Motors liniya mu galimoto liniya kompresa

Magalimoto oyenda pamoto

Mu injini zoyaka moto zomwe zimakhala mwambo kwa ife, chiyanjano choyamba ndi pistoni, zimayendayenda. Kenaka gululi, mothandizidwa ndi kayendedwe kameneka kamasandulika kagwiridwe kake. Mu zipangizo zina, chiyanjano choyamba ndi chotsiriza chimapanga mtundu umodzi wa kuyenda.  

Mwachitsanzo, mu jenereta injini sikofunika kuti poyamba mutembenukire ulendo woyendayenda kuti muziyenda mozungulira , ndiyeno, mu jenereta, kuchokera ku kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kameneko kuti mutenge gawo lokhazikika, ndiko kuti , kupanga magawo awiri otsutsana.

Masiku ano makina opanga magetsi opanga magetsi amatha kusintha momwe magetsi amathandizira ogula, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti apange chipangizo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozungulira magetsi, ndikuyendetsa limodzi ndi ndodo ya injini yoyaka moto. Ndondomeko yofotokozera mfundo ya jenereta yachikhalidwe ndi yowonetsera ikuwonetsedwa mu Mkuyu. 1.

Mkuyu. 1. Chithunzi cha jenereta yeniyeni ndi yowonongeka.

Mu jenereta yowonongeka, mawonekedwe a waya akuyendayenda mu maginito ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apange magetsi. Mu jenereta yosankhidwayo, mawonekedwe a waya akuyenda molumikizana mu maginito. Kusiyana kochepa ndi kosayesayesa kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kuchepetsa ndi kuchepetsa mtengo wa injini yoyendetsa injini ngati injini yoyaka moto imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu khalidwe lake.

Komanso, piston compressor, motsogoleredwa ndi injini ya pistoni, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimagwiritsira ntchito kayendetsedwe kake, Mkuyu. 2.

Mkuyu. 2. Chithunzi cha compressor yeniyeni ndi yachilendo.

Ubwino wa njinga yamoto

1. Kukula kwakukulu ndi kulemera kwake, chifukwa chosowa chingwe.
2. Mtengo wapamwamba wa MTBF, chifukwa chosowa makina komanso chifukwa chokhala ndi katundu wambiri.
3. Mtengo wotsika, chifukwa cha kusowa kwazing'ono.
4. Mafakitale - kuti apangidwe mbali zina zokha zopanda kugwira ntchito zofunikira zimakhala zofunikira, kutembenuka ndi kubwezera.
5. Kukhoza kusinthana ndi mtundu wina wa mafuta popanda kuimitsa injini.

Kugonjetsa kumayendetsa ndi kupsyinjika pamene mukupanikizira ntchito yosakaniza.

Njira yamakono yogwiritsira ntchito magetsi (pakalipano) ku pulasitiki yotchedwa spark ayenera kukwaniritsa zifukwa ziwiri:

- chikhalidwe choyambirira chimatsimikiziridwa ndi chibadwa cha makina - pistoni ayenera kukhala pamalo operekera akufa (osanyalanyaza nthawi yotentha);

- chikhalidwe chachiwiri chimatsimikiziridwa ndi kayendedwe ka thermodynamic - kukakamizidwa mu chipinda choyaka moto, isanayambe ntchito yoyenera, iyenera kuyenderana ndi mafuta ogwiritsidwa ntchito.

Pa nthawi yomweyi, zimakhala zovuta kukwaniritsa zinthu ziwirizi. Pakupanikizika kwa mpweya kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito, kutaya kwa gasi lopumitsidwa mu chipinda choyaka moto kumachitika mwa mphete za pistoni, ndi zina zotero. Pang'onopang'ono phokoso limapezeka (mothamanga imayenda pang'onopang'ono), kutuluka kwakukulu kumapitirira. Pachifukwa ichi, kupanikizika mu chipinda choyaka moto, isanayambe kuyenda, kumakhala kochepa kuposa momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito komanso njira yoyendetsera ntchito imakhala pansi pa zovuta. Mphamvu ya injini imagwa. Kuonetsetsa kuti injini ikuyenda bwino kwambiri ingangokhala yofulumira mozungulira kayendedwe ka shaft.

Choncho, mwachitsanzo, kuyendetsa bwino kwa injini yomwe ili pambaliyi ndi pafupifupi 40%, ndipo mkhalidwe weniweni, mugalimoto, pansi pa magalimoto osiyanasiyana, mtengo uwu ukutsikira ku 10 ... 12%.

Palibenso njira yowonongeka pamoto, choncho sikofunika kukwaniritsa chikhalidwe choyamba, ziribe kanthu kuti pistoni ilipo lisanayambe ntchito, kokha mpweya wotentha mu chipinda choyaka moto musanayambe ntchitoyi. Choncho, ngati magetsi a magetsi (pakalipano) ku spark plug sangathe kuyendetsedwa ndi malo a pistoni koma ndi kukakamizidwa mu chipinda choyaka moto, kuyendetsa ntchito (kuyatsa moto) kumayambira nthawi zonse pampanikiza, ngakhale mosagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali. 3.

Mkuyu. 3. Kutayira kumayendetsedwe ndi kupanikizika muzitsulo, mu "compression" cycle.

