Mankhwala soda zitsulo ndi ntchito

Kuyambira onse a dongosolo nthawi ya zinthu ndi gulu lalikulu la zitsulo. Soda, zamchere lapansi, amphoteric, chosakhalitsa, nyukiliya - kwambiri a iwo. zitsulo onse mbali yofunika osati chikhalidwe ndi moyo kwachilengedwenso anthu, komanso m'mafakitale zosiyanasiyana. Osati kanthu kuti XX atumwi ena amati "chitsulo".

Zitsulo: makhalidwe ambiri

zitsulo onse amaphatikizidwa ndi mankhwala ndi thupi katundu wamba, chimene iwo mosavuta wosiyana zipangizo sanali zachitsulo. Mwachitsanzo, kophimba galasi dongosolo zimawathandiza kukhala:

• magetsi ochititsa panopa;
• chabwino ochititsa kutentha;
• malleable ndi ductile;
• cholimba ndi chonyezimira.

Kumene, pali kusiyana pakati pawo. Ena zitsulo kuwala siliva mtundu, ena - kwambiri matte woyera, ndipo ena - onse wofiira ndi wachikasu. Komanso, pali kusiyana mu mawu a madutsidwe matenthedwe ndi magetsi. Komabe, izi magawo - sizachilendo kwa zitsulo onse, pamene sanali zitsulo kusiyana kuposa kufanana.

Malinga ndi chikhalidwe mankhwala zitsulo onse - kuchepetsa wothandizira. Malinga anachita ndi zinthu zenizeni akhoza kuchita wothandizila monga oxidizing, koma kawirikawiri. zinthu ambiri amatha kupanga. The mankhwala zitsulo zimachitika mwachibadwa mu chiwiya mu zikuchokera kwa miyala kapena mchere, mchere ndi mitundu ina. Mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa zitsulo ndi zonse zabwino, angakhale zonse (zotayidwa, sodium, calcium) kapena variable (chromium, chitsulo, mkuwa, manganese).

Ambiri a iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito monga zipangizo zomangira nyumba ntchito zosiyanasiyana za sayansi.

mankhwala zitsulo

Mwa awa akhoza kutchulidwa makalasi zikuluzikulu za zinthu zomwe ndi mankhwala a mogwirizana zitsulo ndi zinthu zina ndi mankhwala.

1. Oxides, hydrides, nitrides, silicides, phosphides, ozonides, carbides, sulphides ndi ena - bayinare mankhwala omwe si zitsulo, nthawi zambiri a kalasi ya mchere ya (kupatula oxides ndi).
2. Hydroxides - ambiri chilinganizo Ine ^{+ ×} (o) _x.
3. Salt. Zitsulo mankhwala ndi zatsalira acidic. Kodi kukhala osiyana:

• sing'anga;
• wowawasa;
• awiri;
• zazikulu;
• zovuta.

4. mankhwala zitsulo ndi zinthu organic - organometallic dongosolo.

5. mankhwala The zitsulo ndi mzake - kasakaniza wazitsulo amene analandira m'njira zosiyanasiyana.

Embodiments zitsulo mankhwala

Zinthu zimene zitsulo ziwiri zosiyana mwina onse zambiri, lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika motere:

• kasakaniza wazitsulo;
• awiri salt;
• zovuta mankhwala;
• intermetallic mankhwala.

Njira zitsulo mankhwala pamodzi zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito kasakaniza wazitsulo kusungunuka njira zophatikiza ndi kulimbitsa mankhwala chifukwa.

Intermetallics anapanga chifukwa zochita mwachindunji mankhwala pakati pa zitsulo, nthawi zambiri zikuchitika ndi kuphulika (monga nthaka ndi faifi tambala). Kuti njira zimenezi zinthu zapadera: kutentha kwambiri, kuthamanga, zingalowe, kusowa mpweya ndi ena.

salt kawiri ndi mankhwala zovuta akhoza kupangidwa pamene kukhetsa njira ya zipangizo yoyambira, komanso maphatikizidwe awo.

Kupanga zitsulo zimasonyezanso kugwirizana pakati pawo. Kuchita izi, ntchito njira monga:

• kuwotcherera (mpweya, magetsi, ndi zina zotero);
• brazing osiyanasiyana solders;
• ulusi;
• riveting.

