"Makoswe" - matenda akale. Utagwa mliri. Mliri cha m'ma XIV: zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira

"Makoswe" - matenda, amene panopa nthano. Ndipotu, otchedwa mliri wa nthenda imeneyi kugunda Ulaya, Asia, Africa North ndi ngakhale Greenland m'zaka 14. Kudwala atuluka advantageously mu mawonekedwe a makoswe. Kupititsa cholinga cha matenda wakhala ndi Gobi chipululu. Kodi malo awa, ambiri adziwe. Gobi limabweretsa Europe ndi ku Asia. Black nyanja izo zinayambira kumeneko chifukwa cha zimene zinachitika Little Ice Age, amene anapereka kutsogolera kwa kusintha kwa nyengo lakuthwa ndi woopsa.

Utagwa mliri ankanena miyoyo ya anthu 60 miliyoni. Pa nthawi yomweyo, m'madera ena chiwerengero cha imfa anafika magawo awiri a anthu. Chifukwa unpredictability matendawa, komanso kulephera nthawi kuchiritsa, maganizo a chipembedzo anachuluka pakati pa anthu. Izo zinali ponseponse kukhulupirira mphamvu apamwamba. Pa nthawi yomweyo tinayamba kuzunza otchedwa "poisoners", "mfiti", "mfiti" amene, monga mwa otentheka achipembedzo, potsiriza mliri pa anthu.

Nthawiyi anapita mu mbiri monga nthawi ya anthu akuchedwa, amene yomweyo mantha, udani, kukhulupirirana ndi zikhulupiriro zambiri. Ndipotu mliri wa makoswe utagwa, ndithudi, pali kufotokoza sayansi.

Mfundo za chiyambi cha mliri wa makoswe

Pamene mbiri yakale kufunafuna malowedwe a matenda ku Ulaya, iwo anakakhala pa view kuti panali nthenda Tatarstan. More ndendende, iwo unabweretsa Chitata.

Mu 1348, Crimea Chitata lotsogoleredwa ndi Khan Janybekov pa mafunsidwe a Genoese linga Kafa (Feodosia) kuponyera mmbuyo matupi a anthu kale anafa mliriwo. Pambuyo ufulu, kwa Ulaya anayamba kusiya mzinda, kufalitsa matenda ku Ulaya.

Koma otchedwa "Mliri Tatarstan" anali kanthu kuposa nkhambakamwa za anthu amene sindikudziwa momwe kufotokoza mwadzidzidzi ndi wakupha inayamba "imfa wakuda."

chiphunzitso analephera chifukwa zinadziwika kuti mliri si opatsirana pakati pa anthu. N'kutheka kuti ali ndi makoswe ang'ono kapena tizilombo.

Izi "ambiri" chiphunzitso wakhalapo kwa ndithu nthawi yayitali ndipo muli zambiri zinsinsi. Ndipotu, nthenda zaka za m'ma 14, monga kunapezeka kenako, anayamba zifukwa zingapo.

zimayambitsa Natural cha mliri wa

Kupatula pa kusintha mwadzidzidzi nyengo Europe ndi ku Asia, inayamba mliri wa makoswe anali yoyamba zifukwa zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe. Pakati pawo:

• chilala pa dziko lonse la China, omwe Pambuyo misa njala;
• mu Henan chachikulu nkhondo ya dzombe ;
• mu Beijing kwa nthawi yaitali chogwidwa ndi mvula ndi mphepo.

Ngati "Mliri wa Justinian," monga iwo akutchedwa mliri woyamba "wakuda imfa" anaona anthu pambuyo masoka misa. Iye anapita pa njira yomweyo monga kuloŵedwa m'malo.

chitetezo chokwanira kwa anthu chikwiyire ndi zinthu zachilengedwe utachepa kwachititsa kuti matenda misa. Ngoziyi wafika magawo oterowo kuti atsogoleri a mipingo amayenera kutsegula malo anthu wodwala.

Mliri Ages Middle analinso ndi umoyo ndi zachuma maziko.

zimayambitsa umoyo ndi zachuma utagwa mliri

zinthu Natural akhoza imfayo mliri wa mliri paokha aakulu chotero. Iwo pogwiritsa ngati prerequisites umoyo ndi zachuma:

• ntchito asilikali France, Spain, Italy;
• ulamuliro wa Mongol-Chitata goli pa mbali ya kum'mawa kwa Ulaya;
• kuzikonzanso malonda;
• kukula mofulumira umphawi;
• kwambiri anthu kachulukidwe.

