Mitundu ya tirigu ndi tanthauzo lake

Tirigu pakati dzinthu lapansi. Pansi pa dzina ili adzabweretsa pamodzi mozungulira 15 mitundu yosiyanasiyana kwa aliyense zinthu zina zosiyana: mbewu, maluwa, kapangidwe ka khutu. Kumvetsa zimene yonse ya tirigu, ayenera kufufuza gulu zamoyo zomera za mtundu uwu. Izi zingathandize kumvetsa chifukwa chake gulu linapangidwa chimodzimodzi monga izo zinali zopangidwa ndi kudziwa chinsinsi mbali zimasiyanitsa aliyense wa mitundu zogwirizana.

Ambiri

The subspecies ambiri mitundu tirigu zofewa. Latin iwo molondola otchedwa Triticum vulgare. Kusiyanitsa mbewu makamaka za thupi mitundu akhoza kuphunzira kapangidwe ka khutu. Ndi ndi flabby, muyezo alibe mamba, chifukwa chimene tirigu chatsekedwa pang'ono chabe.

Species ndi mitundu ya zofewa tirigu mitundu olekanitsidwa poganizira pamaso pa msana: ena pano, ena satero. Pankhaniyi, mitundu onse, amene msana ndi (mu nkhani ya tirigu zofewa), yodziwika ndi malangizo a spikelets lateral mosalekeza. Kale tione wa tirigu kukula mu minda, popanda kuphunzira iliyonse yapadera asankhe mbewu a spinous, beardless mitundu zofewa.

Iwo ali mtundu uwu wa tirigu 4 mbali yapadera: izo kulocha zosiyanasiyana mbewu, mawonekedwe awo, kapangidwe ndi tsinde. Zomera zambiri alibe maziko a tsinde, ndi tirigu mitundu ndi osiyanasiyana ndithu: munda ena spikes utoto chowala, ndi ena - ndithu woyera. Mapira zambiri kuzungulira, chowulungika woboola pakati. Pankhani kugwirizana, ena zomera zenizeni, izo zikhoza kukhala powdery, pamene ena vitreous, ngakhale makamaka minda kukula tirigu amene mbewu - polusteklovidnye.

Kodi wina kulabadira?

Zofewa tirigu zomera losiyana ndevu. Iwo akhoza kuwaona ndi maso wamaliseche, ngati inu kuphunzira mosamala tirigu. Ndevu wandiweyani ndithu, imakhala tsitsi lalitali.

Pali mitundu iwiri: a mtundu wa "yozizira tirigu", komanso kasupe. Akukhulupirira kuti m'deralo mbewu zofunika anabwera kuchokera kum'mwera madera kumadzulo kwa Asia. Mwina, iwo anali kale anakula kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa Afghanistan, mu kumpoto Indian ndi m'mapiri, masiku ano ndi Tajikistan. Koma ngati chitukuko cha njira mankhwala ndi resettlement wa anthu Culture kuwanda chawonjezeka kwambiri, ndipo lero palibe mtundu wina wa tirigu - ziribe kanthu - n'kovuta kuyerekeza munthu kukwaniritsa moyo.

Ndipo zimene nji?

Zomera limati pali osati zofewa mitundu ya tirigu, komanso olimba. akatswiriwo lotchedwa "durum". The Latin dzina la mitundu Triticum zomera durum. Zovuta kusiyanitsa zosiyanasiyana yosavuta, tiyenera okha tione khutu. Mitundu yonse ya durum tirigu nazo mwachilungamo zolimba, padded (ndi osowa kuchotserapo) msana. mitundu Beardless kudziwika kwa sayansi, koma n'zochepa.

Arista mtundu wina wa tirigu - zovuta - zikuwoneka wokongola nthawi yomweyo ndi zothandiza zomera lokha. Long-zinthu tsitsi kukula oposa pamodzi khutu, ngati iwo akhala akukwawira pamodzi olamulira a. Cheshuinki chitaperekedwa umene tirigu mbiphimbira ndi kutetezedwa ku zinthu aukali kunja.

Kodi wina kulabadira?

Poganizira mitundu molimba tirigu, muona kuti ali osiyana ndi zimayambira zofewa mitundu - sali kanthu, koma wodzazidwa ndi minofu, wotchedwa pachimake. Tsinde si nthawi zonse buku lonse, nthawi zambiri yekha kumtunda.

