Kuyeretsa mafuta: njira zofunika

Mafuta ndi mpweya wachilengedwe, mchere woterewa, ndiwo magwero aakulu a ma hydrocarboni. Mafuta osakaniza ndi osakaniza osakaniza a hydrocarboni ndi mankhwala ena. Kukonza mafuta kumapereka mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale onse , mphamvu, ulimi ndi nyumba.

Mafuta ophatikizidwa amagawidwa kukhala opangidwa ndi zinthu zosavuta, zochepa ndi zowonongeka. Mapangidwe a tizigawo ting'onoting'ono tomwe timapeza pakadali pano zimadalira maonekedwe a mafuta oyambirira.

Kuyeretsa mafuta kumachitika m'magulu angapo: fractional distillation, kusintha, kukonza ndi kuyeretsa ku sulfure.

Fractional distillation ndi gawo loyamba la processing, lomwe limagawanika kukhala tizigawo ting'onoting'ono: gasi, kuwala, pakati ndi mafuta. Choncho, ntchito yoyamba ya mafuta ikhoza kuzindikira nthawi yomweyo magawo ofunika kwambiri.

• Gawo la gasili ndi losavuta kupanga ma hydrocarboni okha: zitsamba, propane ndi ethane.
• Gasolini, kapena kachigawo kakang'ono - kaphatikizidwe ka mitundu yambiri ya ma hydrocarboni, kuphatikizapo alkanes a nthambi ndi osasinthika.
• Mafuta a mafuta amakhalabe pambuyo pa distillation ya zina zonse, kuwala, tizigawo ting'onoting'ono.

Kuwonjezera pokonza mafuta kumachitika ndi kuponyedwa. Pachifukwa ichi, kugawanika kwa mafuta a mafuta ochepa kumakhala kochepa, zomwe zimakhala ndi tizigawo ting'onoting'ono tomwe timatentha zimapezeka. Njira yofunika kwambiri yokonzekera imathandiza kuti mupeze zina zambiri za mafuta ochepa omwe amawotcha, zomwe zimakhala zofunika kwambiri makamaka ku mafuta.

• Mitundu yambiri ya kugwedeza imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu makampani: chothandizira, kutentha ndi kusintha. Kutsekemera kwa matenthedwe, kachipangizo kakang'ono kamene kamakhala kochokera ku mafuta olemera kwambiri timagawanika timakhala timagulu tomwe timakhala tomwe timatentha kwambiri. Mafuta opangira mafuta amatha kutentha ndi kutsekemera, amachititsa kuti asakanikidwe ndi ma hydrocarbon. Pa chitsanzo cha octadecane, ndondomeko yowonongeka ikhoza kufotokozedwa ndi ndondomekoyi:

C ₁₈ H ₃₈ -> C ₉ H ₂₀ + C ₉ H ₁₈

Pa kutentha mpaka 1000 ° C, kutaya kwa mafuta kwa mafuta opangidwa ndi mafuta akuluakulu kumachitika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale makina osakanikirana ndi mafuta onunkhira a hydrocarboni.

• Kugwedeza kachipangizo kumachitika pamtunda wochepa, pamene chothandizira ndichosakaniza cha alumina ndi silica. Pachifukwa ichi, amapezedwanso. Kukonza mafuta mwa njirayi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafuta apamwamba.
• Kusintha zinthu kumasintha kayendedwe kamolekyu kapena kumawagwirizanitsa ku zikuluzikulu. Pakalipano, timagulu ting'onoting'ono ta mafuta timatembenuzidwa makamaka mu magawo apamwamba a mafuta.

Gasi lachilengedwe ndi yogwirizana ndi osakaniza methane (90 peresenti ndi volume) ndi ma homologues oyandikana nawo, komanso zochepa zosafunika.

Ntchito yaikulu yogwiritsira ntchito gasi ndiyo kutembenuka kwa ma carcarboni a m'mphepete mwa madzi omwe ali mkati mwake mu ma hydrocarboni omwe sagwiritsidwa ntchito , omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito mogwirizanitsa mankhwala.

Choncho, kuyendetsa mafuta ndi mafuta kumathandiza kupeza chophimba chochuluka kwambiri cha mankhwala osiyanasiyana a mafuta, omwe, chifukwa cha mankhwala oyambirira, mankhwala osiyanasiyana omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu osiyanasiyana a chuma cha dzikoli amapezeka.