Chinthu china chofunika kuti chikwiyire nkhondo ya mliri, anali chikhulupiriro, kutanthauza kuti wathanzi anthu a chikhulupiriro tiyenera kutsukidwa monga infrequently ngati nkotheka. Malinga ndi oyera a nthawi, kuganizira za mwini maliseche a mtembo wake wa munthu amalowa mayesero. Mipingo ina ndi choncho zinapatsira otsatira a maganizo, amene si kumizidwa m'madzi, konse mu moyo wanga wonse wamkulu.

Ulaya m'zaka za m'ma 14 anali suona mphamvu woyera. Anthu satsatira kutaya zinyalala. Zinyalala mwazisiya mwachindunji ku mazenera, dishwater ndi nkhani za miphika chipinda unatsanuliridwa pamsewu, pali ukuwukha magazi a ziweto. Izo zonse kenako anagwera mu mtsinje umene anthu kutenga madzi kuphika ndipo ngakhale kumwa.

Ngati "Mliri wa Justinian," "Makoswe" anali amayamba ndi ambiri makoswe kuti moyo pafupi zedi ndi anthu. Mu mabuku a nthawi mungapeze zolemba zambiri zoyenera zimene ayenera kuchita ngati kulumidwa nyama. Monga mukudziwa, makoswe ndi marmots - ndi matenda, kotero anthu anali mantha ngakhale mmodzi wa mtundu wawo. Pofuna kuthetsa makoswe ambiri aiwala zonse, kuphatikizapo banja lake.

Kodi izo zonse zinayamba

Mfundo ya chiyambi cha matenda panali Gobi chipululu. Kodi malo amene unali wofunika atangochimwa osadziwika. Amaganiza kuti Chitata linkakhala pafupi ananena kusakasaka marmots, amene ali ndi mliri. Chikuzika nyama ndi ubweya wa nyama. Izi zikachitika, nthenda amavutika.

makoswe ambiri chifukwa chilala ndi mavuto ena nyengo siili anasiya malo awo ndipo anasamukira pafupi kwa anthu, kumene iwo akanakhoza kupeza chakudya kwambiri.

Hebei Province mu China zowawa choyamba. Pali anapha pafupifupi 90% ya anthu. Ichi ndi chifukwa china chimene wafunsira kuganiza kuti zikamera cha mliri chikwiyire Chitata. Iwo amadziwika silika Road kunyamula matenda naye.

Ndiye mliri adamukhudza India, ndipo kenako anasamukira ku Europe. N'zosadabwitsa Gwero limodzi lokha la nthawi onena za tanthauzo lenileni la matenda. Akukhulupirira kuti anthu chidwi ndi mtundu wa makoswe mliriwo.

M'mayiko amene si akhuya mliri, mu Ages Middle, izo ananyamuka ndi mantha weniweni. Atsogoleri a limati anatumiza mithenga kwa zokhudza matenda ndi akatswiri amakakamizidwa kuyambitsa mankhwala a izo. Chiwerengero cha mayiko ena, pamene otsala mu mdima, akalola kukhulupirira mphekesera kuti dziko zakhudzana ndi mvula ya njoka, kuwomba mphepo ndi moto wochokera asidi mipira kumwamba.

Modern khalidwe la mliri wa makoswe

Mliri Europe ali unapha anthu ambiri chifukwa chakuti analibe mwayi kuphunzira matenda. nthano ambiri anaonekera chifukwa umbuli ndi mtima. Ndipotu yekha causative wothandizila wa makoswe utagwa - ndi bakiteriya, umene uli chonyamulira cha utitiri, kaŵirikaŵiri parasitic makoswe akuda.

Low kutentha, yaitali kuti tipeze thupi phwandolo, thawing sangathe kuwononga nthumwi causative kwa "imfa wakuda." Koma yolimbana ndi kuwonongeka dzuwa ndi kuyanika.

Ndipotu, mabakiteriya amene amayambitsa nthenda, parasitic okha makoswe. Komabe, pakalibe khamu osiyanasiyana, iwo akhoza kusuntha kwa anthu. Mu Middle Ages, osauka, anali mumamva kuti ambiri a rodent akamwalira. Pa otsala nyama utitiri anaukira paulendo gulu lonselo ankaliphera pamodzi. Makoswe, nayenso chokumana ndi matenda, kufunafuna malo okhala, kumene mukhoza kupeza chakudya, ndipo anawapeza pafupi ndi anthu. Popeza mliri wa makoswe inabuka mwa anthu.