Choncho, mu njira iliyonse yoyendetsera galimoto, tidzakhala ndi malo otsika kwambiri a Carnot thermodynamic cycle, motero, ndi bwino kwambiri pa machitidwe osiyanasiyana opanga injini.

Kulamulira kuyatsa mothandizidwa ndi kupanikizika mu chipinda choyaka moto kumathandizanso kuti "kusalabadira" kusinthira ku mitundu ina ya mafuta. Mwachitsanzo, posintha mtundu wa octane ndi mtundu wochepa wa octane, mu injini yeniyeni, munthu amangofunikira kupereka lamulo ku chipangizo chowotcha kuti mphamvu yamagetsi (yamakono) ku spark plug ichitike pamapeto otsika. Mu injini yowonongeka kwa izi, zikanakhala zofunikira kusintha miyeso yajometri ya pistoni kapena silinda.

Gwiritsani ntchito kuyendetsa kutayira ndi kupanikizika mu pulasitiki mothandizidwa ndi

Maselo a piezoelectric kapena njira yothetsera mphamvu.

Chojambulira chopangidwa ndi mawonekedwe a washer, omwe amaikidwa pansi pa mtedza wa cylinder head mounting bolt, Mkuyu. 3. Mphamvu ya mpweya wa mpweya mu chipinda chopanikizika, imagwira ntchito yotengera, yomwe ili pansi pa mtedza wa cylinder head mounting. Ndipo chidziwitso chokhudza kupanikizika mu chipinda chopanikizika chimafalikira ku gawo loyendetsa nthawi. Pakukakamiza m'chipindamo chomwe chikugwirizana ndi kuthamanga kwa mafuta, kutentha kwake kumagwiritsa ntchito magetsi amphamvu (pakalipano) ku pulasitiki ya spark. Powonjezereka kwakukulu kovuta, komwe kumayenderana ndi kuyamba kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe kake, kutentha kwapadera kumachotsa magetsi (pakalipano) kuchokera ku spark plug. Ngati palibe kuwonjezeka kwa mavuto pambuyo pa nthawi yokonzedweratu, yomwe ikugwirizana ndi kusakhala koyambira kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake, mawotchi amapereka chizindikiro choyamba cha injini. Komanso, chizindikiro chowonetsera cha mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa nthawi yomwe injiniyo imayendera komanso kutulukira kwake (kutanthauzira kuponderezana, ndi zina zotero).

Mphamvu yofikira imakhala yosiyana kwambiri ndi kukakamizidwa mu chipinda choyaka moto. Pambuyo pa kupanikizika, pazitsulo zonsezi, zimakhala zocheperapo (malinga ndi mtundu wa mafuta ogwiritsidwa ntchito), njira yothandizira imapereka lamulo loyika mafuta osakaniza. Ngati ndi kotheka, yesetsani ku mtundu wina wa mafuta, phindu la kukakamizidwa kwasintha (reference) kusintha.

Komanso, kusintha kwa nthawi yowonjezereka kwa mafuta osakaniza kungapangidwe mwa njira yokhayokha, monga injini yodabwitsa. Pamphepete pali maikolofoni - chodzidzimutsa. Mafonifoni amasintha mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe a nyumba yamakina kuti akhale chizindikiro cha magetsi. Fyuluta yamagetsi, kuchokera muyiyiyi ya chiwerengero cha sinusoid ya magetsi, ikupanga harmonic (sinusoid) yofanana ndi njira ya detonation. Ngati chizindikiro chikuwoneka pa fyuluta yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati momwe injini ikuonekera, mphamvu yowonongeka imachepetsera kufunika kwa chizindikiro, chomwe chimagwirizana ndi kupsa kwa moto kosakanikirana. Ngati palibe chizindikiro cha detonation yowonongeka, kayendedwe ka kayendedwe kameneka kamakhala kowonjezera mtengo wamagetsi, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kuthamanga kwa mafuta osakanikirana, mpaka mawonongeko awonongeke. Apanso, pakuwonekera kwa maulendo omwe amatsogolera kutsogoloku, machitidwewa amachepetsanso zizindikiro zomwe zimatsitsimula, zomwe zimakhala zocheperachepera kupsyinjika kwa moto, kwa osagwedeza. Choncho, kuyatsa kwadongosolo kumasintha mtundu wa mafuta ogwiritsidwa ntchito.

Mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito njinga yamoto.

Njira yogwiritsira ntchito magetsi, komanso injini yamoto yoyaka moto, imachokera ku zotsatira za kutentha kwa mpweya wa mpweya umene umachitika pamene kusakaniza kwa mpweya kumapsa ndipo kumatsimikizira kuti kusuntha kwa pistoni muzitsulo. Khosi logwiritsira ntchito limatulutsa kayendetsedwe ka piston kamodzi kogwiritsa ntchito jenereta yamagetsi, kapena piston compressor.

Jenereta yowonjezera, Mkuyu. 4, ili ndi mawiri awiri a piston ogwira ntchito antiphase, omwe amachititsa kuti muyese injini. Pistoni iliyonse imagwirizanitsidwa ndi ndodo. Khola logwirizanitsa limaimitsidwa pazitsulo zamakono ndipo limatha kumasula momasuka, pamodzi ndi pistoni, m'nyumba ya jenereta. Ma pistoni amaikidwa muzitsulo za injini yoyaka moto. Zitsulozi zimatsukidwa kudzera m'mawindo opukuta, poyang'aniridwa ndi makina ochepa omwe amachititsa chipinda choyambirira. Pa ndodo yolumikizira ndi mbali imodzi ya maginito dera jenereta. Kuthamanga kwachisangalalo kumapanga magnetic flux ofunika kuti apange magetsi. Pogwiritsa ntchito ndodo yolumikizira, mbali imodzi ya maginito yoyendetsa maginito, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi maginito opangidwa ndi maginito omwe amachititsa kuti jenereta iwonongeke, imayambitsa magetsi komanso magetsi.

