Kuyerekeza ndi zombo zapamadzi za ku Russia ndi United States: ndi ndani amene ali wamphamvu?

Pakati pa America ndi Russia akhala akulimbana nthawi zonse m'madera onse ochita ntchito. Mpikisano wamakono ndiwowonjezereka kwa mayiko omwe akutsutsana. Mtsogoleri wosadziwika kuti adziwe ndi kulephera kwa zaka zambiri. Utsogoleri mu gawo la zamagulu ankhondo akuyenda kuchokera ku dziko lina kupita ku lina. M'makampani ena monga mabwato amadzilosi, panthawi yomwe United States imatenga malo oyamba.

Komabe, izi sizinali choncho nthawi zonse, panthawi ya Soviet, wopanga zinyama ankasunga mgwalangwa. Chifukwa cha maziko olimba omwe opangidwa ndi Soviet designers, ngakhale panthawiyi m'munsi mwa zombo za ku Russia pali zitsanzo zosiyana, zomwe ziribe zofanana padziko lonse lapansi. Kotero, zonse zofanana, zomwe ndege zankhondo zapamadzi zamphamvu - Russia kapena United States? Amene ali wopambana pa mpikisano wokha - Russia yekha kapena American luso.

Choyamba chopangidwa ndi sitimayo

Kuyerekezera, omwe ndege zowona zamadzimadzi zamphamvu (Russia kapena United States), wayamba kuyambira zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu. Ndiye nkhani ya mkanganoyo inali yoyamba yam'madzi ya asilikali. Kwa nthawi yaitali sankatha kusankha kuti ndi ndani yemwe wakhala woyambitsa woyambitsa wa chipangizo choterocho.

Mkonzi ndi mayesero a chotengera choyamba m'madzi anali Cornelius Drebbel. Iye ndi fizikiya ndi makina ochokera ku Holland. Poyesa kukula kwake, anakhala pa mtsinje wa Thames. Sitimayo inali boti. Khungu lake linali khungu losakanizidwa ndi mafuta. Kuyendetsa ndi kayendedwe kunkachitika chifukwa cha oars. Anayenda ulendo waung'ono kupita kumalo osungirako madzi. Ogwira ntchitoyo amatha kukhala ndi alonda atatu ndi amuna khumi ndi awiri. Malinga ndi mbiri yakale, King James I analipo pamayesero. Zomwe amisiri anamanga zimamuthandiza kuti akhalebe mu malo osambira kwa madzi kwa maola angapo. Malire a kuzama kwakukulu anali mamita asanu.

Koma chitukuko china chinasokoneza imfa ya Drebbel. Wotsatira wake ndi wopitiriza maganizo awo anali katswiri wina wa ku France amene analemba buku lothandizira pomanga zombo zam'madzi. Malinga ndi zomwe adalangiza, boti liyenera kupangidwa ndi chitsulo (makamaka mkuwa), liyenera kufanana ndi nsomba, koma m'mphepete mwake ziyenera kuwonetsedwa. Sikofunika kupititsa patsogolo chipangizo ichi mu dongosolo laling'ono.

Zomwe zikuchitika m'mayiko oyandikana nawo

Kuyerekeza kwa sitima zam'madzi za ku Russia ndi United States zimayamba ndi magalimoto oyambirira. Kuonjezera apo, anamangidwa ndi kusiyana kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi. Izi zimatipatsa ufulu kunena kuti chiyambi cha mbiri ya sitima zam'madzi ndi chimodzimodzi kwa mayiko awiriwa.

Zombo zamakono zamakono za ku Russia zimakhala ndi ndalama zambiri kwa dziko lakwawo Efim Nikonov, yemwe sitima yake inayamba kuyambitsidwa kwa matekinoloje ndi njira zomangamo zida zam'madzi. Anali wamisiri wamatabwa kuchokera kumudzi wa Pokrovskoye kunja kwa Moscow. Ankafuna kutembenuza chitukuko chake ndikuchitapo kanthu ndikupempha pempho kwa Peter I, pomwe adafuna kuti apange kayendedwe ka pansi pamadzi. Lingaliro la chombo chobisika, chomwe chingathe kuswa sitima za adani, chinamukopa mfumu kwambiri. Atamuuza, Nikonov anadza ku St. Petersburg ndipo anamanga zipangizo. Ntchitoyi inakhazikitsidwa zaka zitatu. Pa mayesero oyambirira omwe anapezekapo ndi Peter I. Posakhalitsa, pamene analikukula ndi kukonzanso polojekitiyi, mmisiri wamatabwa adasinthira kuti apange flamethrowers. Mfumuyo, powona kupambana koteroko, inati ayambe kumanga chombo chofanana chokonzekera. Koma chiyembekezo cha nkhaniyi chinawoneka kokha ndi Peter I ndi pambuyo pa imfa yake chitukuko cha malo osambira pansi pa madzi chinatha. Choncho ngalawayo yomwe inali isanatsiridwe inavunda m'magazi.

