M'malo dothi. M'malo nthaka yofewa

Isanayambe yomanga maziko nyumba ndi kuvomerezedwa opareshoni monga cheke ayenera idzachitika zimakhudza mphamvu nthaka. Kafukufuku mu zasayansi wapadera. Kukachitika kuti anawulula kuli chiopsezo kugwa kwa nyumba pa kumanga ake pamalo imeneyi, akhoza kuchitika miyeso umalimbana kulimbitsa kapena m'malo dothi.

Gawo

dothi onse anawagawa mitundu yambiri yakuti:

• Rock. Akuimira imodzi chidutswa thanthwe massif. Kodi si kuyamwa chinyontho, si kuchepa, ndipo amaonedwa nepuchinistymi. Foundation pa malo amenewa pafupifupi chimakula. Kuti mulinso dothi coarse miyala, wopangidwa mwa yaikulu zidutswa thanthwe. Zikatero, ngati miyala ali osokonezeka ndi nthaka dongo nthaka imatengedwa slabopuchinistym ngati mchenga - nepuchinistym.
• Chochuluka. Primers ndi zigawo mkhutu kapangidwe zachilengedwe. Mwachidule, adagulung'undisa mu chongopeka. Kumanga pa maziko a chotero kumanga kungakhale, koma poyamba tiyenera kuchita ndondomeko monga compaction nthaka.
• Clay. Zigwirizana particles chabwino kwambiri (osakwana 0.01 mm), bwino kuyamwa madzi ndi distending ankaona. Kuchepa pakhomo pa dothi amenewa ndi wamphamvu kwambiri kuposa pa miyala ndi mchenga. dothi onse dongo anawagawira monga loam, mchenga loam ndi dongo. Zikuphatikizapo kuphatikizapo loess.
• Sand. Amakhala particles lalikulu la mchenga (5 mm). Wothinikizidwa dothi amenewa ndi ofooka kwambiri, koma kudya. Choncho, nyumba zomangidwa pa iwo, chafufumimba pa akuya osaya. dothi Sandy ali m'magulu malinga ndi tinthu kukula. The zapansi yabwino ankaona gravelly mchenga (particles kuchokera 0,25 5 mm).
• Quicksands. dothi Silty ladzala ndi madzi. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu madambo. Kumangira nyumba monga osayenera.

Gawo otere anachita malinga ndi mitundu GOST. Primers amayesedwa mu m'galasi kuti tipeze thupi ndi makina makhalidwe. Kafukufuku Awa ndi maziko kuwerengetsa mphamvu maziko kwa nyumba. Malinga GOST 25100-95, dothi onse anawagawa miyala ndi neskalnye, subsidence ndi kudzasokonezeka, saline ndipo sanali saline.

Waukulu maonekedwe

Mu zofufuza zasayansi kudziwa magawo ngati wa dothi:

• Chinyezi.
• Porosity.
• Plasticity.
• Osalimba.
• The tinthu osalimba.
• modulus.
• Kukameta ubweya kukana.
• Mbali ya particles kukhululukirana.

Kudziwa osalimba a particles akhoza mtima, ndi chizindikiro monga kulemera enieni nthaka. Iwo masamu, poyamba pa zonse, kudziwa zikuchokera mineralogical a dziko lapansi. Mfundo ndi kuti organic zambiri particles m'nthaka, m'munsi mphamvu katundu mwankhanza.

Lomwe dothi akhoza zimachitika ofooka

Ndondomeko wozengereza mayesero zasayansi ndipo watsimikiza ndi GOST. Dothi ndi kuphunzira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zina zapadera. Ntchito nthawi yomweyo ikuchitika yekha ndi akatswiri ophunzitsidwa.

Ngati chifukwa cha mayeso anasonyeza kuti mawotchi ndi thupi makhalidwe a pansi salola kuti mukhale pa izo nyumba ndi nyumba popanda chiopsezo kugwa kapena kuswa umphumphu wa dongosolo la pansi anazindikira ofooka. Kuti anthu kwakukulukulu monga quicksands ndi nthaka chochuluka. Ofooka zambiri chimatengedwa ngati mchenga lotayirira, peat ndi dongo ndi amaposa wa zatsalira organic nthaka.

Ngati pansi pa gawo ofooka, yomanga nthawi kunditumiza ku malo ena ndi maziko abwino. Koma nthawi zina zimenezi sizingatheke. Mwachitsanzo, pa yaing'ono payekha gawo. Pankhaniyi, mwina anaganiza yomanga mulu maziko akuya kuika zigawo wandiweyani. Koma nthawizina izo zimawoneka ndondomeko yoyenera zambiri m'malo kapena kulimbikitsa nthaka. Onse ntchito izi ndalama ndithu mawu a ndalama zonse ndalama ndi nthawi.