Chinthu china chosiyana - mitundu ya tirigu. Kawirikawiri mbewu durum oblong, ndipo ngati kudula iwo theka kuwoloka, amasonyeza okhota mtanda gawo. Ambiri zomera ali njere kunyezimira ndi pafupifupi wosaoneka diso ndevu. Kuti akhoza kukhala ndi maonekedwe abwino, kuwonjezera mbewu adzakhala zosachepera kasanu.

Wokongola, chokoma ndi wathanzi

mitundu olimba a tirigu zipatso wokongola kwambiri mtundu. Makamaka dziko lathu kukhala mitundu ngati amene mbewu zapsa Amber. Limati zina, mitundu wamba, kupereka tirigu wofiira hue.

mitundu makamaka olimba a tirigu - kasupe. mbewu Zima akhoza kukhala wamkulu mu South Caucasus. Izi anatsimikiza ndi nyengo: pali ndithu wofatsa nyengo yozizira, mtundu kotero osankhidwa kupulumuka. Mwachitsanzo, alandirika nkhumba kalasi "appulikum".

Mngelezi "turgidum"

Pali wina wapadera tirigu, umene Latin amatchedwa Tritikum turgidum. Koma pakati pa anthu wamba amadziwika Chingelezi. Khutu la mtundu uwu wa zomera ndi ofanana kwambiri zosiyanasiyana yovuta, monga msana yaitali, chizindikiro, ndi kukwera wandiweyani, pa nkhani ya kupereka lalikulu kapena bwalo. Ndithu khalidwe ndi mbewu za mtundu, wazikang'a muyezo yomweyo limagwira diso.

Koma tirigu British anaganiza kuonetsetsa gulu lapadera. Makamaka ngati akuchokera chakuti mitundu mmene osati tione tingachipeze powerenga za khutu, komanso nthambi. Kawirikawiri zimayambira kukula zayamba, ndipo anadzazidwa mu nsalu wapadera. Mapira mawonekedwe - ovals, mabwalo ofanana, mu dongosolo, mosiyana durum amachuluka chimanga, polusteklovidnye. Mungathe kukula tirigu kasupe, koma akhale ndi monga chikhalidwe yozizira.

Polish "Polonicum"

Polonicum - ndi mtundu ngati tirigu amene khutu, ngati rye ndi - yopapatiza, wamtali, wolemera spikes msana. Nthawi zambiri, mbewu yotchuka lotchedwa "rye-chiphona." Pa nthawi yomweyo, ofala mitundu - "pepala" kugwirizana mamba khutu. Ngakhale kufanana ndi rye, tirigu akadali amatikumbutsa kapangidwe muyezo ndi Mapila - ndi laling'ono kwambiri kuona popanda kuwonjezera kovuta.

Pamene mtundu uwu wa tirigu akuyamba khutu m'munda wodzazidwa ndi Amber golide, koma penapake mdima kuposa anzake ena. Polish tirigu zitha kukhala wamkulu monga mbewu chilimwe. Mu Russia, izo akulimidwa kumadera angapo pafupi Caucasus ndi Siberia, koma m'minda ndi ang'ono.

nyenyezi yaing'ono tirigu

Mu Latin, mtundu wotchedwa Tritikum Compactum. dzina linaperekedwa osati mwangozi, chifukwa mbewu ali ndi makutu yaing'ono. Yang'anani pa iwo - ndipo zikuoneka ngati omangika. Pali wolemera msana, ndipo kodi mosatsata mitundu. Advantageously tirigu nyenyezi yaing'ono nakulitsa monga chikhalidwe yozizira.

Mapira ofanana ndi amene amapereka zosiyanasiyana zofewa, koma ang'onoang'ono kukula. kuti makampani tirigu quality zonyozeka nyenyezi yaing'ono tirigu amene anakhudza kuwanda kwa mtundu uwu ndi ntchito zawo. Kukula mitundu pa American, minda Asian. Mu Russia, mwakula m'madera lamapiri la Caucasus. Ndithu kwambiri mitundu nyenyezi yaing'ono zimaŵetedwa ku mayiko Central Asia.