Kuyenerera kwa njira zopangira

Kuyerekeza kwa sitima zapamadzi za ku Russia ndi United States sizingatheke popanda kutchula zochitika za asayansi ndi injiniya, zomwe zakhala zikuyambira pa ntchito zamakono. Kwa nthawi yoyamba polojekitiyi inalembedwa mu zaka makumi atatu ndi zinayi za m'ma 1800. Mutu wa polojekitiyi ndi K. A. Schilder, yemwe anali katswiri wa usilikali ndi maphunziro.

Kapangidwe ka chotengeracho chinali ndi mapepala apadera, omwe galimotoyo inasunthira pansi pa madzi. Pomwe zinakulitsidwa, mfundo ya bionics inatengedwa, ndiko kuti, malamulo a chirengedwe adaganiziridwa kuti apange zipangizo zamakono. Pachifukwa ichi, injiniyo inalongosola za kayendedwe ka mapazi. Zida zoterezi zinayikidwa pawiri pa mbali zonse ziwiri za thupi. Pofuna kuyendetsa "paws" yotereyi, kunali koyenera kuyesa oyendetsa ngalawa. Zinali zosokoneza kwambiri, chifukwa chakuti khama lawo linali lovuta kwambiri. Ikhoza kufika kufika pa theka la kilomita pa ora. Pofuna kukonza njirayi ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yopindulitsa komanso yotheka pa ndalama zochepa, woyang'anira ntchitoyo anakonza kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamagetsi. Koma chitukuko cha mafakitalewa chinali kupitilira malire ndi malire, ndipo izi zinalepheretsa kukhazikitsa malingaliro atsopano.

Botilo linali chitsanzo cha asilikali. Pa zida zake panali rocket launchers. Mavuto ambiri adawononga malingaliro omwe adapatsidwa, ndipo ntchito yamasiku ano ya sitimayo inaletsedwa.

Kugwiritsira ntchito injini m'magalimoto oyendetsa sitimayo

Gawo lotsatira pakukula kwa ngalawa zamadzimadzi ndilo kuyambitsidwa kwa injini mu mapangidwe a ngalawa. Wopanga IF Aleksandrovsky atangofika pachigamulo choterocho. Kuti agwiritse ntchito lingaliro lake, iye anasankha mpikisano wothamanga pamphepete mwa mpweya. Wopekayo anaika lingaliro lake pakuchita. Malingana ndi mapangidwe ake, bwato linapangidwa. Koma polojekiti yomweyi siidapindule kwambiri, monga zokolola zatsala zofunikiratu. Injiniyo inaloledwa kusambira pa liwiro la nkhiti imodzi ndi theka basi makilomita atatu.

Kupambana pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa lingaliro limeneli kunapindula kokha ndi wolemba wina wa ku Russia SK Dzhevetsky. Kuyerekeza kwa zombo zapamadzi za ku Russia ndi United States zimapereka ufulu kunena kuti panthawi imeneyi ojambula a ku Russia anapanga chipambano, chifukwa Dzhevetsky anaika injini yomwe imayambitsa bateri. Pa nthawiyi padziko lapansi panalibe chofanana ndi sitimayo, yomwe ingachoke ku magetsi. Pachifukwa ichi, chipangizochi chikhoza kukula mofulumira.

Malingana ndi polojekiti ya wolemba yemweyo, boti "Zapadniy" linamangidwa. Chofunika kwambiri, chomwe poyerekeza ndi zombo zapamadzi za ku Russia ndi United States zimaperekanso utsogoleri kwa anthu a ku Russia (panalibe chotengera chotere panthawi imeneyo), ndi injini imodzi. Chotsalira chokha cha chipangizochi ndicho chithunzi cha mavuvu omwe amasiya. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, chifukwa cha msinkhu wotsika, sungagwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zankhondo.

Pa nthawiyi kuntchito yopangidwe ndi kuyambitsidwa kwa magetsi kunayamba. Panthawiyo kunali pulogalamu ndi mfundo zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mabwato mpaka lero. Zomwe zinapangidwanso zinkachitidwanso m'magulu a zida. Dzhevetski inapanga torpedo tubes zomwe zinali mu utumiki ndi sitima zapamadzi zazitali kwa nthawi yaitali. Koma kubwerera m'mbuyo kwa mafakitale monga magetsi ndi magalimoto, sanalole kuti apange sitimayo yowonongeka.

