga chipilala mipingo.

Mwachitsanzo, tchalitchi cha Ioanna Predtechi m'mudzi wa Djakovo (Moscow) ndi Mpingo wa Chiwalitsiro m'mudzi wa Ostrov (Moscow dera). Onse omwe adamangidwa mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi, ndipo yoyamba awiri nyumba chipilala-mtundu hema. Komanso atha kutumikira ngati chitsanzo ndi umodzi wa mipingo yotchuka kwambiri, belu nsanja "Ivan Veliky", anamanga polemekeza Ioanna Lestvichnika mu boma la Russia mu 1505.

zitsanzo

Ntchito Podkolokolny ndi gawo belfry anamangidwa pamwamba chabe kachisi, anafuna hema akachisi sakugwirizana. Izo zinali mu njira ya njira zingapo osiyana kamangidwe, ufulu chachikulu wamanga, ndipo afika pafupifupi nthawi zonse ang'ono stolpoobraznye akachisi.

Mwachitsanzo, kachisi wa Mzimu Woyera Zinafika (1476, Utatu-Sergio Lavra), Kolomna St. George Bell Tower (poyamba - kachisi wa Arhangela Gavriila, zaka 1530), Mpingo wa St. Simeon-Stylites (Danilovsky ansembe yotchedwa, Moscow, mu 1732, anamanga pa Chipata Woyera), awiri komanso chipata cha kachisi Donskoy obisika, mpingo wa St. Sergio wa Radonezh (Novospassky obisika belu nsanja), mpingo Feodora Stratilata Woyera Wankhondo (Menshikov nsanja, Moscow, m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi) ndi ena.

zizindikiro

Stone m'chiuno zomangamanga ndi ofanana mu mawonekedwe nkhuni, izi kalembedwe zofala kuyambira kale mpaka pano. Zikuoneka, malinga ndi mbiri, ndi bwino pa zitsanzo nkhuni. Komabe, ngati zifukwa structural mzikiti hema m'malo ndi kumanga akachisi mtengo, yomanga mwala sangathe kugwirizana ndi kamangidwe. M'malo mwake, anali kufuna amapereka zina fano - conviviality kuyesetsa m'mwamba. Osati chigawo komanso likulu, silhouettes elongated akachisi matabwa anali ambiri olandiridwa ndipo nthawi zonse unachita kutsogolera.

Mu m'chiuno zomangamanga amapereka kuya zamalankhulidwe katundu: Imeneyi ndi njira za Ufumu wa Kumwamba, ndi kugwirizana lalikulu (dziko Adalenganso) ndi bwalo (chizindikiro cha muyaya). Muyeso - lalikulu, kusonyeza dziko lapansi, octagon - m'madera onse a malo mbali ya dziko, kuphatikiza ndi nyenyezi zisanu ndi zitatu zisonga monga chizindikiro cha Virigo ndi tsiku Eighth - chiwerengero zopatulika za m'ma m'tsogolo. Hema yokoma kachisi - mbewa zakufa chithunzi makwerero kholo Yakobo, njira ya Mulungu.

Kolomenskoye ndi Alexander Sloboda

Utatu Mpingo wa Alexander kuthetsa (tsopano - Kupemphera) - m'bwalo la kachisi Prince Vasily III. Poyerekeza ndi tsiku yomanga kwa nthawi yaitali panali kusagwirizana, koma kafukufuku posachedwapa unalembedwa kuti 1510. Izi zisanachitike, woyambirira hema mpingo ankaona Ascension mu Kolomenskoye (1532), amene Anamanga mofanana kalonga wamkulu.

Imeneyi ndiyo mwaluso kwambiri, koma izo sizinali woyamba. akachisi onse anamangidwa ku manors ya mfumu ogwira mmene pang'ono. Ndipo Ascension anakhala chipilala polemekeza kubadwa kwa wolowa - lalikulu Ivana Groznogo. Mlengi wa gulu loyimba chodabwitsa mu Alexander kuthetsa akuganiza wamanga wa Italy - New Aleviz, wolemba wa Mpingo Akukwera, iyenso ndiye mwina Italy - Petroc Minor.

