Matenda a m'mimba. Maonekedwe ndi ntchito ya m'mimba ya munthu

Mimba ya munthu ndiyo malo osungiramo zakudya za thupi. Ngati thupi silinali lofanana ndi mmimba, tikhoza kudya nthawi zonse, osati kangapo patsiku. Amatulutsanso chisakanizo cha asidi, ntchentche ndi michere ya m'mimba yomwe imathandizira kudyetsa ndi kusokoneza chakudya chathu pamene ikusungidwa.

Kuchuluka kwa majeremusi

Kodi munthu amakhala ndi mimba yotani? Ndilozungulira, gulu lopanda. Mimba yamwamuna ili kuti? Ili pamunsi pa chingwe cha kumanzere kwa m'mimba.

Mapangidwe a ziwalo za anthu ndikuti mimba ili pakati pa mimba ndi duodenum.

Mimba ndi mbali yowonjezera ya m'mimba, yomwe ili ndi phokoso la mimba. Mkati mwake muli wokhoma makwinya, omwe timadziwika ngati makwinya (kapena creases). Ndizimene zimaloleza kuti ziwoneke kuti zigawo zazikulu za chakudya zikhoze kuikidwa mmenemo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mchere uzikhala wolimba.

Mu mawonekedwe ndi ntchito, mimba ya munthu ingagawidwe m'magawo anayi:

1. Mthempha imagwirizanitsa mpaka m'mimba m'dera laling'ono lotchedwa cardia. Ndi gawo lopapatiza, lomwe lili ngati chitoliro lomwe limaloŵa m'kati mwake - thupi la m'mimba. Cardia imakhala ndi mankhwala otsika otchedwa sophrase, komanso gulu la minofu yomwe imatuluka kuti isunge chakudya ndi asidi mmimba.

Dipatimenti ya mtima imadutsa m'mimba ya m'mimba, yomwe imapanga gawo lalikulu komanso lalikulu kwambiri.

3. Pamwamba pamtunda ndi malo omwe amadziwika kuti pansi.

4. Pansi pa thupi ndi pylorus. Gawoli limagwirizanitsa mmimba ndi duodenum ndipo lili ndi pyloric sphincter, yomwe imayendetsa chakudya chaching'ono (chyme) kuchokera mmimba mpaka ku duodenum.

Matenda a microscopic m'mimba

Kusanthula kwa microscopic kachitidwe ka m'mimba kumasonyeza kuti ndi opangidwa ndi zigawo zingapo zosiyana za minofu: mucous, submucosal, muscular ndi serous.

Machembedwe

Mkati mwa m'mimba muli mchisa, yomwe ndi minofu yosavuta yomwe imakhala ndi maselo osiyanasiyana a exocrine. Mitsempha yaing'ono, yotchedwa maenje a m'mimba, ili ndi maselo ambiri a exocrine omwe amachititsa mavitamini a m'mimba ndi hydrochloric acid mmimba. Maselo amtunduwu amapezeka mkati mwa mucous nembanemba ndi chapamimba fossa secrete ntchentche kuteteza m'mimba mwachinsinsi. Chifukwa cha kuya kwa maenje amkati, mucous membrane imatha kubisa, zomwe sizitanthauza kuti mucosa ya ziwalo zina za m'mimba.

Pakuya kwa mucous nembanemba pali kuponda kochepa kwa minofu yosalala - mthunzi wovuta. Amapanga mapepala ndikuwonjezera kuyanjana kwa mucosa ndi zomwe zili mmimba.

Padziko lonse mucosa pali gawo lina - submucosa. Amakhala ndi minofu yothandizira, mitsempha ya mitsempha ndi mitsempha. Zosakaniza zogwiritsira ntchito zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe a mucous nembanemba ndikuzilumikiza ndi minofu yosanjikiza. Magazi a submucosa amathandiza kuti makoma a m'mimba akhale ndi zakudya zambiri. Minofu yochuluka m'magulu am'mimba amalamulira m'mimba ndikuyendetsa minofu yosalala ndi kutsekemera kwa zinthu zakuthupi.

Musendedwe wosanjikiza

Mimba yambiri ya m'mimba imadutsa submucosa ndipo imapanga mimba ya m'mimba. Mapepala a minofu ali ndi zigawo zitatu za minofu yosalala . Izi zigawo za minofu yosalala zimalola kuti mimba izigwirizane ndi kusakaniza chakudya ndikuyendetsa kudzera m'magazi.