Mkuyu. 4. Jenereta yowonjezera mafuta.

Luso lopaka makina, Mkuyu. 5, ili ndi mawiri awiri a piston ogwira ntchito antiphase, omwe amachititsa kuti muyese injini. Pistoni iliyonse imagwirizanitsidwa ndi ndodo. Ndodo yolumikiza imayimitsidwa pazitsulo zamakono ndipo imatha kusuntha pamodzi ndi pistoni mu nyumba. Ma pistoni amaikidwa muzitsulo za injini yoyaka moto. Zitsulozi zimatsukidwa kudzera m'mawindo opukuta, poyang'aniridwa ndi makina ochepa omwe amachititsa chipinda choyambirira. Pogwiritsa ntchito ndodo yolumikizira, ndi pistoni ya compressor, mpweya umene ukuponderezedwa umadyetsedwa mu pulogalamu ya compressor.

Mkuyu. 5. Linear Compressor.

Mndandanda wa ntchito mu injini ikuchitika mu magawo awiri.

1. Kuthamanga kwa kupanikizika. Pistoni imayenda kuchokera kumunsi wakufa wa pistoni kupita kumtunda wakufa wa pistoni, ndikuyambanso mawindo oyera. Pistoni itatsekedwa ndi mawindo a purige, mafuta amajambulidwa ndipo kupanikizika kwa mafuta osakaniza kumayambira mu pulasitiki. Mu chipinda choyambirira, pansi pa pistoni, pulojekiti imapangidwa, pansi pa zomwe mpweya umalowerera m'chipinda choyambirira cholowera kupyolera mu valavu yoyamba.

2. Kugwiritsira ntchito sitiroko. Pamalo a pistoni pafupi ndi malo opita pamwamba, akufa osakanizidwa amatsitsidwa ndi magetsi ochokera ku kandulo, zomwe zimapangitsa kutentha ndi kuthamanga kwa mpweya ukukwera mwamphamvu. Pogwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwa mpweya wa mpweya, pistoni imasunthira kupita kumunsi wakufa, pamene mpweya wochuluka ukugwira ntchito yothandiza. Nthawi imodzi, pistoni imayambitsa mavuto aakulu mu chipinda choyambirira. Pakupanikizika, valavu imatseka, motero zimalepheretsa mpweya kuti usaloŵe mobwerezabwereza.

Mpweya wabwino

Ndi kupweteka kokhazikika mu mthunzi, mkuyu. 6 Kukwapulidwa kwa pistoni, pistoni yomwe ikuyendetsedwe mu chipinda choyaka moto, imayenda motsatira ndondomeko yomwe imakhala ndi muvi. Pogwiritsa ntchito kupanikizika kwakukulu mu chipinda choyambirira, mpweya umatsekedwa, ndipo apa mpweya umaphatikizidwa kuti utseke chimwala. Pamene pistoni (mphete zolemetsa) zimafika pazenera za kuyeretsa, Mkuyu. 6 Kutsegula mpweya, kupanikizika mu chipinda choyaka moto chimadumphira kwambiri, kenaka pistoni ndi ndodo imayenda mozungulira, ndiko kuti, gawo lalikulu la jenereta limakhala ngati ntchentche mu injini yodziwika bwino. Pa nthawi yomweyi, mawindo oyeretsa ndi mpweya wozizira, omwe amamangiriridwa mu chipinda choyambirira, amatsegulidwa kwathunthu, mothandizidwa ndi kusiyana kwa mphamvu (kupanikizika mu chipinda choyambirira komanso kuthamanga kwa mphepo), kumapweteka. Kuwonjezera apo, mu kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe kamene kali kozungulira, kuzungulira kwapakati kumachitika.

Pamene piston imayenda mu compression compression mode, mkuyu. 6 kupanikizana, mawindo otsekemera amatsekedwa ndi pistoni, imayambitsa mafuta m'thupi, mphindi ino mpweya womwe uli mu chipinda choyaka moto umakhala pansi pa zovuta zochepa kuyambira chiyambi cha kuponderezana. Pogwiritsa ntchito makina osokoneza bongo pokhapokha pokhapokha kupanikizika kwa mafuta osakanikirana kumakhala kofanana ndi kuthamanga kwa mafuta (magetsi), magetsi amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamagetsi otsekemera, osakaniza amawotchera, ntchitoyo idzayamba ndipo ndondomekoyi idzabwerezedwa. Pachifukwa ichi, injini yoyaka moto imangokhala coaxial yokha komanso yosakanikirana ndi piston yomwe imagwirizanitsa.

Mkuyu. 6. Njira yowonjezera mpweya wabwino.