The chikhalidwe chachikulu - ndi kulenga mankhwala akhoza kukhala kugonjetsedwa ndi dzimbiri ndi imene padzakhala matabwa ndi zosafunika ming'alu.

mankhwala soda zitsulo ndi ntchito

Otchedwa zinthu soda mu subgroup loyamba la gulu lalikulu la dongosolo nthawi. Pali 6 okha ndipo imachitika anali pafupifupi onse pa nthawi imodzi yaing'ono nthawi imeneyi. Mu mawonekedwe a zinthu yosavuta m'chilengedwe zinthu izi sanalembedwepo.

Chifukwa reactivity mkulu ntchito yovuta kwambiri ndi oopsa kwa iwo. Kotero ife tinali kuyesetsa kuti kuziimika mu mawonekedwe woyera. Kale anthu anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo mankhwala osiyanasiyana soda. Ena a iwo akhala kuyambira nthawi zakale ndipo sindinataye kufunika ndi kugwirizana lero. Iwo ntchito zomangamanga, zomangamanga, mankhwala, adzasowa chakudya, makampani mankhwala, zitsulo, luso lopanga, ulimi, ndi m'madera ena ambiri chuma. The akuluakulu ali tione.

Mitundu ya mankhwala zitsulo soda ndi zitsulo zina a magulu:

• intermetallic mankhwala;
• zovuta mankhwala;
• awiri salt.

oxides

Zitsulo onse soda pa kuyaka yachibadwa mu mpweya kupereka okusayidi angathe lifiyamu yekha. Otsala chionetsero ntchito kwambiri, choncho kupanga peroxides Ine ₂ O _2. Wa peroxides kumeta zitsulo okusayidi ophweka akhoza zopezera mawonekedwe yachibadwa mankhwala Ine ₂ O. oxygen zitsulo soda ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

1. Okusayidi wa lifiyamu, potaziyamu ndi sodium wochuluka - woyera crystalline ufa.
2. Rubidium - chikasu mitundu okusayidi.
3. Cesium - lalanje.

Munda waukulu wa ntchito - makampani mankhwala. Soda oxides zitsulo anatani ndi madzi kupanga zofunika pawiri - soda. Mundawu ndi chifukwa dzina la gulu la zinthu. Mankhwala a soda - oxides zitsulo - mbali chabe ya kulemera kwambiri ndi zofunika zinthu okwana amene ali ndi zinthu izi.

Hydroxide (soda)

The mankhwala zitsulo soda gidroksogrupp otchedwa soda kapena hydroxides. Onsewo - chinthu caustic kwambiri kuti mosavuta kuwononga pafupifupi nkhani iliyonse. Izi ndi zoona makamaka zimakhala nyama. Choncho ntchito ndi alkalis ayenera kusamala kwambiri kwambiri mankhwala amayaka angayambe pa nsonga ya kukhudzana ndi khungu.

The wodziwika mwa mankhwala soda ndi caustic koloko, kapena hydroxide ndi sodium. pawiri wakhala kuyambira nthawi zakale, kumene yotengedwa phulusa la zomera ndi ntchito sopo kupanga ndi kutsuka zovala. Chemical chilinganizo - NaOH. Today caustic koloko imatulutsa zedi m'mayiko onsewa, kuyambira popanda kutenga mbali yake sachita pafupifupi munthu wina nthambi ya ulimi. Izo ntchito:

• makampani mafuta;
• mu zodzikongoletsera ndi popanga mafutawa;
• mankhwala kaphatikizidwe;
• kwa kupanga detergents ndi mankhwala oyeretsera, abrasives;
• mu chikopa ndi nsalu mafakitale ndi zina.

miyala ina ku gulu la mtundu zamchere si lofunika kwambiri ndi wamba soda. More kapena zochepa n'kofunika yekha potaziyamu hydroxide - KOH, amene amadziwika kuti potashi caustic.

salt

mankhwala amenewa ndi zitsulo soda, monga salt, osati pafupifupi ankati mankhwala, komanso pano mu thupi la zamoyo, kukhala umoyo zawo.

Mchere ndi ofunika kwambiri, kumene, sodium mankhwala enaake. Imeneyi tebulo mchere, amene ali pano mu m'nyumba iliyonse ndi kuti si kofunika makamaka chifukwa cha kuwanda mkulu. Komabe, ngati ife kulingalira kuti iye mwadzidzidzi Mwamsanga, pali anthu ochepa zotulukapo pyakwanga. zakudya Unsalted ndi zovuta kusiya izo zimayambitsa mavuto mpaka kalekale, popeza thupi sangathe kulowa ayoni ndi sodium wochuluka zofunika ziwiya mtima ndi magazi.