Zizindikiro za nthenda anthu

Utagwa mliri iyamba kukhala kuyambira kuluma nthata ndi kachilombo. Mabakiteriya kulowa lymph mfundo ndi kuyamba umoyo wawo. Mwadzidzidzi, munthu chililaka kuzizira, izo kumawonjezera kutentha thupi, mutu akukulirakulira, ndi nkhope - ndisawazindikire pamaso pa kuoneka mawanga akuda. Pa tsiku lachiwiri kuchokera matenda amapezeka Mwanabele yokha. Chotero anaitana kuenjezera lymph mfundo.

Pamene mabakiteriya kwathunthu katswiri pa mfundo, iwo kulowa m'magazi, kuchititsa digiri aakulu kuledzera. Kamodzi tiziromboti akulowa m'magazi, khungu, ndipo zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana mucous kuoneka mawanga akuda, nuchoka ndi magazi.

Munthu ndi kachilombo mliri, tingaone yomweyo. "Makoswe" - matenda limene limasintha nkhope ndi thupi kuzindikira. The matuza kukhala noticeable pa tsiku lachiwiri, ndi chikhalidwe ambiri wodwala kukhala chokwanira.

Zizindikiro za nthenda anthu Middle Ages, n'zosadabwitsa amasiyana ndi zizindikiro za wodwala ano.

The matenda chithunzi cha mliri wa makoswe wa Ages Middle

"Makoswe" - matenda ndiko kuzindikira pa malo oterowo mu Ages Middle:

• mkulu malungo, kuzizira;
• ndewu;
• Wopitiriza kumverera wa mantha;
• kupweteka kwambiri chifuwa;
• kufupika kwa mpweya;
• kutsokomola ndi kumaliseche wamagazi;
• magazi ndi zinyalala mankhwala kukhala wakuda;
• chilankhulo ankatha kuona patina mdima;
• zilonda ndi buboes akuwuka pa thupi, anapereka kuchokera chinthu chosangalatsa fungo;
• clouding cha chikumbumtima.

Zizindikiro zimenezi amaonedwa monga chizindikiro cha matenda akayakaya ndi imfa pafupi. Ngati munthu analandira chilango, iye ankadziwa nthawi iye anasiya pang'ono kwambiri. Palibe aliyense amene anayesa kuthana ndi zizindikiro zimenezi, iwo ankaona kuti chifuniro cha Mulungu ndi mpingo.

Chithandizo wa makoswe utagwa ku Middle Ages

Medieval mankhwala sanali abwino. Dokotala amene anabwera kufufuza mtima, tcheru kwambiri nkhani ngati iye anavomereza kuposa mankhwala basi. Izi anali kugwirizana ndi anthu achipembedzo yonse. Chipulumutso cha moyo ankaona chofunika kwambiri kuposa ayambe thupi. Choncho, opaleshoni ya pafupifupi sikuti kumachitika.

mliri mankhwala anali motere:

• zotupa ndi kudula iwo moxibustion chitsulo chamoto;
• ntchito ZINGATHANDIZE;
• ubwenzi khungu zapoizoni utagwa;
• anatambasula matenda mothandizidwa ndi maginito.

Mu mankhwalawa akale anali akali chiyembekezo. Madokotala ena ndiye analangiza odwala kumamatira kwa zakudya zabwino ndipo dikirani kuti thupi kulimbana ndi mliriwu. Ichi ndi chiphunzitso kwambiri chokwanira cha mankhwala. Kumene, mu zochitika pa nthawi ya milandu kuchira ankathimathima, komabe anatenga malo.

Zochizira matenda anatengedwa yekha madokotala mediocre kapena achinyamata omwe akufuna kutchuka ndi longshot a. Iwo ankavala chigoba ooneka ngati mutu wa mbalame ndi mlomo kutchulidwa. Komabe, chitetezo choterocho wapulumutsidwa kutali onse, madokotala ambiri anafa odwala awo.

Akuluakulu Mphamvu analangiza anthu kutsatira njira zimenezi kulimbana ndi mliri:

• Thawirani kutali kwambiri. Pankhaniyi, kunali koyenera kugonjetsa makilomita ambiri mofulumira. Khalani pa mtunda otetezeka ku matenda ankayenera kuti akhale ngati n'zotheka.
• Kudzera malo a matenda kuyendetsa ng'ombe ya akavalo. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti awa mpweya nyama aisadza mpweya. Ndi cholinga chomwecho anauzidwa kuti tiyeni m'nyumba za tizilombo osiyana. Mu chipinda kumene posachedwapa anafa chifukwa cha mliriwu munthu, ndayesa ndi kozungulira mkaka, chifukwa ankaganiza kuti zimatenga matenda. Komanso wakhala njira otchuka monga kuswana nyumba kangaude ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha moto woyaka pafupi Okhalamo.
• Kuchita zomwe kupha fungo mliri. Iye akhapidziwa kuti ngati munthu kumva kununkha wochokera anthu kachilombo, izo ndithu kutetezedwa. Ndichifukwa chake ambiri ananyamula bouquets wa maluwa.