Serous membrane

Mimba ya m'mimba yozungulira minofuyi imatchedwa serosa, yomwe imapangidwa kuchokera ku maselo ophatikizana omwe amakhala ochepa kwambiri. Chipinda chotchedwa serous chimakhala chosalala, chowongolera ndipo chimaphimba madzi, omwe amadziwika kuti serous fluid. Mvula yosalala ndi yonyowa kwambiri ya serous membrane imathandiza kuteteza mimba kusemphana, pamene ikuwonjezeka nthawi zonse ndi kuyimba.

Matenda a m'mimba tsopano ndi ochepa kwambiri. Zonse zomwe tafotokozedwa pamwambapa, tidzakambirana pang'ono pazithunzi. Koma poyamba tidzamvetsa zomwe ntchito za m'mimba zimagwirira ntchito.

Kusungirako

M'kamwa kameneka, timayaka ndi kudyetsa chakudya cholimba mpaka icho chikhale chofanana ndi mnofu ngati mpira. Tikamaliza mpira uliwonse, umadutsa pang'onopang'ono mpaka kufika m'mimba, kumene umasungidwa pamodzi ndi zakudya zina zonse.

Kuchuluka kwa mimba ya munthu kumasiyana, koma pafupipafupi, ikhoza kukhala ndi malita 1-2 a chakudya ndi zakumwa, zomwe zimathandiza kuchepetsa. Pamene mmimba imatambasula ndi chakudya chochuluka, ikhoza kusunga mpaka 3-4 malita. Kutambasula m'mimba kumapangitsa kuti chimbudzi chikhale chovuta. Popeza simungathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosavuta kuti mugwirizane ndi zakudya, zimapangitsa kuti musamve bwino. Kuchuluka kwa mimba yaumunthu kumadalanso ndi msinkhu komanso chikhalidwe cha thupi.

Pambuyo pa mimba yodzala ndi chakudya, imakhala kwa maola 1-2. Panthawiyi, mimba imapitirizabe kudya, yomwe inayamba m'kamwa, ndipo imalola matumbo, ziphuphu, chikhodzodzo ndi chiwindi kukonzekera kuti ndondomeko ikuyambe.

Kumapeto kwa mimba, mapiritsi a pyloric amayang'anira kayendetsedwe ka chakudya m'matumbo. Monga lamulo, nthawi zambiri amatseka kuti asunge chakudya ndi mimba. Chyme ikakonzeka kuchoka mmimba, sphincter wa mlondayo amatsegula kuti alole chakudya chaching'ono kuti chidutse mu duodenum. Pakutha pa maola 1-2, njirayi imapitsidwanso pang'onopang'ono mpaka chakudya chonse chimadya m'mimba. Chyme yomwe imatulutsa nthawi yaying'ono imathandizira kuti iwonongeke m'zinthu zikuluzikulu komanso kuti chiwerengero cha zakudya chikhale chokwanira m'matumbo.

Zosamala

Mimba imabala ndi kusunga zinthu zingapo zofunika kuti zisawononge chakudya. Mmodzi wa iwo amapangidwa ndi exocrine kapena maselo otchedwa endocrine omwe ali mu mucous nembanemba.

Waukulu exocrine mankhwala a m'mimba ndi chapamimba madzi - chisakanizo cha mucus, hydrochloric acid ndi digestive michere. Msuzi wamphongo wothira chakudya m'mimba kuti amalimbikitsa chimbudzi.

Maselo apadera a exocrine a maselo a mucosa - amphuno, amasungunula m'matumba ndi mitsuko ya m'mimba. Ntchentche imeneyi imafalikira pamphuno kuti iphimbe m'mimba mwa chinsalu chokhala ndi tinthu tambirimbiri, timene timene timakhala ndi asidi komanso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mankhwala a m'mimba amakhalanso ndi mavitoni a bicarbonate, omwe amachititsa kuti pH isayambe kuchepetsa madzi a m'mimba.

Maselo a parietali omwe ali m'matumba a m'mimba amabweretsa zinthu ziwiri zofunika: mkatikati mwa Chinsalu ndi hydrochloric acid. Mkati mwake ndi glycoprotein yomwe imamanga vitamini B12 m'mimba ndikuthandizira kuti ikhale yotenga m'mimba. Vitamini B12 ndi mchere wofunika kwambiri popanga maselo ofiira a magazi.

Asidi m'mimba ya munthu amateteza thupi lathu mwa kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe alipo mu chakudya. Zimathandizanso kukumba mapuloteni, kuwasandutsa mu mawonekedwe apangidwe, omwe mosavuta amakonzedwa ndi michere. Pepsin - puloteni yomwe imayambitsa mapuloteni, imangowonjezera pokhapokha atakhudzidwa ndi hydrochloric acid mmimba.