Science watsimikizira

Tirigu kudziwika kwa anthu kuyambira nthawi wakale, anthu anayamba kuphunzira oyambirira zokwanira. Izi zinathandiza kuti masiku athu kusonkhanitsa Nawonso achichepere yaikulu bwanji kukhala, kukula, zipatso ndi mitundu yonse ya mitundu tirigu. Mtundu umodzi wa tirigu - alembedwa - ngakhale anaimba wotchuka Russian nthano, lero m'masukulu ambiri ana pa mtima pa mbali osachepera.

Tirigu chidwi wa obereketsa ndi m'nyengo ya Soviet Union. Zinali ndiye anazindikira mwalamulo tirigu kubzala ndi kusinthidwa pa nthawi. Mchikakamizo cha mmene chilengedwe mbewu ndi pang'onopang'ono mutates ku mitundu wina ndi mzake. Umo ndi momwe kunapezeka amayesetsa kusintha tirigu mitundu zofewa. Ndiponso, bwino amaonedwa anawamasulira pakati pa dzinja ndi masika mitundu mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo.

Alembedwa: chimene ine ndikutanthauza?

Popeza tinali kuyankhula za nkhani yakale Russian wowerengeka, amene amatchedwa mbale yaikulu ndi mankhwala khitchini, chikhalidwe cha nthawi-yakale, m'pofunika kutchula ndipo ndi imodzi mwa mitundu ya tirigu - alembedwa. Chinthu chapadera chokhudza gulu ili wapezeka mu umapezeka, pamene ndodo ya khutu, motsutsana ndi tirigu pano wagwetsedwa ndi mbali. The mbewu payekha, pamaso kubisala mtundu film, ndi kumasulidwa ku kusunga wosanjikiza ndi wokanidwa, amene amalola kuti processing zina.

Kofala mankhwala zakale masiku ano wataya kutchuka wake wakale. Alembedwa amalimidwa kwambiri mwachangu Chuvashia, Bashkortostan, Tatarstan ndi mbali zingapo pafupi, koma si ofanana ndi mabuku a kale opangidwa ndi dziko. Unali waife chakuti filimu ku mphepo amateteza tirigu Sukhovo yosalekerera mitundu ina monga chimanga. Pa nthawi yomweyo, zizindikiro khalidwe la tirigu ndi otsika kwambiri. Alembedwa ndi oyenera kupanga dzinthu ya mnofu. Mwa njira, ngati inu mukuziwona mu funso crosswords "mtundu wa tirigu, 7 makalata?" Ndipo apa iwo adamfunsa alembedwa, kapena kani, pa imodzi mwa mitundu yake. Kodi? Werengani za izo.

Kodi kukula?

Tirigu, kudziwika kwa zomera ano, makamaka ndi mitundu iwiri - yozizira, masika. Komabe, pali anthu amene kugawana mtundu umodzi okha. Kuwonjezera kulekana kwa options awiri awa alipo pa mtundu magawano. Iwo kulibe, kuswana, munda. Ngati inu kutenga mtundu wa ogwera ndi kufufuza zosiyanasiyana, izo Tingaone: mbali botanical ofanana, kotero kuti kusiyana ndi sanapezeke.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, pali kusiyana mu mawu a zipatso ndi mphukira ndi mmene zosavuta chomera atengeke matenda ndi bowa. mbali chosiyana adzatero nthawi zapakati pa kufesa yokolola kuchotsa, khalidwe ndi processing wa tirigu ndi adzaphika chotsirizidwa. Mukamakambirana mitundu yozizira ndi ayesedwa pa kukana awo ozizira. Koma kasupe adzakhala chizindikiro chifungulo cha luso moyo chilala.

Obereketsa msewu!

Choncho chobereketsa ntchito mwaluso iwo okonzeka ndi okwerera wapadera. zinthu wokometsedwa kwa izi zikhoza anachokera otchedwa kuswana mitundu. Kukwanitsa nthawi zambiri ndi mitundu kuwoloka. Sikuti tikuona chinachake kuchokera kwa mitundu iwiri ya zomera, mungayesere kulenga wosakanizidwa awiri osiyana. Science kudziwika milandu bwino kudutsa tirigu ndi rye ndi bedi udzu. Komanso, obereketsa amasankhidwa mitundu ndi zomera payekha - misa kapena payekhapayekha.

obereketsa Modern adakali ntchito pa maziko a chiphunzitso anayamba mu Soviet nyengo wotchuka wasayansi Michurin. Zotsatira zake n'zosadabwitsa wabwino: izi mitundu anali anachokera kuti ndi kugonjetsedwa ndi zinthu zoipa, nthawi yomweyo kupereka yokolola ndi zinthu alibe wovuta. Makamaka adadziwa ntchito ndi tirigu, Academician Lysenko, amene anasonyeza kuti ndi padzuwa ufulu chomera mu intervals ena nthawi, mungathe kusintha kwambiri chikhalidwe cha tirigu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti dzinja akhoza kukhala masika, ndipo ngati n'koyenera kuti kusintha zosiyana.

