Mfundo za Development Khalidwe

Kuti tiyankhe funso chifukwa ndi mmene chitukuko zachitika, ayenera choyamba, poyankha funso la chimene tikati chitukuko pa Seraya. Mu ntchito wamba a mawu apa, ndithudi, n'chimodzimodzi ndi ungwiro, koma ndi nkhani za sayansi, zili ndi matanthauzo ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, timanena: "ndondomeko kudzitsitsa kusiyana." Kodi tikati izi? Kodi tinganene? Mwachibadwa, kusintha zimenezi sitinganene kuti. Choncho, kuganizira za citukuko anthu, amafuna ena zofotokoza koyamba.

Wokhala m'modzi wa zinthu izi, amene chokha munthu ziphunzitso, koma m'malo - metatheory, kusamalira munthu ngati zinthu zokhudzika ndi chibadidwe cha uzimu wa chilengedwe chonse. Today vutoli ndi nkhani ya Scientology maphunziro, chifukwa chakuti palibe sayansi umodzi wa modernity sangathe kupereka mayankho zochuluka mafunso a kusanduka anthu.

Ngati ife kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kuganizira za mavuto a mwambo, sociological ndi maganizo munda nkhani, tiyenera adzanyamula kukumbukira kuti Mwanjira imeneyi, ife tichita ndi kusanthula kanthu (payekha, mu nkhani iyi), poyamba alipo mu zina boma koyamba.

Chibwenzi, chiphunzitso yotchuka kwambiri ya umunthu chitukuko (kapena cilamulo amazionera, mwachidule ziphunzitso zingapo), ndiwo maganizo kwambiri ndi Komanso ndi insufficiently otukuka. Kusowa chitukuko chifukwa chakuti iwo ali, monga m'modzi wa ofufuza wotchuka kwambiri vutoli, Maslow, "mlingo wapamwamba abstraction."

Timanena ndi kuyang'ana pa ena a iwo.

Psychosexual chiphunzitso cha chitukuko cha munthu (Freud), ngati zinthu lalikulu akanadziŵa chitukuko munthu, zazikulu monga chilakolako maganizo ndi zinthu zovuta za kugonana udindo khalidwe la munthu. Pa nthawi yomweyo Freud ndi otsatira ake magawo zazikulu zisanu chitukuko umunthu.

Mu chiphunzitso ngati chitukuko umunthu monga kusanthula psychosocial, olemba (E.Erikson, El'konin), mosiyana Freud, chitukuko lalikulu kuona mbali chikhalidwe. zinthu lalikulu mu njira iyi ndi mbali umoyo-mbiri, chikhalidwe ndi wauzimu. Motero malinga Erikson, aliyense siteji ya chitukuko anthu amagwirizana ndi kugonjetsa nkhondo makamaka chikhalidwe cha potsata m'badwo, zimayambitsa zakunja ndi zolinga zina zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mikangano sukulu, monga ulamuliro, nthawi zambiri yafupika kuthetsa kusemphana zimene zimachitika achinyamata pakati pa maganizo odzinyozetsa ndi khama, kumvetsa mfundo za ufulu ndi kusadziwa ntchito miyezo ya makhalidwe abwino khalidwe momasuka ichi, etc.

Akuti chitukuko cha umunthu wa wotchuka French maganizo ndiponso wophunzitsa Jean Piaget muyezo waukulu wa chitukuko anatsimikiza ndi aluntha, dera chidziwitso, choncho maganizo Piaget dzina lake chidziwitso. Kutchuka makamaka mfundo imeneyi anapeza pa nkhani ya sayansi ndi otchuka Soviet pedology Vygotsky. Nkhani ya zokambirana inali nkhani ya maphunziro pulayimale ndi sekondale, ndi chitukuko. Malinga Piaget, aliyense instar lili ena malire kutipanikiza a ubongo chidziwitso anthu.

Vygotsky ndipo otsatira ake ndi - PP Blonsky ndi AN Leontiev - mu chimango cha ntchito za chiphunzitso umunthu ankanena kuti malire pafupifupi kuthana ndi thandizo la zinthu zina, kodi kuchita makamaka maphunziro ndi maphunziro.

L. Kohlberg, zochokera maganizo a Piaget anayamba chiphunzitso cha chitukuko, i zofunika zizindikiro ndi makhalidwe abwino. Iwo ananena kuti pali kugwirizana pakati pa ozindikira ndipo abwino. Mwanjira imeneyi, anatsindika predkonventsionalny ndi magawo postconventional chitukuko munthu, amene, monga mwa oimira kuphunzitsa, anamaliza zaka 25.

Behaviouristic kapena khalidwe chiphunzitso (L. Kolberg) asamalira chitukuko cha munthu monga ndondomeko okhazikika cha kuchuluka komanso kukweza akonzedwa ake udindo, amene zimatheka ndi maphunziro.

Mchitidwe chiphunzitso (Rogers, Maslow) amaona kuti munthu kutha palokha wa anthu onse. Maganizo awo, zovuta kukhazikitsa regularities mu mphamvu ya chotero chodabwitsa zovuta, umene ndi umunthu, umunthu. Kotero iye (munthu) ndi kudzidalira, kukhala motsatira malamulo yake ya chilengedwe, mu mfundo za chitukuko zomwe sayenera kulowerera pa onse, likhoza mogwirizana nacho.

Pakali pano, pali zachitika masomphenya chitukuko cha nkhani munthu. Komanso kumvetsa mwayi komanso maluso munthu kusintha mofulumira, ndi zina zikusintha ndi kuzindikira njira izi. maganizidwe amenewa kuganizira chabe mbali zina za chitukuko munthu.