Mbiri ya matelefoni: zikamera ndi kukula

Telephony nkhani ndi chidwi mu mawonekedwe a atayamba zipangizo zosiyanasiyana, ndipo mwa mawu a magawo a zikuchitika Intaneti kulankhulana a mitundu yosiyanasiyana padziko lonse. Mu mbali zina za mphamvu ya kufala kwa luso yoyenera zikuwoneka chosintha, mu ena amakhala ndi kupata chitukuko cha yunifolomu. ndi mfundo zambiri chidwi za makampani telefoni lonse chiyani?

Amene anapanga telefoni?

Pachikhalidwe, mbiri ya chiyambi telefoni chikugwirizana ndi dzina la Aleksandra Bella, ndi Scottish wobadwa American zatsopano. Ndithudi, wofufuza wotchuka anatenga gawo mwachindunji mu chitukuko cha chipangizo kunachitika zimayambitsa phokoso chapatali. Komabe, pali mfundo kuti kupanga foni ntchito yovuta inali ankaimba ndi okonza ena. Mwachitsanzo, Iogann Filipp Reis, wotchuka German zatsopano, msonkhano wa asayansi wa Physics m'dera unachitika mu 1861, analengeza iye analenga zinachitika chipangizo chamagetsi popereka kulira chapatali. Inalinso dzina la kuyambitsa - "foni", bwino kwa ife lero. Reis m'nthawi Koma chipangizo watengedwa popanda alimbikitsa yoyenera. Koma ndi mfundo yofunika lomwe lili ndi mbiri ya foni yanu.

Patatha zaka 15, ofufuza awiri American, Elisha Gray ndipo dzina lake Aleksandr Bell, akuchita zofuna zawo, anapeza zotsatira za telephony. Onse asayansi, chochititsa chidwi, mu tsiku lomwelo, ndicho 14 February 1876, anakasuma mlandu kwa Maluso anapeza wake. Pankhaniyi dongosolo, amene akhoza kukhala posungira telephony, iwo sizinachitike otukuka. Mwina, Bell kwa 2 hours patsogolo Gray kutsatira, ndipo azambiriyakale ambiri kugwirizana ndi chochitika ichi ndi chakuti mbiri ya foni lero amagwirizana ndi dzina la America.

Kubwera kwa foni loyamba

Dzina lake Aleksandr Bell ankakhala Boston ndi ntchito ndi anthu mavuto ndi kumva ndi kulankhula. Mu 1873 anakhala pulofesa wa Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa pa University Boston. Ndi chikhalidwe cha ntchito zake, ayenera kuti anali katswiri m'munda wa zowulutsira ndipo anali kumva kwambiri.

Mbiri ya foni woyamba analengedwa ndi Aleksandrom Bellom, chikugwirizana, motero ndi ntchito yake. Mwa mfundo zochititsa chidwi zokhudza Kutulukira ndi chipangizo - chimodzimodzi zotsatira telephony wapezeka ndi kafukufuku ndi thandizo mwachindunji wachiwiri wake. Mwachitsanzo, akatswiri ntchito ndi Bell, kamodzi anatulutsa wa mbale wa chipangizo kupatsira amene, monga izo zinkawoneka Bella kupanga rattling. Mwamwayi kafukufuku, ichi chinali chifukwa chakuti chinthu akuchita kutsekedwa nthawi ya kulankhula magetsi.

Pa chifukwa cha mphamvu wapezeka cha dzina lake Aleksandr Bell analenga foni. Iye linakhazikitsidwa ndi lophweka: nembanemba wa khungu, zida ndi kusonyeza mchitidwe kuonjezera voliyumu. chipangizo angathe kupatsira yekha phokoso la mawu, koma zikuoneka kuti zinali zokwanira Maluso chipangizo - chikalata yoyenera, kusunga analembedwa anatulukira pa, Bell analandira March 10, 1876.

History ndi chidwi mafoni ndi mawu yokumba awo malonda. Patapita masiku angapo anayambitsa foni kusinthidwa kuti angathe kupatsira mawu bwino lomveka osiyana. Kenako, dzina lake Aleksandr Bell anasonyeza chipangizo m'dera bizinesi. Unit anapanga ndi maganizo zosaneneka pa malonda a anthu. American zatsopano posachedwa mayina gulu lake, lomwe kenako zinkawayendera bwino.

Woyamba mzere telefoni

mbiri Phone yatsoka ndi kudziwika kwa ife tsopano. Koma chidali chifuniro Bell anatenga muzu tsiku ndi tsiku? Mu 1877 - mu Boston - woyamba foni mzere unayambitsidwa, ndipo mu 1878, ku New Haven - kuwombola telefoni. Mu chaka chomwecho wina wotchuka American zatsopano, Thomas Edison, analenga chitsanzo latsopano chipangizo mawu patali. Mu ake koyilo dongosolo kupatsidwa ulemu alipo, amene kwambiri pa khalidwe la kulankhulana, komanso Talikitsani mtunda wa HIV phokoso.