Pampu ya mafuta

Kuthamanga kwa pompani ya mafuta ya jenereta yowonjezera magetsi ndi kamtunda kameneka, kameneka pakati pa pomponi pulojekiti yamoto ndi pulogalamu yamagetsi, mkuyu. 7. Kuthamanga kwapadera kumagwiritsa ntchito ndodo yowonongeka mkati mwa injini ndikuwongolera pistoni ndi kupopera puloteni pamtundu uliwonse, pamene pistoni imapititsa patsogolo pa mpweya wamapope ndipo mafuta amaperekedwa kwa pulojekiti yoyamba mafuta. Ngati ndikofunikira kusintha chiwerengero cha mafuta omwe amachotsedwa pamtunda umodzi, kamera kamasinthasintha mofanana ndi nthawi yayitali. Pamene kamera ikuyendayenda mofanana ndi longitudinal axis, pomponi piston odzigudubuza ndi mpope nyumba rollers adzakhala akusuntha kapena kusintha (malingana ndi kayendedwe ka) ndi mtunda wosiyana, kupweteka kwa mafuta pompon piston kusintha ndipo gawo la mafuta atayidwa adzasintha. Kuzungulira kwa khamulo kamene kali pambali yake kumapangidwa kudzera pamthunzi wokhala ndi makina omwe amachititsa kamera kupyolera pambali yozungulira. Motero, kamera imasunthira mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo, ndipo chitsulo chimakhala chokhazikika. Pamene mthunzi ukuzungulira kuzungulira mzere wake, kamera kamangoyenda kuzungulira mzere wake ndipo kupweteka kwa pampu ya mafuta kumasintha. Mthunzi wa kusintha kwa gawo la injini ya mafuta imayendetsedwa ndi galimoto yoyendetsa kapena pamanja.

Mkuyu. 7. Pampu ya mafuta ya jenereta ya magetsi.

Kuthamanga kwa pompani ya mafuta ya compressor yowonjezereka ndikuphatikizapo kamera pakati pa ndege ya pistoni ndi ndege ya pompani, Mkuyu. 8. Kuthamanga kwakhamulo kumapangidwanso ndi makina osakanikirana a injini yoyaka moto ndipo imaponyera pistoni ndi mapulaneti pamtunda uliwonse, pistoni yopuma yomwe ikuyenderera pamphepete yamapope ndikumwaza gawo la mafuta kwa piritsi ya jekeseni mafuta . Pogwiritsira ntchito compressor yeniyeni, palibe chifukwa chosinthira kuchuluka kwa mafuta omwe achotsedwa. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa compressor yeniyeni kumangotanthawuza pokhapokha ndi wothandizira magetsi, omwe angathe kuyendetsa nsonga zapamwamba. Choncho, zimalangizidwa kuti ziwonetsere mzere wachindunji wa compressor motokera mwa njira ziwiri: ndi momwe mungapangitsire katundu wolemba momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito. Kusintha pakati pa ma modes awiriwa kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsira ntchito valveid valves, control system.

Mkuyu. 8. Pampu ya mafuta ya compressor.

Kuyambira kachitidwe

Njira yoyamba ya njinga yamagetsi imayendetsedwa, monga injini yowonongeka, mothandizidwa ndi galimoto yamagetsi ndi chipangizo chosungira mphamvu. Kuyamba kwa injini yoyenera kumagwiritsa ntchito nyamayi (magalimoto magetsi) ndi ndege (magetsi). Magalimoto oyendetsedwa amayambika kudzera mwa electro-compressor yeniyeni ndi chiyambi choyambira, Mkuyu. 9.

Mkuyu. 9. Kutsegula dongosolo.

Poyambira, pistoni yoyamba compressor, pamene mphamvu ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, pang'onopang'ono zimayenda chifukwa cha magetsi a magetsi, ndipo kenaka imabwerera ku chiyambi chake. Pambuyo pake, pulogalamuyo ikaponyedwa mpaka 8 ... 12 atm, mphamvu imachotsedwa kumayambanso opangira compressor ndipo injini yatsala pang'ono kuyamba. Kuyambanso kumayambira mwa kupereka makina opangira makina oyendetsa. Mpweya umagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi opangira magetsi, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi dongosolo lolamulira.

Popeza dongosolo kulamulira alibe zambiri, imene udindo injini polumikiza ndodo ndi zisanachitike yoyambira, mwa kundipatsako kwa mkulu mpweya m'chipinda predpusknye Mwachitsanzo, zonenepa kwambiri, pistons kusuntha amayenda mu boma koyamba musanayambe injini.

Kenako, mwa kundipatsako kwa kuthamanga mpweya yachiwiri yamphamvu chipinda predpusknye Choncho opangidwa yamphamvu mpweya musanayambe.

Kenako, kotunga mpweya mkulu kachiwiri predpusknye chipinda akunja yamphamvu chifukwa injini chiyambi. Atangomva ntchito mkombero (kuthamanga sensa kusonyezedwa kuthamanga m'chipinda kuyaka, logwirizana ndi kuzungulira ntchito), dongosolo kulamulira ntchito mu atomu vavu amasiya mpweya okwanira kuchokera choyambitsa wolandila.

dongosolo kulunzanitsa

The kalunzanitsidwe wa ndodo ya galimoto liniya mwa awiri magiya synchronizing ndi poyimitsa, mkuyu. 10 zaikidwa mbali makina a dera maginito a jenereta kapena kompresa pistons. Imodzi zida gudumu ndi imodzi lotengeka mafuta mpope, amene yokakamiza kondomu mfundo liniya galimoto mikangano mbali.

Mkuyu. 10. kalunzanitsidwe a jenereta tiyipukuse.

