Mochita manja ake - lakale muyaya wamng'ono luso

Chosema - izi ndi mtundu wa luso labwino, amene ali zosiyanasiyana njira zosiyana, ngakhale mfundo za chithunzichi ndi pafupi zofanana: anapanga sitampu yapadera imene fano umagwiritsidwa zinthu ndi.

Maonekedwe a zipsera Europe limabweretsa m'ma 15. Zinali nthawi imeneyi anayamba mwachangu kusindikiza ndiponso wosalira fanizo la mabuku, anayamba ntchito mpweya okonzeka. Chosema anathandiza kuyika zilembo za, zithunzi ndi zinthu zina zowonjezera zokongoletsa lembalo. M'zaka za m'ma 18 zipsera Japanese zinatchuka, ndipo m'zaka 19 - ndi Spanish. Lero, chosema ndi yosiyanasiyana ndipo ali ambiri ndi njira zimafotokoza kuti akukumana ndi Kubadwa Kwatsopano.

Masiku ano, anthu ambiri kusiya izi wakale luso ndi kukwaniritsa zotsatira zabwino. Chosema, zopangidwa ndi manja ake kuchokera pachiyambi mpaka kumapeto, adzakhala ulemerero kudzikondweretsa kwanu. zipangizo zosiyanasiyana, ngakhale ankaona zitsulo tingachipeze powerenga angagwiritsidwe ntchito kulenga akamwalira. Komanso zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito matabwa, miyala ndi ngakhale phula. Komanso, zipsera amasiyana zipangizo ntchito imene kusindikiza umagwiritsidwa ntchito.

The wakale mawonekedwe ambiri chosema - woodcuts. Woyamba kusindikizidwa fano matabwa matabwa anaonekera China m'nthawi ya chimodzi. Panopa, mfundo "chosema" wakhala onse zambiri. njira kulenga zolemba kapena zithunzi ntchito zipsera osati ntchito yosindikiza, komanso zina zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, chitsulo kafukufuku pa chidutswa cha zodzikongoletsera kapena chizindikiro fano komanso stamped. Paper Ndemanga komanso chokongoletsedwa ndi zithunzi chosema. Ndi zosadabwitsa kuti fano yosavuta ndingathe kupirira ngakhale mwana.

Chophweka njira kusindikiza manja awo ali pa pepala. Muyenera yosalala, wandiweyani makatoni kapena kujambula pepala. Chida chachikulu kungakhale ofesi mpeni zachilendo ndipo mpukutu zovuta. Dulani chithunzi m'tsogolo makatoni a. Ndiye, pa pepala ina ya pepala ndi utoto wodzigudubuza mpukutu kukhala kofunika kugwiritsa ntchito amene ali Dries yaitali. Komanso, utoto ntchito pa pepala ndi mawonekedwe a makatoni. Tsopano tiyenera pepala, omwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nkhungu, ndi kuphimba ndi atolankhani (pamene kusindikiza ndi manja awo, abwino kwambiri wandiweyani pepala la plywood). Ndiye kangapo ndi khama la kuyenda wodzigudubuza atolankhani. Kusindikiza pa mapepala ndi ndakusandutsa ndi chosema.

Mu zaka za m'ma 16, panali etching choyamba (1513). Izi chosema mkuwa. Achikulire ntchito nthaka zitsulo, nthawi zina mbale chitsulo munali asidi zosagwira lacquer. Mbiri ya luso magwiridwe maphikidwe ambiri zokutira, koma chifukwa cha zonse sera awo bylii ndi utomoni wonunkhira phula. Master etching ntchito masingano a makulidwe osiyana. Mothandizidwa ndi chitsanzo zochepa chabe mu lacquer lapansi. Ndiye, pamwamba pa bolodi ladzala ndi asidi ndi. Zitsulo kuzifutsa yekha mu malo amenewo kumene singano kwathunthu odulidwa lacquer wosanjikiza. Pambuyo pake, gulu ayenera bwino chizitsukidwa. A wosanjikiza lacquer chikutha ndi turpentine kapena mowa.

Chosema, zopangidwa ndi manja ake kunyumba kapena situdiyo, osati azikongoletsa kwanu. Inu amakopa ndondomeko mwina mudzakhala zambiri kutsata choncho.