Maselo akulu, komanso m'mabenje a m'mimba, amapanga mavitamini awiri a m'mimba: pepsinogen ndi chapamimba lipase. Pepsinogen ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti puloteni isakhale ndi mphamvu kwambiri, imene imatulutsa mapuloteni ambiri a puloteni - pepsin. Popeza pepsin imatha kuwononga maselo akulu, omwe amawulutsa, amawabisa ngati pepsinogen, kumene si owopsa. Pamene pepsinogen imayanjanitsidwa ndi acidic pH factor yomwe ili m'mimba ya asidi, imasintha mawonekedwe ndipo imakhala yowonjezereka ya pepsin, yomwe imatembenuza mapuloteni kukhala amino acid.

Gastric lipase ndi puloteni yomwe imayaka mafuta, kuchotsa mafuta a asidi kuchokera ku triglyceride molecule.

G-maselo a m'mimba - maselo a endocrine ali pamunsi mwa maenje a m'mimba. Ma maselo a G amachititsa kuti tizirombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, amino acid m'mimba mwa mapuloteni oyamwa kapena kutambasula makoma a m'mimba nthawi ya chakudya. Gastrin imadutsa m'magazi kupita ku maselo osiyanasiyana m'mimba, ndipo ntchito yake yaikulu ndikumangirira kwa mimba ndi minofu m'mimba. Zotsatira za gastrin pa gland zimabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa kusungunuka kwa mimba yamadzi, yomwe imapangitsa kuti chimbudzi chikhale bwino. Kulimbikitsidwa kwa minofu yosalala ndi gastrin kumalimbikitsa kupweteka kwakukulu kwa m'mimba ndi kutsegula kwa pyloric sphincter kusuntha chakudya mu duodenum. Gastrin ingathandizenso maselo mu kapangidwe ndi chifuwa cha ndulu, kumene kumawonjezera kutsekemera kwa madzi ndi bile.

Monga mukuonera, mavitamini a m'mimba amachita ntchito zofunika kwambiri mu chimbudzi.

Kusungunula

Kudya m'mimba kungagawidwe m'magulu awiri: makina komanso mankhwala osakaniza. Kugwilitsika nchito kwa magetsi sikutanthauza kugawanika kwa chakudya chochuluka m'zigawo zing'onozing'ono, ndipo kusungunuka kwa mankhwala ndikutembenuka kwa mamolekyu akuluakulu kukhala maselo ang'onoang'ono.

• Kusakaniza kwa magetsi kumachitika chifukwa cha kusakaniza kwa makoma a m'mimba. Mgwirizano wake wa minofu yofewa, kotero kuti mbali zina za zakudya zimaphatikizidwa ndi madzi a m'mimba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mpweya wambiri.

• Ngakhale kuti chakudya chimasakanizidwa ndi madzi a m'mimba, michere yomwe imapezeka mkati mwake imagawanitsa mamolekyu aakulu kukhala magulu ang'onoang'ono. Gastric lipase imatsuka mafuta a triglyceride a mafuta acids ndi diglycerides. Pepsin amathyola mapuloteni kukhala ang'onoang'ono amino acid. Kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala kumayambira m'mimba sikumatha mpaka chyme imalowa m'matumbo.

Koma ntchito za m'mimba za munthu sizingokhala chimbudzi.

Mahomoni

Ntchito ya m'mimba imayang'aniridwa ndi mahomoni angapo omwe amachititsa kuti mimba ikhale yam'mimba komanso kutulutsa chakudya mu duodenum.

• Gastrin, yopangidwa ndi G-maselo m'mimba, imapangitsa ntchito yake kuwonjezereka, kukulitsa kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi opatsa mimba, kupweteka kwa mitsempha ndi chifuwa chotsitsa pogwiritsa ntchito sphincter ya pylorus.

• Cholecystokinin (CCK) imapangidwa ndi mucosa wa duodenum. Ndi mahomoni omwe amachepetsa kuchepa kwa m'mimba mwa kuchepetsa pyloric sphincter. SCS imatulutsidwa poyankha chakudya chokhala ndi mapuloteni ndi mafuta, omwe ndi ovuta kwambiri kukumba ndi thupi lathu. SSC imalola kuti zakudya zizisungidwe m'mimba nthawi yaitali kuti zisawonongeke kwambiri komanso zimapatsa nthawi kansalu ndi chikhodzodzo kuti zimasule tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

• Kupanga - mahomoni ena opangidwa ndi mucosa wa duodenum, amakhudzidwa ndi acidity ya chyme yomwe imalowa m'mimba m'mimba. Secretin imadutsa m'magazi kupita m'mimba, kumene imachepetsanso kupanga chapamimba chamadzi ndi exocrine glands za mucous nembanemba. Chinsinsi chimathandizanso kupanga madzi ndi madzi, omwe ali ndi ma-bicarbonate ions omwe amaletsa asidi. Cholinga cha secretin ndi kuteteza m'matumbo ku zotsatira zovulaza za chyme acid.

