Molumikiza - molumikiza ndi ... Sanger

Amadziwika kuti matupi a anthu tichipeza "makalata" anayi. Iwo conventionally amatchedwa A, C, G ndi T. M'mawu ena, matupi a anthu kwathunthu kwa amitundu inayi mamolekyulu - adenine, cytosine, guanine ndi thymine. A nambala yaikulu ya DNA chibadwa si umboni wa chitukuko chachikulu. Iwo akunena zokha za chiwerengero kuwaopseza ndi zodabwitsa, amene anakwanitsa kufika ku mitundu makamaka kwachilengedwenso. Zomwe ali DNA, ndi njira kunakhala kotheka kumvetsa nkhani za matupi a anthu?

Zolinga za kafukufuku majini

Full matupi athu molumikiza limakupatsani kuwerenga zonse za ndondomeko ya izi "makalata". Timatha kuzindikira osadziwika majini ndi wodzipangitsa zachipatala mankhwala ngati ogwira ngati nkotheka. N'chifukwa chake imodzi mwa ambiri otchuka kusamalira thanzi (kumene, amene angathe kukwanitsa kugula) ndi molumikiza. Shuga, khansa ndi mtima matenda - kumakhala kutengera kuti izi matenda limachititsa kuzindikira DNA decoding ndondomeko. Potengera izi Zoneneratu, munthu amatha kusintha wanu moyo kuchepetsa chokhwima zachilengedwe zinthu. Choncho, ofufuza ena amakhulupirira kuti zonse matupi athu molumikiza ayenera m'gulu ya kafukufuku kuvomerezedwa neonatal.

Mbiri ya polojekiti

Decoding ntchito matupi unayambitsidwa mu 90s oyambirira. Kuti amalize matupi zinachitika, panatenga pafupifupi theka zaka khumi. ntchito kufufuza asonkhane padziko yokha akatswiri ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana - China, Germany, France ndi Japan. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka chikwi zatsopano, Bill Clinton ndi Toni Bler mwalamulo analengeza kuti "kusodza" a matupi athu amaliza. Mu 2006, Nature Yofalitsa zafalitsa zomwe chinapezeka otsiriza ndondomeko ya asakhale ndi vutoli. Komanso mu msika panali majini ntchito exome molumikiza - ndondomeko kuzindikira madera kuonongeka mu DNA. Company amaziona kuti pali ilidi nyengo yatsopano.

Kodi molumikiza?

Molumikiza - izi ndi chomaliza cha kusanthula matupi a anthu. Pamaso masitepe awa akutsatiridwa: nkhaniyo anasankhidwa ndi anaipanga. Ndipo likugwiritsidwanso pretested DNA dera chosavuta njira. Molumikiza - kufuna yomaliza ya nyukiliotayidi mndandanda wa DNA. Okwana pali njira ziwiri za kafukufuku majini: choyamba, pogwiritsa ntchito njira Maxam-Gilbert. Bukuli lili ndi njira komanso yogawanika mamolekyulu ya DNA pansi limodzi. Pali njira yosavuta, lomwe kuchita ntchito zambiri. Izi otchedwa dideoxy njira, kapena Sanger molumikiza.

Gawo decoding matupi Sanger

The njira yamasika limapangidwa siteji yotsatira ya phunziroli:

• anaphunzira mpukutu wa DNA hybridizes ndi phunziroli;
• Zimachitika enzymatic kaphatikizidwe molekyulu ndi;
• mu ndime yotsatira chuma pansi electrophoresis;
• ndipo potsiriza, zimachititsa kusanthula ndi ofufuza geneticists pa autoradiograph lapansi.

Ambiri mwa zipangizozi mukhoza kuzindikira kuti magulu 300 mu DNA.

The ndondomeko ya chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti DNA Sanger

The njira yoyambirira ya molumikiza chimene asayansi akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza matupi, anali anafufuza ndi Sanger (Sanger molumikiza). Kwenikweni ake tichipeza mu izi: DNA ndi anaipanga, kenako osakaniza chifukwa lidagawikana m'magulu anayi. Aliyense aikidwa mu njira yapadera, imene muli zosakaniza zotsatirazi:

• molekyulu DNA polymerase;
• primers kuti atsogolere kugawanika ndondomeko;
• chisakanizo cha nucleotides anayi makope;
• Kusiyana munthu zace nucleotides.

Motero, matupi Sanger pafupifupi zofanana kwa anthu DNA ndondomeko cloning. njira izi zimasiyana kokha wosanganiza m'zigawo onyenga mu nucleotides lapansi.

Decryption ndondomeko lero

Tsopano njira Sanger molumikiza ndi makina kwathunthu. Iwo ikuchitika ntchito zipangizo zina zapadera - makina amenewa amachedwa sequencer. zochita mankhwala kutenga malo mu chubu limodzi. Zotsatira analandira chifukwa cha decryption wa Sanger, ndi kusanthula ntchito makompyuta. sequencers masiku ano "werengani" mfundo za 600-1000 nucleotides imodzi. Ndi makina ndondomeko molumikiza zikuchitika mofulumira kwambiri kuposa kale.

Kodi kupezeka?