Komanso, dokotala analangiza kuti kugona m'bandakucha, osati kuchita kugonana ndi Musamadziganizire za mliri ndi imfa. Lero, njira imeneyi zikuwoneka openga, koma Zapakati, anthu anapeza chitonthozo mu izo.

Kumene, chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa AIDS, anali chipembedzo.

Chipembedzo pa mliri wa makoswe utagwa

"Makoswe" - matenda kuti Mtsikana wotere anthu kwenikweni ake. Choncho, ndi maziko awa panali zikhulupiriro za zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana:

• Mliri - chilango cha machimo wamba anthu, kusamvera, khalidwe loipa kwa anthu pafupi, kufuna kugonjera yesero.
• nthendayo anabwera ngati kunyalanyaza mwa chikhulupiriro.
• Mliri anayamba chifukwa chakuti mu nsapato otchuka ndi zala wosongoka, zomwe zinamukwiyitsa Chiuta kwambiri.

Ansembe, amene anali kulamulidwa kumva avomere anthu akufa nthawi zambiri kachilombo ndipo anafa. Nthawi zambiri mzinda anakhalabe wopanda atsogoleri chifukwa adawopa miyoyo yawo.

Motsutsa likhale zinthu losonyeza anaonekera magulu osiyana kapena mipatuko, omwe njira zawo anafotokoza chifukwa cha mlili wa AIDS. Komanso zikhulupiriro zosiyanasiyana zinafala anthu, ankatengedwa woona.

Zamatsenga pa mliri wa makoswe utagwa

Mu zonse, ngakhale mwambo waung'ono kwambiri, pa mliri wa anthu aona zizindikiro achilendo zodzachitika m'tsogolo. Ena amakhulupirira malodza chodabwitsa ndithu:

• Ngati mkazi kwathunthu amaliseche adzakhala kulima dziko kuzungulira nyumba, ndi acibanja pa nthawi ino akhala mu chipinda, kusiya chihema pafupi malo.
• Ngati inu kupanga effigy, kufanizira mliri, ndi kuutentha mmbuyo matenda.
• Kuti matenda si anaukira, m'pofunika kuti akwate siliva kapena mankhwala enaake.

nthano anapereka mawu padziko chifanizo cha mliri. Iwo amakhulupirira anthu. Akhagopa kamodzinso chitseko cha nyumba yake, kuti tiyeni mu mzimu wa nthendayo. Ngakhale anthu okhala kukangana, wina anafuna kuti adzipulumutse yekha ndi Yekha.

The vuto anthu a

anthu osautsidwa ndi mantha kenako anazindikira kuti mliri kufalitsa otchedwa wopanda khalidwe pofuna imfa kwa anthu onse. Anayamba kufunafuna akuwakayikira. Iwo mokakamiza anakokera kuchipatala. anthu ambiri amene akhala mlandu anadzipha. kudzipha mliri kugunda Europe. vuto wafika magawo oterowo kuti akuluakulu anamuopseza amene amadzipha kuika matupi awo poyera.

Popeza anthu ambiri anakhutira kuti moyo ndi ochepa kwambiri, iwo anayamba mu zonse zazikulu: chidakwa, kufunafuna zosangalatsa ndi akazi a ukoma mosavuta. moyo umenewu zina kulimbitsa mliri.

Mliri wafika magawo oterowo kuti mitembo anatengedwa usiku, akuponya iwo m'maenje wapadera ndi kuyikidwa.

Nthawi zina zimachitika kuti odwala makamaka matendaŵa anaonekera anthu, kuyesera kupatsira ochuluka monga adani zotheka. Kunali chifukwa chakuti iwo ankaona ngati mliri achoka, ngati inu kupatsira munthu wina.

Mu chikhalidwe cha nthawi munthu aliyense pa malo alionse kuima pa gululo, iye akanakhoza kutengedwa ngati poisoner lapansi.