Kuchepetsa kulemera kwa dera maginito ndi dera magetsi pophatikiza ndi windings.

Mafuta jenereta liniya jenereta ndi makina synchronous. Mu lililonse jenereta ozungulira amachita gulu rotational, ndi misa ya gawo makina a dera maginito si kofunika. Mu liniya oscillator makina mbali ya dera maginito amachita reciprocating kuyenda pamodzi ndi ndodo kulumikiza injini kuyaka mkati, ndi kulemera mkulu wa gawo yoyamikira dera maginito a jenereta kupanga zosatheka. M'pofunika kupeza njira zochepetsera misa ya gawo makina a dera maginito a jenereta lapansi.

Mkuyu. 11. jenereta.

Kuchepetsa kulemera kwa gawo makina a dera maginito, m'pofunika kuchepetsa miyeso geometrical mogwirizana yafupika voliyumu ndi kulemera, Chithunzi 11. Koma ndiye kamwazi maginito mitanda chimodzi chokha kumulowetsa awiri m'malo mazenera zisanu, ndi ofanana kuti maginito kamwazi wochititsa mitanda kasanu wamfupi, ankalemekeza ndipo linanena bungwe voteji (mphamvu) yafupika nthawi 5.

Zoperewerazo kuchepetsa jenereta voteji m'pofunika kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha ankasinthana zenera limodzi, kotero kuti mphamvu kumulowetsa wochititsa kutalika inali yofanana oyambirira Baibulo jenereta 11 mkuyu.

Komabe, kwa ambiri coils anaika mu zenera ndi miyeso chomwecho geometrical, m'pofunika kuchepetsa gawo mtanda wa wochititsa lapansi.

Pa nthawi zonse katundu linanena bungwe voteji ndi matenthedwe katundu, chifukwa wochititsa zimenezi, choncho ichi chidzachulukira ndipo adzakhala mulingo woyenera (panopa wofanana, ndi gawo mtanda wa wochititsa ndi utachepa pafupifupi 5). Izi zingakhale ngati mazenera windings ogwirizana mu mndandanda, kuti, pamene katundu panopa umayenda mwa windings pa nthawi yomweyo, monga jenereta ochiritsira. Koma ngati katundu alternately kulumikiza kumulowetsa awiri okha mazenera amene panopa intersects ndi kamwazi maginito, koyilo ili ngati nthawi yochepa, alibe nthawi overheat, popeza njira matenthedwe inertia. Kuti m'pofunika alternately kugwirizana kwa katundu yekha gawo la jenereta kumulowetsa (awiri mzati), zomwe intersects ndi kamwazi maginito, nthawi zina tiyenera ukhale pansi. Choncho, katundu nthawi zonse chikugwirizana pa mndandanda ndi chimodzi chokha kumulowetsa a jenereta lapansi.  

Mu ichi RMS panopa loyenda mwa kumulowetsa a jenereta sadzakhala upambana phindu akadakwanitsira kuchokera pamaso pa Kutentha kondakitala. Zimakhala motero kwambiri kuposa 10 nthawi, osati kuchepetsa kulemera kwa gawo makina a dera maginito a jenereta, ndi misa ndi gawo yoikika dera maginito.

Kusintha windings mwa makiyi amagetsi.

thyristors (triacs) - ngati makiyi, zipangizo michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi ntchito alternately polumikiza jenereta windings kuti katunduyo.

A jenereta liniya, izo kufalitsidwa jenereta ochiritsira, mkuyu. 11.

Mwachitsanzo, pa pafupipafupi lolingana m'zinthu 3000 / Mph ndi pa ndodo ya masentimita 6, aliyense kumulowetsa adzakhala usavutike pa 0,00083 mphindikati, panopa nthawi 12 mwadzina, ena nthawi - za 0.01 masekondi, koyilo uyu adzakhala utakhazikika. Ndi kuchepetsa pafupipafupi opaleshoni, Kutentha nthawi kukula koma, safanana, adzakhala ndichepe pano kuti umayenda mwa koyilo ndi katundu.  

Triac - lophimba (akhoza kutsegula kapena kutseka ndi dera magetsi). Kutsegula ndi kutseka basi. Ntchito, mwamsanga pamene kamwazi maginito kuwoloka chiyambi windings, malekezero a windings pamaoneka pa voteji anachititsa zimenezi zimadzetsa kwa kutsekedwa kwa dera magetsi (triac kutsegula). Ndiyeno kamwazi maginito mitanda ya windings chotsatira kumulowetsa, dontho la voteji kudutsa zotsatira maelekitirodi yoyambirira ya dera la triac. Choncho, pa nthawi iliyonse, katundu yoyendetsedwa nthawi zonse, mwa ndondomeko, ndi imodzi yokha kumulowetsa a jenereta lapansi.

Mkuyu. 12 limasonyeza msonkhano kujambula kwa jenereta popanda munda kumulowetsa.

M'madera ambiri a Motors liniya anapanga ndi padziko zisinthe, i.e. ndi mawonekedwe cylindrical. Izi zimathandiza popanga iwo ntchito yotsika mtengo ndipo akhoza makina kutembenukira ntchito.

Mkuyu. 12. An msonkhano kujambula kwa jenereta lapansi.