Mimba: nyumba

Mwachizoloŵezi, tadzidziŵika kale ndi kutengera ndi ntchito za m'mimba ya munthu. Tiyeni tigwiritse ntchito mafanizo kuti tiwone kumene mimba ya munthu ndi yomwe imapangidwira.

Chithunzi 1:

Chiwerengerochi chikuwonetsa m'mimba mwa munthu amene mawonekedwe ake angaganizidwe mwatsatanetsatane. Nazi izi:

1 - esophagus; 2 - kuchepetsedwa kwapopugeal sphincter; 3 - cardia; 4- thupi la m'mimba; 5 - pansi pa mimba; 6 - memphane ya serous; 7 - wosanjikiza; 8 - wosanjikiza wosanjikiza; 9 - wosanjikiza oblique; 10 - kupindika kwakukulu; 11 - mapepala a mucosa; 12 - kutuluka kwa pylorus ya m'mimba; 13 - njira ya pylorus ya m'mimba; 14 - sphincter ya pylorus ya mmimba; 15 - duodenum; 16 - wodikira pachipata; 17 - kupopera kwazing'ono.

Chithunzi 2:

M'chifanizo ichi, chibadwa cha mimba chikuwoneka bwino. Ziwerengero ndi izi:

1 - esophagus; 2 - pansi pa mimba; 3 - thupi la m'mimba; 4 - kupindika kwakukulu; 5; 6 - mlonda wa pachipata; 7 - duodenum; 8 - kupopera kwazing'ono; 9 - cardia; 10 - gastroesophageal esophagus.

Chithunzi 3:

Zimasonyeza momwe thupi limakhalira komanso malo ake am'mimba. Ziwerengero zikufanana ndi:

1 - gulu lapamwamba la ma lymph node; 2 - gulu la pancreatic; 3 - gulu la pyloric; 4 - gulu la pansi pa mapiritsi a pyloric.

Chithunzi 4:

Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa kapangidwe ka khoma la mmimba. Nazi zizindikiro:

1 - serum membrane; 2 - kutalika kwa thupi; 3 - mitsempha yozungulira; 4 - memphane yamkati; 5 - kutalika kwa mitsempha ya mucosa; 6 - zozungulira minofu ya mucosa; 7 - epithelium yamtundu wa mucosa; 8 - mitsempha ya m'magazi; 9 - chapamimba gland.

Chithunzi 5:

Inde, mawonekedwe a ziwalo za munthu mu chiwerengero chotsiriza sichiwonekera, koma momwe chiwerengero cha mmimba mu thupi chingaganizire.

Chithunzi ichi ndi chodabwitsa kwambiri. Sichimaimira momwe thupi la munthu limakhalira kapena chinachake monga choncho, ngakhale kuti zigawo zina zimatha kuganiziridwa. Chiwerengerochi chikuwonetsa zomwe zimapweteketsa mtima ndi zomwe zimachitika ndi izo.

1 - esophagus; 2 - kuchepetsedwa kwapopugeal sphincter; 3 - kusamvana m'mimba; 4 - chapamimba cha asidi pamodzi ndi zomwe zili mkati zimatuluka m'mimba; 5 - kuyaka kutentha m'chifuwa ndi mmero.

Chowonadi, chithunzicho chikuwonetsa momveka zomwe zimachitika ndi kupweteka kwa mtima ndipo palibe kufotokoza kwina kofunikira.

Mimba ya munthu, zithunzi zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa, ndi chiwalo chofunikira kwambiri m'thupi lathu. Popanda izo mukhoza kukhala ndi moyo, koma moyo umenewu sungathe kubwezeretsa. Mwamwayi, m'masiku athu, mavuto ambiri angapewe, pokhapokha nthawi ndi nthawi akuchezera gastroenterologist. Matendawa amatha nthawi yomweyo. Chinthu chachikulu sichichedwa kuchepetsa ulendo wopita kuchipatala, ndipo ngati chinachake chikukhumudwitsa, ndiye kuti nthawi yomweyo mufunsane ndi katswiri uyu ali ndi vuto.