M'malo malo: lothandiza

Dongosololi akhoza ikuchitika m'njira ziwiri. Kusankha njira zimadalira akuya zigawo wandiweyani. Ngati ziri zazing'ono, kuwala dothi ndi osauka katundu mwankhanza mphamvu limangolembedwa kuchotsedwa. Kenako, mu wandiweyani wosanjikiza m'munsi chimapangitsa anatsanulira bwino compressible khushoni wa osakaniza mchenga, miyala, miyala ndi zipangizo zofanana. njira wenewu ntchito ngati makulidwe a pansi zofewa pa malo alibe upambana mamita awiri.

Nthawi zina zimachitika kuti malo olimba chiri chakuya kwambiri. Pankhaniyi, khushoni akhoza anaika pa ofooka. Komabe, tiyenera kuchita mawerengedwe ndendende kukula kwake mu ndege yopingasa ndi choimirira. Onse kuposa izo, m'munsi kwambiri yogawa kuthamanga adzakhala katundu pa nthaka ofooka. Kugwiritsa ntchito mapilo amenewa akhoza pa chipangizo cha mitundu yonse ya maziko.

Pamene ntchito ngati yokumba maziko pali chiopsezo kupsinja pilo kulemera kwa nyumbayi. Pankhaniyi, izo basi wayamba tulutsani pakatikati nthaka yofewa kumbali zonse. Chimodzimodzi nyumba prosyadet, ndi omangidwa, tingayambe chiwonongeko cha zanyengo structural. Pofuna kupewa izi, kukafika kutsogolo cushions anaika pepala kuchulukirachulukira. Komanso, iwo kuletsa waterlogging wa mchenga ndi miyala.

Kodi n'zotheka kusintha nthaka m'dera paokha

M'malo dothi pansi maziko ziyenera kuchitika kokha ndi isanafike kafukufuku zogwirizana ndi kuwerengetsera. Kuchita ntchito imeneyi paokha, kumene, sizigwira ntchito. Choncho, nthawi zambiri, adzakhala ndi kuitana akatswiri. Komabe, pomanga nyumba si zodula Mwachitsanzo, chuma, ntchito ya angathe kuchitidwa ndi "ndi diso". Ngakhale chiopsezo, ife sakanati amalangiza, koma chitukuko chonse, tiyeni tiwone mwatsatanetsatane mu ndondomeko pamwamba. Motero, magawo a ntchito mu nkhani iyi ndi izi:

• Yomanga imagwiridwa m'munsi wandiweyani.
• M'ngalande kwa mlingo wa wa yekha maziko tsogolo anatsanulira mchenga sing'anga kukula. Backfill opangidwa zigawo za makulidwe ang'ono ndi aliyense rammer. Pamaso wosindikiza mchenga ayenera wasambitsa ndi madzi. Rammer ayenera idzachitika ngati bwinobwino ngati nkotheka. Mu mchenga sayenera inclusions aliyense, makamaka zikuluzikulu. Nthawi zina ntchito zosakaniza m'malo nthaka-konkire ndi slag.

Kukachitika kuti maziko ntchito yokumba maziko ayenera kukonza padziko kuda nyumba. Izi adzalola pang'ono kuonjezera osalimba a ozungulira khushoni nthaka ndi kupewa izo kuchokera kufinya mbali.

kuti akonze dongosolo ngalande ntchito

Yotsatirayi, ganizirani mmene mungakhalire dongosolo ngalande pa Intaneti. Makoma a chipinda cha pansi chitetezo zabwino phula. Choncho, zochitika za ndondomeko:

• mita kukumba dzenje nyumba. Yomanga amachitidwa pa akuya chomwecho pansi pa maziko kuika. M'lifupi -. About 30 cm otsetsereka ngalande pansi ayenera kukhala osachepera 1 cm 1 mita m'litali.
• Pansi pa ngalande ladzala ndi tamped pyatisantimetrovym wosanjikiza mchenga.
• Anayala pa mchenga ndi geotextile kukonza m'mbali mwa mulu wa dzenje.
• Anatsanulira desyatisantimetrovyh wosanjikiza miyala.
• Amaunjika perforated kuda chitoliro.
• Anatsanulira miyala ake bedi 10 cm.
• Kuphimba "mkate" malekezero a geotextile ndi ulusi iwo.
• Akugona pansi onse, kusiya ngodya ya nyumba manholes.
• Kumapeto kwa chubu okhuta ngakale wolandila. Tengani nthuza muyenera mamita osachepera asanu pa khoma la nyumba.
• Pansi pa dzenje anatsanulira miyala anayamba chidebe pulasitiki ndi mabowo mokhomerera mu pansi.
• Sonyezani chubu mu chidebe.
• Pamwamba pa chitsime ali ndi matabwa wokutidwa ndi dziko lapansi.