Chopereka woyamba ku Russia

Mbiri ya foni ndi unagwirizanitsanso ndi maina opanga Russian. Mu 1885 Pavel Mihaylovich Golubitsky zatsopano kuchokera Russia anayamba chiwembu wachibadidwe latsopano kuwombola telefoni, imene mphamvu unaperekedwa kwa zida kuchokera kunja - kuchokera gwero chapakati. Izi zisanachitike, aliyense foni ali zoyendetsedwa ndi AC mphamvu yake kubwereketsa. Mfundo imeneyi walola kuti alenge siteshoni kanthawi kutumikira nambala yaikulu olembetsa - zikwizikwi. Mu 1895, Russian zatsopano Mikhail Filippovich Freudenberg zoperekedwa kwa dziko mfundo kuwombola, kutanthauza polumikizira basi wa wolembetsa wina ndi mzake. Choyamba akuchita PBX polima ku United States mu mzinda wa Augusta.

Development wa mizere kulankhulana Russia

Nkhani ya foni ku Russia chikugwirizana ndi kumanga mizere kwa kufala kwa mgwirizano pakati pa St. Petersburg ndi Malaya Vishera. Mayendedwe woyamba pakati olembetsa Russian mwa anati njira chinachitika mu 1879, mwachitsanzo, zitatha zaka 3 kokha chifukwa cha kutulukira telefoni. Kenako, mmodzi wa oyamba mizere wamba kulankhulana adalumikiza nkhani ya Marina St. George ili Nizhny Novgorod, ndi nyumba za thupi utsogoleri wa Steamship Company "brigade". mzere kutalika anali za 1547 m.

Wokhazikika mumzinda wa telefoni kuphana - mu St. Petersburg, Moscow, ndi Odessa - anayamba ukugwirira ntchito kuyambira 1882. Mu chaka cha 1898, panali mzere wautali, kulumikiza Moscow ndi St. Petersburg. Mbiri ya foni ku Russia ndi chidwi chakuti siteshoni kuti akutumikira njira kulankhulana pakati Moscow ndi St. Petersburg, ndipo pali akugwirabe ntchito. Iwo lili wopha Street ku likulu la Russia.

Luso chitukuko cha matelefoni mu Russian Ufumu anali wakhalidwe labwino kwambiri - Mwachitsanzo, mu 1916 100 Moscow anthu anali avareji 3,7 foni. Mu 1935, kale ku Soviet Union, anali matelefoni onse Moscow ndi siteshoni okwerera sitima. Kuchokera chaka cha 1953, nyumba yonse, mu utumiki ku likulu la Soviet Union, analephera ndi chingwe foni.

mbiri ndi chidwi foni. Izo nthawizonse ndi chidwi kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane. Phunzirani kodi basi anatumizanso lamya matelefoni, taonani mfundo chidwi kwambiri zokhudza chitukuko cha mafoni zipangizo, amene tsopano ali chimodzimodzi mu ankafuna kuposa miyambo.

Kodi mafoni

The oyamba olembedwa kucheza pa foni kudzera njira wailesi, chiwerengero cha makhalidwe chifungulo cha mfundo za a gulu la makono aya ma, unachitika mu 1950 ku Sweden. Sture Laugen zatsopano, pa gudumu la Televerket bwino foni ndi utumiki zolondola nthawi kudzera mtundu ziwalo chipangizo. Ndi nthawi Sture Lauren anakhala zaka zingapo Televerket, chinkhoswe mu chitukuko cha chipangizo chimenechi. Mbiri ya foni ndi unagwirizanitsanso ndi dzina la Ragnar Berglund, Laura anzake.

Cholinga - misa msika

Ndi nthawi ya ntchito Laurenne, amene tanena pamwamba, wailesi telefoni, ngati zimenezi, kale ntchito, koma anali yekhayo amene misonkhano yapadera ndi nyumba asilikali. Televerket kampani ndi cholinga - kulenga chipangizo chilipo kwa nzika iliyonse.

Misa-msika chitukuko Swedish anali kudzipatula mu 1956. Poyamba, iye ntchito kokha m'mizinda awiri - Stockholm ndipo Gothenburg. Pa 1956 izo olumikizidwa kwa olembetsa 26 umene anali n'zosadabwitsa chifukwa cha expensiveness mkulu "foni", mtengo umene unali wofanana ndi mtengo wa galimoto.

Kukula kwa kulankhulana pafoni

Mbiri ya mafoni a zingapo zochititsa amapereka mphamvu ya kufala kwa telephony. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo makina zaka 3 analenga pa mfundo za Aleksandra Bella, opareshoni mwachangu Russia, kwa nthawi yaitali, mafoni sanagwiritse ntchito kufunika chachikulu.

Only mu 1969, atsogoleri a mayiko a msika kutumiza mauthenga Anayamba kuganiza za zimene Zingakhale zabwino mwanjira pogwirizanitsa machitidwe kulankhulana ziwalo. Mwachitsanzo, anali ankaganiza kuti aliyense wolembetsa - ofanana ndi kuliika mafoni eni - adzakhala ake ambiri omwe ndi tsiku, osati mu dziko kumene inakhazikitsa, komanso kunja. Choncho, tingathe kunena kuti mbiri ya foni kwenikweni kuchokera pachiyambi amasonyeza chidwi a m'deralo zomangamanga mu kukhazikitsa akungoyendayenda limaphunzitsa.