Chinanso chofunika soda zitsulo mankhwala - ndi carbonate. Makamaka carbonate ndi sodium wochuluka bicarbonate, amene atchedwa koloko wamba. Izo ntchito mu kupanga galasi, chifukwa zotsimikizira detergents. Koloko mukhoza bwinobwino kuyeretsa mbale. Iwo ali wabwino masaka, masaka, kuyeretsa ndi oyeretsa katundu. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito makampani chakudya, makamaka mu ntchito Confectionery ndi buledi. Ndi izo yophika sopo kulenga detergents.

Koloko, mchere ndi caustic - izi mankhwala onse soda zitsulo m'chilengedwe. Alipo mu mawonekedwe woyera, kupanga madipoziti kapena gawo pa zinthu kuyaka zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Nthawizina iwo amafika njira zasayansi. Koma nthawi zonse zinthu izi ndi zofunika ndipo wapatali, monga anazungulira munthu ndi kutiumba moyo wake.

zitsulo mankhwala soda ndi ntchito suthera ndi sodium. Ndi wamba ndi otchuka m'minda ya zachuma, salt monga:

• mankhwala enaake potaziyamu;
• Potaziyamu nitrate (nitrate potaziyamu);
• carbonate potaziyamu;
• Sulphate.

Onsewo ndi lofunika mchere feteleza ntchito ulimi.

zitsulo zamchere lapansi - mankhwala ndi ntchito

gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo zinthu za gulu lachiwiri la gulu lalikulu la zinthu mankhwala. zonse makutidwe ndi okosijeni mkhalidwe wawo wa +2. Izi yogwira kuchepetsa wothandizila, mosavuta amachitira ndi ambiri zinthu yosavuta mankhwala. Kuonetsa katundu zonse mmene zitsulo: gloss, malleability, matenthedwe ndi madutsidwe magetsi.

Ofunika kwambiri ndi zofanana magnesium ndi calcium. Beryllium limasonyeza amphoteric, barium ndi rediamu ndi zinthu kawirikawiri. Onse a iwo amatha kupanga mitundu zotsatirazi polumikizana:

• intermetallic;
• oxides;
• hydrides;
• salt bayinare (mankhwala ndi nonmetals);
• hydroxides;
• mchere (awiri, zovuta, m'maderawo zofunika, sing'anga).

Taganizirani mankhwala ofunika kwambiri mfundo za maganizo ndi ntchito yawo.

magnesium ndi kashiamu salt

Izi zamchere lapansi zitsulo mankhwala monga salt, ndi ofunika kwambiri kwa zamoyo. Ndipotu, kashiamu salt ndi gwero la chinthu ichi mu thupi. Ndipo popanda izo sizingakhale zachilendo mapangidwe mafupa, mano, nyanga, nyama, ziboda, tsitsi ndi odula, ndi zina zotero.

Choncho, mchere ambiri, ndi zamchere lapansi zitsulo ndi kashiamu carbonate. maudindo ena:

• choko;
• nsangalabwi;
• anajambulapo;
• dolomite.

Ntchito osati monga katundu ayoni kashiamu mu zamoyo, koma monga chuma nyumba, zipangizo makampani mankhwala, makampani zodzoladzola, galasi ndi zina zotero.

Chotero mankhwala zitsulo zamchere lapansi monga sulfates, zili zofunikira. Mwachitsanzo, barium sulphate (dzina zachipatala "barite phala") ntchito Radiology. kashiamu sulphate mu mawonekedwe a crystalline - ndi gypsum, lomwe likupezeka mu chikhalidwe. Izo ntchito mankhwala, zomangamanga, mitundu amatha kuumba.

Phosphors zitsulo zamchere lapansi

zinthu izi kuyambira Zapakati. Poyamba, iwo anawaitana phosphors. Dzinali lerolino. Ndi chikhalidwe chawo, izi mankhwala - ndi mankhwala enaake a sulfide, strontium, barium, calcium.

Pa mankhwala ena, amatha kusonyeza katundu phosphorescent, ndi chowala wokongola kwambiri ku ofiira owala wofiirira. Izo ntchito mu kupanga zizindikiro msewu, yunifolomu ndi zinthu zina.

mankhwala ovuta

Zinthu monga zinthu ziwiri kapena zambiri zosiyana zachitsulo za chilengedwe, - mankhwala zitsulo zovuta. Nthawi zambiri, ali madzi, ndi Madontho okongola ndi zokongola. Ntchito umagwirira mawunikidwe kwa kudziwika Mkhalidwe wa ayoni.

zinthu zina amatha kupanga soda ndi zamchere zitsulo osati dziko lapansi komanso zina zonse. Pali hydroxo, Aqua maofesi ndi ena.