Kumene, mu nyumba chiyenera phiri dongosolo m'ngalande.

kulimbitsa dothi Kodi

Popeza m'malo a dothi - ntchito m'malo yolemetsa mtengo, nthawi zambiri m'malo amveke ndondomeko pansi m'munsi maziko. Komabe, njira zosiyanasiyana ungagwiritsidwe. Mmodzi wa ambiri ali tamping nthaka, zimene weniweni kapena akuya. Mbali yoyamba ndi ntchito monga rammer phirilo. Liukitsidwa pansi ndi kuponyedwa pansi kuchokera pamwamba. njira imeneyi kawirikawiri ntchito yokonza ntchito yomanga nthaka chochuluka.

Nato compaction nthaka imagwiridwa ndi thandizo la milu wapadera. Iwo anathamangitsidwa mu nthaka ndi kukokera panja. Una chifukwa udzathiridwa mchenga wouma kapena nthaka-simenti kutsanulira.

The njira matenthedwe

Posankha nthaka phindu zimatengera kwenikweni kapangidwe kake, ndondomeko ya kudziŵa ndi Lamulo GOST. Dothi, gulu limene waperekedwa pamwamba, ambiri amafuna amveke pokhapokha ngati zokhudzana ndi gulu neskalnoy.

Imodzi mwa njira ambiri ndi kupeza ikukhudzana. Izo ntchito ya loess nthaka zimathandiza kulimbitsa akuya pafupifupi 15 m. Pankhaniyi pansi amawapopa kupyolera mu mipope mpweya otentha kwambiri (600-800 madigiri Celsius). Nthawi zina mankhwala matenthedwe dothi yociticka m'njira yosiyana. nthaka nakumba bwino. Kenako inatentha pressurized mankhwala flammable. zitsime Pre munasindikizidwa. Pambuyo mankhwala, nthaka calcined amapeza katundu wa thupi ceramic ndi wotaya luso kusonkhanitsa madzi ndi pathupi.

cementation

Sandy dothi (chithunzi cha mtundu wapatsidwa pansipa) analimbitsa njira yosiyaniranapo - by cementation. Mu nkhani iyi, yatsekera chitoliro imene amawapopa njira simenti-dongo kapena simenti slurry. Nthawi zina njira imeneyi ntchito pomata mong'ambika ndi cavities m'nthaka miyala.

silicification nthaka

Pa mchenga wotitimira, ndi silty mchenga ndi dothi macroporous ndi zambiri ntchito njira silicification. Amveke ndi chitoliro amawapopa njira ya silicate soda ndi mankhwala enaake potaziyamu. Jekeseni tingatani kuti akuya 20 m. The utali wozungulira kafalitsidwe waterglass zambiri ukufika mita imodzi lalikulu. Izi ndi zothandiza kwambiri komanso njira mtengo kwambiri kuti tipeze. Zochepa kulemera kwa nthaka, monga tanenera kale, akulankhula za zili particles organic mu izo. Chotero zikuchokera ndi zikhoza kugwiritsidwa nakweza silicification.

Yerekezerani mtengo m'malo ndi utithandize nthaka

Inde, amveke ntchito ndi mtengo zonse pansi M'MALO. Yerekezerani, tiyeni kuwerengetsa mmene ndalama chilengedwe cha miyala nthaka yokumba pa 1 mita ^3. Sankhani pansi mita kiyubiki mmodzi wa danga ndalama za 7 USD wosweka mwala ndalama ndi $ 10 pa 1 mita ^3. Choncho, m'malo a nthaka yofewa ndalama 7 USD ndi recess kuphatikiza 7 USD kwa chokwawa miyala, kuphatikiza $ 10 yekha miyala. Total 24 USD Kulimbikitsa nthaka ndalama 10-12 USD, lomwe ndi kawiri mtengo.

Kuyambira zonse izi tikhoza mapeto yosavuta. Kukachitika kuti pansi pa chigawo ofooka, kusankha kumanga nyumba kwinakwake. Ngati zimenezi sizingatheke muyenera kuganizira njira za akuika nyumba pa Nyumba Zam'mwamba. Kulimbikitsa ndi malo a nthaka ikuchitika monga yomalizira. Kudziwa kufunika ndondomeko ndi ziyenera motsogozedwa ndi SNIP ndi GOST. Primers, gulu nawonso adatanthauzira mfundo nakweza abwino makamaka zikuchokera njira zawo.