A chitsanzo masamu a injini liniya

A chitsanzo masamu a jenereta liniya zachokera malamulo kusamala mphamvu ndi lamulo Newton: nthawi iliyonse, pa t0 ndi T1, azisangalala kuyanjana kwa mphamvu kuchita pisitoni lapansi. Patapita nthawi yochepa imeneyi, mchikakamizo cha mphamvu chotsatira, ndi pisitoni limayenda mtunda wina. Mwachidule chigawo ichi tiyenera kuganiza kuti pisitoni ndi anasamukira ravnouskoreno. Mtengo wa makamu onse kusintha malamulo a sayansi ndi masamu ndi mitunduyi ndizodziwikiratu

[Handbook a sayansi: Kuhling H. Lane. ndi izo. 2 Mkonzi. - M:. Mir, 1985. - 520 m, yl] ... deta zonse basi wolembedwa mu gome, monga kupambana. Kenako anatumizidwa mfundo t0 T1 ndi akubwereza mkombero. Ndiko kuti, timasindikiza logarithm ntchito.

Lachitsanzo masamu ndi gome, mwachitsanzo mu pulogalamu kupambana ndi msonkhano kujambula (sewero) a jenereta lapansi. Pa sewero la sumabala miyeso liniya ndi ndondomeko ya maselo tebulo kupambana. Tebulo adzakhalanso mogwirizana ndi akufuna miyeso liniya, ndi mapulogalamu linaŵerengera ndi ziwembu kayendedwe ka pisitoni, mu jenereta pafupifupi. Ndiko kuti, m'malo miyeso: awiri a pisitoni, ndi buku la chipinda predvpusknoy pisitoni sitiroko kuti madoko scavenging, etc., timachotsa ziwembu za kutalika kwa ulendo, liwiro ndi mathamangitsidwe wa kayendedwe ka pisitoni ndi nthawi ... Izi zimathandiza kudziwa pafupifupi mazana options ndi kusankha bwino.

Kutiumba jenereta kumulowetsa mawaya.

Wosanjikiza mawaya wina liniya jenereta zenera, mosiyana jenereta ochiritsira uli ndege limodzi spirally zopotoka, motero mosavuta mphepo koyilo waya si wozungulira mtanda gawo ndi amakona anayi, i.e. kumulowetsa ndi spirally zopotoka mkuwa mbale. Izi zimathandiza kuwonjezera kudzazidwa Chinthu pa zenera, komanso mmene kuonjezera mawotchi mphamvu ya windings wa. Ziyenera adzanyamula kukumbukira kuti liwiro la ndodo, choncho gawo makina a dera maginito, sali yemweyo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti maginito mizere kamwazi kuwoloka kumulowetsa mawindo osiyana imathamanga osiyana. Kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito mawaya kumulowetsa, chiwerengero cha ankasinthana aliyense zenera ayenera kufanana liwiro kamwazi ndi maginito pafupi ndi zenera (ndodo liwiro). chiwerengero cha ankasinthana wa windings aliyense zenera amasankhidwa ndi nkhani ndodo liwiro malingana ndi mtunda kudutsa ndodo.

Komanso, chifukwa yunifolomu kwambiri panopa voteji kwaiye, n'zotheka mphepo zenera kumulowetsa aliyense mbale mkuwa wa makulidwe osiyana. Pa gawo kumene ndodo polumikiza si liwiro lalikulu, kumulowetsa ikuchitika pa makulidwe mbale. Zenera kupsa ambiri ankasinthana kumulowetsa, ndi pa liwiro m'munsi polumikiza ndodo pamalopa, jenereta adzakhala kupanga ndi voteji mwachinsinsi ndi voteji panopa pa "mwamphamvu" mbali ngakhale panopa kwaiye adzakhala kwambiri m'munsi.

Ntchito jenereta liniya.

The ntchito yaikulu ya jenereta anafotokoza - uninterruptible mphamvu okwanira pa zomera otsika mphamvu, kulola zida m'pamene ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali pa magetsi ankathimathima kapena pamene linanena bungwe la magawo ake asapitirire ponseponse.

Magetsi akhoza ntchito kupereka mphamvu ngati zamagetsi kwa zida mafakitale ndi zoweta magetsi, pakalibe munda magetsi Intaneti, komanso unit mphamvu galimoto (hybrid galimoto), monga mafoni magetsi jenereta.

Mwachitsanzo, magetsi jenereta mphamvu mu mawonekedwe a mgwirizano wa mayiko (masutikesi, matumba). wosuta nutenga pamodzi ndi iye mu malo kumene kulibe Intaneti magetsi (nyumbayi, kukwera, tchuti kunyumba, etc ...), Ngati ndi kotheka, mwa kuwonekera kwa "Start" batani, jenereta akuyamba ndi kudyetsa mphamvu ya magetsi olumikizidwa kwa izo zipangizo zamagetsi: zida za mphamvu, banja zida. Izi alipidwa gwero la mphamvu ya magetsi, koma mtengo kwambiri ndi Akhristu mbandakucha.

Ntchito Motors liniya limachititsa kulenga zotsika mtengo, zosavuta ntchito ndi kukonza, galimoto mosavuta.

A galimoto ndi liniya jenereta ya magetsi

galimoto A ndi liniya jenereta ya magetsi ndi kuwala awiri (250 kg) galimoto, mkuyu. 13.

Mkuyu. 13. wagalimoto liniya Petulo.