Sangakhoze anakokomeza!

N'zovuta kulingalira moyo wathu katundu anaphika. Tsopano si kulingalira momwe anthu awa anaganiza kuti mbewu angathe kukonzedwa ndi kukonzekera chakudya, koma pamapeto pake chinali kungolota umenewu wakhala ndi mbiri chikhalidwe cha chakudya pa dziko. Kodi ndinene, kupatulapo chakudya bwanji? Today tirigu otchulidwa kulikonse - m'mabuku, mafilimu, zithunzi za iye, za pa zojambula otchulidwa nyimbo ndi ndakatulo. Mwa njira, inu mukudziwa yankho la funso tingachipeze powerenga za crossword chithunzi "mtundu wa tirigu 7 makalata?" Baibulo lolondola - "walembedwa".

Mu dziko tirigu akhoza moyenerera ankamuona ngati mbewu zofunika kwambiri. Izo ntchito yopanga ufa, groats, ndipo amatipatsa ufa, Confectionery zakudya ndi atsimikize pasta. Mowa wamphamvu, mowa - zonse zichitike pa tirigu.

Inu - kudya

The chiphiphiritso za mavumbulutso ambiri zisakuyenda wakhala wotopetsa, ndipo susonyeza akamanena weniweni, koma izo zikumveka zabwino, si kuwasokoneza. Mulimonsemo, izo sizidzakhala superfluous kudziwa zimene timadya - osachepera kusankha okha zabwino. Ndipo kodi yabwino ku dziko la tirigu? M'zaka zaposachedwapa, atolankhani otchuka anayamba weniweni chipwirikiti durum. A iwo kuchita chilichonse, ndipo ikuluikulu lemba pa ma CD a kalasi, m'pamenenso mtengo kudzatenga wogula. Koma mitundu chifukwa olimba anali "pa funde la"?

mitundu olimba ali wolemera mu mapuloteni, carotenoids. Yotsirizira chafotokozedwa mthunzi yambewu ndi ufa amapangidwa iwo - lili ndi mtundu poterera. Palokha ufa akhakula ndithu, chifukwa cha kuwuma kwa feedstock lapansi. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zimene zimathandiza kulankhula za mkulu gilateni quality, imene mtanda analandira elasticity. Chotero zopangira ndi yofunika kwa yokonza mkulu pasitala quality, semolina ndi chiwerengero cha zakudya zina. Childs, ma CD mankhwala opangidwa kuchokera durum tirigu angatchedwe malangizo, "durum», «di grano duro».

Ndipo ngati zofewa?

Chonchi tirigu mapuloteni ndende si kwambiri moti zimakhudza khalidwe la chomaliza mankhwala. Wowuma mbewu ali n'kukhala ufa lalikulu, ndipo iye ndi woyera, waung'ono, n'chochepa. zinthuzi yaiwisi ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwa zipatso zosiyanasiyana masikono ndi zokoma pastry zolengedwa. ufa zofewa ndi yofunika kwambiri ngati adzakonza mikate, mapayi.

Gilateni: zimene uli pangozi?

Mawu pa milomo aliyense, koma mutha kufotokozanso, osati munthu aliyense mu msewu. Choncho ndi chiyani icho? Mu tirigu wabwinobwino ndi gluadin, glutenin. Ndi chifukwa iwo ndi ndipamene gilateni. Mapuloteni ali ndi zizindikiro zenizeni khalidwe ali atanthauzo anthu. Iye ufa anasankha zolinga zenizeni. Pankhani mu kukhudzana ndi madzi, khalidwe la gilateni amadziwa ngati zotsatira za zotanuka.