Limodzi la woyamba woyamba akamufunsirire kukhazikitsa ntchito luso, amene anapanga pempho zogwirizana - maphunziro a Stockholm zaumisiri School Estaing Myakitolo. Mbiri ya chilengedwe cha foni monga tidziwa chikugwirizana mwachindunji ndi dzina lake. Komabe, chifukwa kukhazikitsa ntchito zosiyana Myakitolo chofunika luso amphamvu kwambiri. Iwo anaonekera okha m'ma 80.

Maukonde woyamba ma

Mbiri foni monga mfundo yodabwitsa: choyamba, Saudi Arabia anakhala m'dziko limene maukonde ma wakhala otukuka. Kumeneko kampani Ericsson, kuti kutenga nawo mbali mu kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo akufuna Myakitolo, mu 1981 zinasaina pangano ntchito yobweretsa misonkhano zogwirizana. Maukonde, amene unayambitsidwa mu Saudi Arabia, anali yodziwika ndi muyezo waukulu - unyinji. Pang'onopang'ono mfundo ma bwino, maukonde inayambanso ku mayiko ena.

Development wa mfundo wamba

Pamene kukula mafoni msika wakhala akamayamba kufunika kukhala mfundo wamba potipatsa zokhudza ntchito. Mu Saudi Arabia, Scandinavia, ndi Benelux wakhala lingaliro anthu ambiri NMT ku Germany nawo C-Netz dongosolo mu UK, France ndi Italy anali zagwiridwa mfundo zawo.

Kubwera kwa GSM

Aphatikizire danga European mafoni, muyezo GSM analengedwa. Iye akhoza kunena, ali odzipereka zabwino za ena mfundo "dziko", choncho, ngakhale popanda vuto, koma Analeredwa ndi gulu luso European mu 1986. Koma choyamba GSM-network polima yekha mu 1990 mu Finland. Kenako, muyezo umenewu wakhala katundu chachikulu kwa Russian aya ma.

Mbiri ya matelefoni - onse ochiritsira ndi ma - ndi amazipanga zosangalatsa. Koma ndi chidwi mmene umisiri kukhala. Tiyeni kuphunzira mmene kusintha mzere ma.

Kukula kwa msika ma

Mu zaka zoyambirira pambuyo kumayambiriro GSM-mfundo ntchito ogula mchitidwe ntchito zogwirizana zinali mtengo kwambiri. Koma m'kupita kwa zipangizo zofunika ntchito ndi Intaneti m'manja, anagwa ndipo anakhala kwenikweni chachikulu. Matelefoni anali bwino, utachepa kukula. Mu 1996, Nokia anayambitsa zoona, mmodzi wa anzeru foni choyamba - chipangizo kudzera lomwe mukhoza kutumiza e-mail, mauthenga a fakisi, ntchito Internet. Mu chaka chomwecho panali buku lomwe wakhala lodziwika bwino StarTac ku LG.

Mafoni ndi mafoni Intaneti

Mu 1997, Philips anapezerapo Kuthetheka foni ndi malire lalikulu kwambiri za moyo batire - za 350 maola. Mu 1998 anaonekera foni akuthwa PMC-1 yamakono, ali ndi zenera logwira. Ankayenera kuti adzakhala mpikisano mwachindunji kwa pamwamba pa chida ku Nokia. Mu 1999, ntchito mafoni anayamba kukhazikitsa WAP luso atsogolere olembetsa Intaneti yam'manja. Mu 2000, panali GPRS muyezo ndi UMTS - mmodzi wa omwe ntchito zomangamanga kwa 3G-Intaneti.

Mu 2009, Swedish kampani TeliaSonera ali anapezerapo woyamba 4G maukonde muyezo wa dziko. Iye poona masiku ambiri ndi lichitidwa ankalimbikitsa ndi ntchito padziko lonse.

mafoni ziyembekezo

ndi sitepe yotsatira mu chitukuko cha mafakitale mafoni chiyani? mbiri foni limasonyeza kuti ogwira yojambula njira angayambe nthawi iliyonse. Zingaoneke kuti muyezo 4G - izi ndi malire a mbali sayansi yamakono. Zingatanthauze kuti deta kutengerapo pa mlingo wa makumi megabits, kwambiri khalidwe kuitana - kumene kungakhale pa mlingo wokwererapo?

Komabe, kutsogolera Laboratories kafukufuku dziko kupitiriza kugwira ntchito mwakhama m'munda wa kusintha kwa luso yam'manja. Mwina posachedwapa m'manja mwa aliyense amene akufuna wolembetsa adzakhala monga zokopa kwa makina amakono wokhalamo, bwanji foni Bella mu zaka 70 za m'ma 19, kapena chipangizo chimene kuitana kwa galimoto pa nambala m'dera Sture Lauren. Ndipo patapita kanthawi ndipo anthu adzakhala kudabwa. Kotero ntchito imeneyi amazipanga zazikulu zamakono.