St. Vasiliya Blazhennogo

Popeza ndi yaikulu alendo kukopa osati Moscow, koma dziko lonse, mipingo ili hema ayenera kuuza mwatsatanetsatane mmene ndingathere. Kazan Khanate anagonjetsedwa, ndipo analengedwa mu ulemu wa chipilala izi, lero ndi chizindikiro cha Russia, ndi chipilala malire a zomangamanga. Cathedral wa Kupemphera pa mtsinje inamangidwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi (kuyambira 1555) ndipo atembenuka modabwitsa, ngakhale osati pa dziko lapansi wokongola. Poyamba, izo linaikidwa Utatu Church ndi chemba kumbuyo pamodzi boma la Russia, amene anadzazidwa yekha mu 1813. Mu malo ake tsopano necropolis ndi mausoleum.

Amene anali Vasiliy Blazhenny, m'manda pafupi Utatu Church pa Red Square? Moscow Izi whacky, anapatsidwa mphatso ya clairvoyance, amene ankaneneratu masoka ambiri, kuphatikizapo moto yaikulu mu 1547, pamene anatentha pafupifupi lonse wa Moscow. Yekha Ivan Grozny akulemekezedwa ndi wokongola kwambiri akhagopa Vasiliya Blazhennogo, nchifukwa chake anamuika m'manda ulemu ndi malo wofiira. Komanso, chiwerengero posachedwa anaika kachisi, amene anasamutsidwira mphamvu ya chitsiru clairvoyant, chifukwa manda ake yomweyo pambuyo pa maliro anayamba zozizwitsa - anthu akuchiritsidwa, onani, ndi wopunduka miyendo nayenda, ndi kuimirira ziwalo.

Ya kupambana kwa eyiti

Kazan anayamba ntchito yapadera imene inatha mu chigonjetso kwa nthawi yoyamba, amangoona Russian mderali omwe anagonjetsedwa pambuyo kugonja. Ivan m'khutu analonjeza - ngati Kazan adzagwa, kuvala Red Square ndi kachisi waukulu okumbukira chigonjetso. Ndipo anakwaniritsa lonjezo kwathunthu.

nkhondoyo inali yaitali, ndipo nthawi iliyonse chigonjetso cha manja Russian pafupi Utatu Mpingo anamanga mpingo zochepazi polemekeza oyera amene tsiku chinachitikira pamodzi yonse ake. Pambuyo zazikulu adzabwerenso Ivan Grozny, m'malo eyiti mipingo yatsopano matabwa anayamba kuika mwala waukulu - wotchuka kwambiri kuti kwa zaka zambiri.

nthano

Wokongola kachisi omanga achita amenewa chochuluka zosiyanasiyana nkhani chilichonse kuno changokhala sizingatheke. Pachikhalidwe mfumu Ivan m'khutu ganyu ambuye awiri Barma ndi Postnik Yakovlev. Kwenikweni anali munthu - Ivan Yakovlevich Barma dzina, koma dzina liwiro. Pali nthano kuti pambuyo yomanga mapulani mwayekha khungu kotero kuti iwo konse ndi paliponse kanthu wokongola kwambiri kachisi uyu si anamanga. ntchito angati a luso la nthano ino kwalembedwa! Komabe, siziri choncho.

Pali zikalata, ndipo ndithu ambiri, pambuyo Cathedral wa Kupemphera Mofulumira anamanga Kazan Kremlin. Kwambiri zingakhale wokongola, mwina, koma kwina. N'zoona kuti monga St. Vasiliya Blazhennogo, lomwe ndi wapadera komanso ndi ntchito yaikulu ya zomangamanga. Komanso, ankaona m'dzanja la yomanga Mofulumira wa Annunciation Cathedral (Moscow Kremlin), Akukwera Cathedral, St. Nicholas Church (Sviyazhsk - zonse), ngakhale Mpingo wa St. Yohane Mbatizi mu Dyakovo. akachisi izi zonse zinalengedwa patapita nthawi yaitali.