Angapo akudziwa ziwengo kuti gilateni. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa, mapuloteni chowonadi ndi kuti si thupi la munthu angachite ndi izo. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, milandu gilateni tsankho ambiri lokhazikika. Wawauza kuti gilateni anakwera chakudya kudyetsa ana - ana thirakiti m'mimba ndi ofooka kwambiri kulimbana ndi mapuloteni ndi. Childs, gilateni anawonjezera kuti chakudya china kapena pambuyo mwezi wa 8, kawirikawiri - patapita nthawi yaitali. Choncho, semolina, kotero okondedwa ndi ambiri kuyambira ubwana wake, ali ndi zaka pafupifupi chaka chimodzi sangadye.

groats

Durum tirigu ntchito nthawi zambiri kubala grits. Mapira milled m'malo lalikulu, processing a kuchotsa mazira onse chipolopolo. Mwambo kusiyanitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zipinda, tirigu. Chigawo zachokera njira processing, mbewu i:

• kukula;
• mawonekedwe.

The malonda ambiri anapereka yowala chikasu tirigu. mtundu Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti mankhwala amapangidwa kasupe tirigu. Koma mungapeze, ndi kukhala kuli kulakalaka mthunzi wa grayish. Mtundu zikutanthauza kuti mbewu yozizira tirigu watengedwa kupanga ake.

Aliyense durum tirigu - nkhokwe ya mapuloteni, ndipo anapangidwa kuti amalola kuti recharge mphamvu chakudya nthawi yomweyo ndipo sadzadwalanso. mbale amenewa amakondedwa kwambiri ndi anthu amene ali ndi moyo wokangalika, kusunthira kwambiri, kugwira ntchito pa ntchito mwakhama. Akuluakulu osati akudwala gilateni tsankho, chakudya kuchokera durum tirigu ali m'mimba mwamsanga ndipo mosavuta, mukhoza kuyatsa menyu mu zakudya zambiri. Osati kudya pasta, Musalole kuti dzinthu, mbali mbale.

Mitundu tirigu: bulgur

Bulgur wopangidwa makamaka a durum. zimachitika motere: tirigu kukolola kuwaza nthunzi ndi luso lapadera nafota dzuwa, kuyeretsa, milled. Ndithudi, izi njira pachiyambi kudziwika kwa nthawi yaitali, sikawirikawiri ntchito masiku awa, zambiri kukhetsa opangidwa luso njira kuti pang'ono Sachita mankhwala khalidwe ndi kukoma kwa mbale zopangidwa izo.

Monga kale pa kupanga siteji mbewu monga chimanga anali nthunzi ankachitira m'tsogolo, kuphika awo yaitali chofunika. Pa nthawi yomweyo, zakudya awa ali wolemera mu mavitamini, sanataye mu ndondomeko kuphika. Bulgur ndi yofunika kwa mpunga, saladi ndi soups. Koma kumbukirani: muli gilateni, kotero kudya ndi ziwengo kuti mapuloteni siingakhale.

Ode bulgur

Mu gawo European la Russia ndi kumpoto kwa dziko mtundu wa mankhwala tirigu wabwera ndi posachedwapa, anthu ambiri, ndi kuti tsiku lino amaona kuti ndi chakudya chokoma, komabe untested. Ndipo m'pake kuyesa. Kuwonjezera zimalimbikitsa, wolemera zokoma kukoma, tirigu uyu ali wapadera amakambirana - amatikumbutsa mtedza.

Kuti bulgur kwathunthu anasonyeza kukoma ndi kununkhira makhalidwe ake, pamaso kuphika m'pofunika calcine mu mafuta pang'ono mu Frying poto ngati "Wok". Mafuta aliwonse: masamba, mafuta, ghee, batala. Akukhulupirira kuti mwina yamasika bwino. Wake ankalimbikitsa kukhulupirira zopita kutsanulira zauve bulgur, akuyambitsa mwachangu mpaka khitchini sikuti kukwawa fungo la mtedza. Panali fungo? Kwambiri, ndondomeko amalowa mu gawo lina lotsatira - kutsanulira mu poto wa mankhwala ena pakati Chinsinsi kukakonzera kotero koposa monga ankakonda kuchita. Bulgur ndi oyenera mitundu yonse ya zakudya, kotero kuyetsa ndi kulakalaka ndi tirigu akhoza kukhala wopanda mathero.