Pamene kasamalidwe sayenera kuloza magiya (pedals awiri). Chifukwa chakuti jenereta akhoza kukhala mphamvu yake pazipita ngakhale pamene "ayambe ulendo" m'mipando yawo (monga kuyenera galimoto ochiritsira), makhalidwe mathamangitsidwe ngakhale pa mphamvu otsika ndi samatha galimoto, ndi makhalidwe ntchito bwino kuposa magalimoto ofanana wamba. Amveke zotsatira chiwongolero ndi dongosolo ABS zimatheka mu mapulogalamu, monga zonse zofunikira "chitsulo" kale (mota pa chilichonse gudumu angathe kulamulira makokedwe kapena braking makokedwe gudumu, mwachitsanzo pamene akusandutsa yogawa chiongolero makokedwe pakati lamanja ndi lamanzere zamphamvu mawilo ndi magudumu zimayenda okha dalaivala yekha zimawathandiza kuti atembenuza, ndiye ulamuliro popanda khama). Kamangidwe yodziyimira payokha amalola galimoto kusonkhana pa pempho la ogula (inu mosavuta m'malo alternator ndi amphamvu kwambiri kwa mphindi zochepa).

Izi ndi wabwinobwino galimoto koma mtengo kwambiri ndi Akhristu mbandakucha.

Features - opareshoni zosavuta, mtengo wotsika, kudya akonzedwa liwiro, mphamvu mpaka 12 kW, galimoto onse matayala (onse galimoto mtunda).

Galimoto ndi jenereta akufuna, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe enieni a jenereta, ali ndi malo otsika kwambiri yokoka, kotero adzakhala ndi mkulu kuthamanga bata.

Komanso, monga galimoto adzakhala ndi mphamvu kwambiri mathamangitsidwe. Galimoto akufuna akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pazipita unit mphamvu imathamanga onse.

Kugawira Unyinji wa unit mphamvu zake kutsegula thupi la galimoto, kotero inu mukhoza kukhala wotsika mtengo, zosavuta kwambiri.

Samatha galimoto injini, mmene pagalimoto wagawo amagwiritsa jenereta liniya ayenera kukwaniritsa zinthu zotsatirazi:

- mphamvu galimoto ayenera mwachindunji popanda Converter olumikizidwa kwa malo jenereta (kuonjezera dzuwa la kufala magetsi ndi kuchepetsa ndalama-DC Converter);

- ndi kutsinde linanena bungwe la liwiro galimoto kasinthasintha ayenera kusintha pa osiyanasiyana, ndipo sayenera zimadalira pafupipafupi mphamvu jenereta ntchito;

- The injini ayenera mkulu MTBF, ndiko kukhala odalirika opareshoni (alibe wokhometsa);

- injini ayenera kukhala yotchipa (yosavuta);

- injini ayenera kukhala mkulu makokedwe pa otsika rotational liwiro kutsinde linanena bungwe;

- injini ayenera kukhala kuwala kulemera.

Chiwembu pophatikiza galimoto windings ngati zikusonyezedwa mkuyu. 14. Mwa kusintha kwa ozungulira mphamvu kumulowetsa polarity kupeza makokedwe ozungulira.

Komanso, kusintha ukulu ndi polarity za ozungulira mphamvu kumulowetsa ndi anaikapo kutsetsereka kasinthasintha wa ozungulira wachibale kwa stator maginito. Ankalamulira AC mphamvu ya ozungulira kumulowetsa, pali slidably kasamalidwe, kuyambira 0 ... 100%. The magetsi ya ozungulira kumulowetsa ndi za 5% ya mphamvu injini, kotero mphamvu Converter Sikuti kuchita lonse Motors panopa samatha, ndipo okha malemeredwe panopa. Mphamvu DC Converter Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa pa bolodi jenereta ya magetsi ya 12 kW ndi 600 zokha W, ndipo mphamvu zimenezi lagawidwa njira zinayi, i.e. njira mphamvu lililonse inverter ndi 150 W (aliyense samatha mota gudumu njira). Choncho, dzuwa otsika Converter ndi sikumangotikhudza kwambiri dongosolo dzuwa. Converter akhoza kumangidwa ntchito otsika-mphamvu, otsika mtengo michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi zinthu.

Zamagetsi ku malo popanda kusintha kulikonse umaperekedwa kwa windings mphamvu ya Motors samatha. Akatembenuka okha malemeredwe panopa, moti nthawi zonse mu gawo otsutsa mphamvu kumulowetsa panopa. Popeza malemeredwe panopa ndi wa 5 ... 6% ya panopa okwana ankadya ndi samatha galimoto, ndi pagalimoto mphamvu wofunikila 5 ... 6% ya mphamvu jenereta, amene kwambiri kuchepetsa ndalama ndi kulemera kwa inverter ndi kuwonjezera dzuwa la kachitidwe. Mu nkhani iyi, Converter malemeredwe panopa samatha Motors ayenera "kudziwa" zimene zinachitikira injini kutsinde ndi pa nthawi iliyonse pa malemeredwe kumulowetsa panopa umaperekedwa kulenga makokedwe pazipita. Malo kachipangizo wa kutsinde linanena bungwe la samatha galimoto ndi encoder mtheradi.

Mkuyu. 14. chiwembu cha kulolerana wa windings samatha galimoto.