Zotsatira za "Makoswe"

"Makoswe" m'mavuto aakulu kwambiri muzochitika zones za moyo. Ofunika kwambiri a iwo:

• N'zochititsa chidwi anasintha chiŵerengero cha magulu magazi.
• Kusakhazikika mu dera la ndale za moyo.
• m'midzi yambiri anali anathawira.
• Ichi chinali chiyambi ubale ang'onoang'ono. Anthu ambiri amene ankagwira ntchito ku zokambirana za ana awo, anakakamizika kupitiriza ntchito ya ambuye kuchokera kumbali.
• Monga ntchito mu dera la kupanga analibe ogwira ntchito wamwamuna, ntchitoyi anayamba akazi.
• Medicine kwapita kuti pa msinkhu wina wa chitukuko. Tinayamba kuphunzira mitundu yonse ya matenda ndi kuyambitsa mankhwala a iwo.
• Atumiki ndi strata m'munsi ya anthu chifukwa cha kusowa anthu anayamba amanena okha zimamveka. anthu ambiri anali wosadziŵa oloŵa olemera achibale ake amene anamwalira.
• zoyesayesa zasintha mechanize kupanga.
• Waponya kwambiri, mitengo nyumba ndi lendi.
• The kukwera kukula chikumbumtima cha anthu sakufuna mwachimbulimbuli kumvera boma. Zimenezi zinachititsa zachiwawa zosiyanasiyana kusintha.
• N'zochititsa chidwi wofooka chikoka cha mpingo kwa anthu. Anthu anaona thandizo kwa ansembe yolimbana ndi mliri chidatha kuwakhulupirira. Anapitiriza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku miyambo ndi zikhulupiriro, poyamba kuletsedwa ndi mpingo. M'badwo "mfiti" ndi "mfiti". Number Ansembe utachepa kwambiri. Chifukwa malo amenewa nthawi zambiri anatenga osaphunzira ndi zosayenera zaka anthu. Anthu ambiri samamvetsa, nchifukwa chake imfa akutenga perpetrators osati kokha, komanso wabwino, anthu abwino. Pa nkhani imeneyi, Europe ankakayikira mphamvu ya Mulungu.
• Pambuyo pa zikuluzikulu mliri mliri Kenaka atachoka anthu. Nthawi m'mizinda yosiyanasiyana ya mliri wa itayamba, anatenga izo miyoyo ya anthu.

Masiku ano, ofufuza ambiri amakayikira kuti mliri yachiwiri anachita mu mawonekedwe a mliri wa makoswe.

Maganizo za mliri yachiwiri

Pali kukayikira kuti "wakuda imfa" - n'chimodzimodzi ndi nthawi ya chuma cha mliri wa makoswe. Kuli kufotokozera:

• Odwala matendaŵa kawirikawiri anati zizindikiro monga malungo ndi zilonda zapakhosi. Komabe, akatswiri a masiku ano amanena kuti chiwerengero cha zolakwa alipo nkhani ya nthawi. Komanso, ena a ntchito zaluso ndi sizilingana osati nkhani za ena, komanso tokha.
• Mliri wachitatu akhoza kulimbana okha 3% ya anthu, pamene "wakuda imfa" zinawonongedwa osachepera theka la Europe. Koma imeneyi, kuli kufotokozera. Pa mliri wachiwiri anali kusowa lowopsya la ukhondo m'dipatimenti mavuto kuposa matenda.
• Buboes akuwuka kwa zotupa anthu inali ku m'khwapa ndi pa khosi. zingakhale zomveka ngati zinachitika pa mapazi ake, monga pamene chophweka njira kuti utitiri. Komabe, mfundo imeneyi si wangwiro. Iwo likukhalira kuti pamodzi ndi khosweyo utitiri Plaguebringer ndi Pediculus humanus. Ndipo pali nyerere Zapakati panali ambiri.
• Kawirikawiri yoyamba ndi imfa Unyinji wa makoswe mliri. zodabwitsazi silinkachitidwa Zapakati. Mfundo imeneyi komanso ndikutsutsa, kuperekedwa pamaso nsabwe anthu.
• Bloch, amene ndi chonyamulira cha matenda, kumverera bwino mu nyengo yofunda ndi chinyezi. Mliri linatukuka mu nyengo ozizira.
• Mlingo wa kufala kwa mlili wa AIDS wakhala umboni.

Chifukwa cha zofufuza chinapezeka kuti matupi nthenda ano chikukoka zofanana akale matenda, zomwe zikutsimikizira kuti chinali makoswe mawonekedwe a kudwala ndipo anakhala "wakuda imfa" kwa anthu a nthawi imeneyo. Choncho, maganizo ena aliwonse basi anasamukira mu gulu lolakwika. Koma kuphunzira zambiri akadali akupitirirabe.