Tsopano mayiko kutsogolera yotulutsa DNA molumikiza, ndi China ndi United States. Iwo ali mu mkhalidwe wa mpikisano - kupambana dziko akhoza decrypt woyamba matupi a anthu, ndalama ndi zosakwana madola zana. American kafukufuku kampani wotchedwa Ilumina - China mdani chachikulu pa nkhani imeneyi. Asayansi Chinese mu 2010 anagulidwa zida woyamba kalasi, amene anawalola zatenga zaka zonsezi ndi udindo waukulu mu msika ntchito matupi athu molumikiza. Koma, choyamba, zipangizozi n'kogwiritsa zimasintha, ndipo, kachiwiri, utumiki pa decoding DNA likupitirirabe kwambiri wotchipa. Tsopano China sakufuna kuthera ndalama kale kusowa kwa zipangizo ochokera m'mayiko - asayansi anaganiza kukhala hardware yake. Ndani kupambana nkhondo kwa kutsogolera - nthawi adzatiuza. Koma lero matupi athu decoding zina kwenikweni poyerekeza $ 600.

Kodi decoding majini zothandiza?

Komatu sikuti zonse ndi mophweka pa nkhani imeneyi. Akatswiri ena amalimbikira kuti jini molumikiza wosatenga phindu kwambiri, kupweteka zingati. Zimenezi zimachitika kwenikweni chinachake kukhala wosakwatiwa payekha kapena chopereka kwa sayansi? N'chifukwa chiyani akatswiri ena okhudzana ndi chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti DNA oposa zino?

Popeza kuti njira molumikiza, mu maganizo awo, ndi kanthu koposa wapamwamba-amakono zopeka njira. Udindo kupeza zokhudza matupi athu awo munthu wonyamula yekha. zolinga zosiyana ndi kukankhira anthu kuyankha mafunso okhudza DNA awo. Wina kufunafuna Choncho kudziwa okha bwino. Winawake akuyesera kudziteteza ku matenda - ndipo amachita zonse kukhala otetezeka. Komabe, izi njira akhoza kwambiri negative.

Mwachitsanzo, anthu amene amazindikira kuti ali chiopsezo amayamba Oncology m'tsogolo ululu kuchokera aakulu maganizo ndi sizidzatha thamanga kuti madokotala. Ndipo zimenezi ngakhale kuti ngakhale lathunthu molumikiza kumachititsa kuti kulosera za chitukuko cha matenda m'khutu ndi chiopsezo 50%. Kunadetsa Komabe, akupereka funde la chipwirikiti pakati pa makasitomala a misonkhano imeneyi. Zonsezi zapangitsa kuti mfundo yakuti maboma ena, monga United States, kwambiri anayamba malire ntchito ya zamankhwala makampani.

The pasipoti majini - inde kapena ayi?

Mu zoweta chilengedwe ndi kunadetsa otchuka akuti "majini pasipoti". Koma, monga zambiri zimachitika, sayansi sanathe kuoneratu zotsatira zonse zimene awo. Pambuyo decoding la "Makalata" komabe sizitanthauza kuti adzakhala anamvetsa molondola olembedwa "mawu." Mwachitsanzo, chibadwa simungakhoze bwino kuyankha funso mmene majini ambiri ali matupi a anthu. Poyamba ankakhulupirira kuti ndalamazo Mitandadza 10 zikwi 40 chikwi. Tsopano, ofufuza atapereka maganizo oti nambala iyi mu osiyanasiyana 10 - 25 zikwi. More ndendende n'zosatheka. NDI molumikiza wa matupi chimodzi chabe chitsanzo cha mmene sayansi anapeza chimakhala chifukwa cha kwambiri osayankhidwa mafunso.

Mtengo wa matupi athu molumikiza tsopano ndi dongosolo la 1 zikwi. Madola. Komabe, kuwerenga majini ambiri ndi ndiyekhayo nkhawa zina. Chifukwa makasitomala ndalama zotsatira otere, amene ndiye sangathe kugona usiku. Molumikiza - phunziro ili, womwenso mudziwe majini osiyanasiyana. Kuphatikizapo "majini pasipoti" zikuphatikizapo majini amene mukugwira nawo chitukuko cha matenda osiyanasiyana - shuga, kunenepa kwambiri, matenda a mtima. Musaphwanye kukhala zachibadwa a kalasi lonse kuzindikira kuti matenda amenewa angakhale majini maziko Komabe, njira ya moyo kungachititse munthu kuti mbali yofunika kwambiri.

zolakwa zotheka

Tsopano, asayansi ambiri amanena chakuti m'kati molumikiza Sutha kupewa. Komanso Mwina awo si kuyeza ndi magawo ndipo peresenti lonse. maonekedwe awo chikugwirizana ndi peculiarities wa sayansi ya decoding. Molumikiza - ndondomeko imene angayerekezedwe ndi makope a yaikulu filimu kutalika mafelemu zikwi zingapo. Pa nthawi yomweyo analola kukopera umene adzakhala salinso kuposa mafelemu 20. Kuti iwo ali molondola n'kotheka, achotsedwa "ndi malo" ku zigawo zina alipo wina ndi mnzake. Ndi decoding wa anthu matupi athu akadali zovuta - chifukwa cha anthu asakhale ndi vutoli kutalika ali makumi ndi mazana a mabilioni a makalata. Ntchito ndi kusonkhanitsa matupi a anthu anali ndi mtima wofuna kwambiri m'mayiko ambiri. Panopa, mapeto akhoza kuchita chimodzi - jini anasonkhana kwa ambiri zolakwa. Mwina m'tsogolomu asayansi adzatha analanda deta molondola kwambiri. Ndipo tsopano ife tifunikira ndi izi vuto.