The ntchito liniya jenereta ya magetsi, monga mphamvu unit wa galimoto kuti akonze galimoto chipika Kamangidwe. Ngati ndi kotheka, mphindi chabe kusintha zigawo zikuluzikulu ndi misonkhano, mkuyu. 15, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito thupi kuyenda mozungulira zabwino, popeza palibe otsika mphamvu galimoto mphamvu headroom kugonjetsa mpweya kukana chifukwa ungwiro mawonekedwe kuuluka bwino potsatira njira (chifukwa cha koyefishienti mkulu wa kukana).

Mkuyu. 15. Luso kuti asalalikire dongosolo.

A galimoto ndi kompresa liniya

galimoto A ndi kompresa liniya ndi ziwiri mpando kuwala (200 kg) galimoto, mkuyu. 16. Izi ndi chosavuta ndi mtengo analogue a galimoto ndi jenereta liniya, koma ndi dzuwa m'munsi HIV.

Mkuyu. 16. Pneumatic galimoto. The liniya galimoto.

Mkuyu. 17. Control gudumu.

Ngati kachipangizo gudumu mothamanga encoder owonjezekera ntchito. Owonjezekera encoder zimachitika linanena bungwe ali pa kasinthasintha mwa njira zina ndi kwaiye pa linanena bungwe la zimachitika voteji. Kachipangizo zamagetsi, "amawerengedwa" chiwerengero cha nyemba pa nthawi wagawo, ndipo analemba m'ndondomekozi kwa m'kaundula linanena bungwe. Ndi "ntchito" dongosolo kulamulira malamulo (adiresi) wa sensa, ndi pakompyuta dera encoder, ndi yotsatana zotuluka Werengani linanena bungwe m'kaundula kuti chitsogozo zambiri. Dongosolo kulamulira limati chizindikiritso kachipangizo (zambiri pa liwiro gudumu) ndi aligorivimu anakonzeratu amapanga kachidindo kwa kulamulira actuator stepper galimoto.

Pomaliza

Mtengo wa galimoto, kwa anthu ambiri, ndi 20 ... 50 malipilo pamwezi. Anthu sangakwanitse kugula galimoto latsopano 8 ... $ 12 chikwi, ndi msika si galimoto mu mtengo osiyanasiyana 1 ... 2 zikwi $. Ntchito ya liniya jenereta ya magetsi kapena kompresa, monga gulu galimoto mphamvu kulenga yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi mtengo galimoto.

Modern PCB kupanga luso ndi osiyanasiyana mankhwala a pakompyuta, amalola kuchita lonse la kugwirizana magetsi ndi mawaya awiri - mphamvu ndi zambiri. Kuti si kupereka pawiri wa kusonkhana aliyense chipangizo zamagetsi: masensa, actuators ndi zipangizo chizindikiro ndiponso kugwirizana aliyense chipangizo kwa mphamvu okwana, ndipo ambiri waya zambiri. Dongosolo kulamulira, nayenso, amasonyeza zizindikiro (maadiresi) zipangizo, malamulo siriyo, zambiri pa waya, ndiyeno amayembekeza kuti mumve za udindo chipangizo, komanso Mpambo yotsatana, ndi pa mzere womwewo. Kuchokera pa zizindikiro, dongosolo kulamulira amapanga zizindikiro kulamulira kwa mabwana zipangizo kusonyeza, ndipo transmits iwo actuators kumasulira kapena zipangizo kusonyeza kuti dziko latsopano (ngati n'koyenera). Choncho, pa unsembe kapena kukonzetsa aliyense chipangizo ayenera olumikizidwa kwa mawaya awiri (mawaya awiri sizachilendo kwa onse omwe adakwera magetsi) pansi ndi magetsi.

Kuchepetsa ndalama, choncho mitengo ya mankhwala ogula,

ayenera wosalira unsembe ndi magetsi kugwirizana adakwera zida. Mwachitsanzo, unsembe miyambo kuthandiza ndi kumbuyo malo nyale, ayenera kutsekedwa, ndi magetsi, ndi dera magetsi a mphamvu kuyatsa chida. dera limapangidwa: gwero la mphamvu ya magetsi, mwa kundipatsako wochititsa, ndi wamphamvu lophimba, mtolo magetsi. Aliyense mchitidwe dera ena kuposa gwero mphamvu kumafuna munthu kukhazikitsidwa, yotchipa makina lophimba ali ndi chiwerengero otsika "pa kuvula" m'zinthu. Ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha zida adakwera magetsi, mtengo wa unsembe ndi kulumikiza mawaya ukuwonjezeka mogwirizana ndi chiwerengero cha zipangizo kumachititsa zolakwa chifukwa zinthu anthu. Pamene zikuluzikulu kupanga mosavuta kasamalidwe zipangizo ndi kuwerenga mfundo masensa kuti mzere umodzi osati pa munthu, aliyense chipangizo. Mwachitsanzo, zingathandize kumbuyo malo nyale, mu nkhani iyi, m'pofunika kukhudza kukhudza kukhudza sensa, ulamuliro dera adzakhala kupanga ulamuliro malamulo kudzam'patsa kumbuyo malo nyale. Information pa waya adzasonyeza chipangizo pophatikiza adiresi kumbuyo malo nyale ndi kutseka chizindikiro, ndipo kenako atseka dera mkati mwa mphamvu chosinthika nyale malo. Ndiko kuti, dera magetsi popangidwa ndi zovuta kuti: basi kupanga kusindikizidwa dera N