Nyenyezi Zam'madzi Zam'madzi

Yerekezerani ndi zombo zamadzimadzi za Russian Federation ndi United States zikhoza kukhala pa chipangizo ichi. Sitimayo inakhazikitsidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri ndi ntchito ya Bubnov ndi Goryunov ndi zomera za Baltic ku St. Petersburg. Njira yamagalimoto inali ndi magawo awiri. Yoyamba inali injini yothamanga kuchokera ku mafuta, ndipo yachiwiri inali magetsi. Kupititsa patsogolo kunali kolimba kwambiri komanso kosakhala koyendera kuti zida zamakono zinaposa chipangizo cha American "Fulton".

Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, chitukuko cha sitima zapamadzi za Russian Federation zatha mofulumira kwambiri. Antchito oyenerera adaphunzitsidwa. Pogwiritsa ntchito zojambulazo, makampaniwa akhala mtundu wodalirika wa asilikali akumenyana. Boma likuchirikiza kwambiri gawo lino. Ndipo atapatsidwa chidziwitso chapadera cha oyang'anira pansi pa nyanja, chilakolako chotumikira m'maguluwa chikuwonjezeka, monga momwe zilili ndi ulamuliro wa gawoli lonse.

Zomwe zilipo panopa ku Russia

Panthawiyi, Navy ya Russian Federation ikuphatikizapo magawo asanu. Mmodzi wa iwo ali ndi mphamvu zam'madzi ndi zam'madzi. Gawani zigawo zotsatirazi za gululi la asilikali:

1. Baltic Fleet. Chigawo chachikulu cha gawoli chiri mu Baltiysk. Mbendera ndi wowononga "Pitiriza". Madzi a Baltic m'madzi amadziwika ndi mabwato atatu a dizeli. Mwa njira, kuyerekezera kwa sitima zapamadzi za ku Russia ndi United States (2016) zikusonyeza kuti zipangizo zamtundu uwu zilipo m'dera la Russia okha. Ku United States, kwa nthaŵi yaitali anthu akhala atasiyidwa.
2. Chigwa cha kumpoto. Choyambirira cha chigawo ichi chiri mu Severomorsk. Mbendera yaikulu ndi oyendetsa ndege ya nyukiliya yaikulu Peter Wamkulu. Mtsinje wa Kummwera wa Kumwera kwa Russia ukusiyana ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zamakono. Pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizochi pali magalimoto atatu oyendetsa sitima zapamadzi zowona pansi pamadzi ndi masitepe asanu ndi atatu oyenda pansi. Ma sitima zam'madzi a kumpoto kwa Russia akuyimiridwa ndi mafelemu okhala ndi zida zitatu (3 units), maatomu ambiri (12), diesel (maunite 8), cholinga chapadera (magawo awiri).
3. Black Sea Fleet. Chigawo chachikulu cha chigawo ichi chiri ku Sevastopol. Mzindawu ndi woyendetsa ndege wa Moscow. Chigawo cholowera pansi pamadzi chimayimilidwa ndi ma dimarines awiri a diesel.
4. Pacific Fleet. Chigawo chachikulu cha chigawo ichi chiri ku Vladivostok. Mbendera ndi Varyag rocket cruiser. Nkhondo yoyendetsa sitima zam'madzi imayendera mabomba oyendetsa sitima zapamadzi zisanu ndi zinayi, magalimoto asanu ndi awiri a nyukiliya ndi mabomba oyenda panyanja, magulu asanu ndi awiri oyendetsa sitima za nyukiliya ndi mitundu 8 ya dizeli.
5. Mtsinje wa Caspian. Chigawo chachikulu cha chigawo ichi chiri ku Astrakhan. Mbendera ndi sitima yapamtunda "Tatarstan". Izi zilibe mphamvu zamadzi.

Zida zambiri

Poyerekeza ndi zombo zapamadzi za ku Russia ndi USA (mu 2016, komanso zaka zina, sizinabweretse mavuto aakulu mu gawo lino) zimalola kuti zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi magulu a nkhondo. Imodzi mwa magalimoto ofunikira kwambiri omwe ali ndi zida zamakono za ankhondo aliwonse amphamvu amphamvu zankhondo ndi mabwato omwe akuyang'aniridwa ndi ntchito zothandiza. Cholinga cha zombo zoterozo ndi chiwonongeko cha zolinga za mdani ndi kuwonongedwa kwa nyanja. Monga chida, zida zowokera ndi torpedoes zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Malingana ndi mtundu wa zida, nsomba zam'madzi ndi:

• Ndi makombera oyenda;
• Ndili ndi torpedoes;
• Ndi mivi yoyenda panyanja komanso torpedoes.

Sitima zam'madzi zam'mphepete mwa nyanja zam'madzi za ku United States zili ndi masitima oyendetsa ndege amtundu wambiri. Zili pa zombo zoterezi kuti cholinga cha asilikali cha America chili ndi cholinga. Ngati titenga zofunikira zina, monga khalidwe, ndiye kuti sitingathe kusankha mtsogoleri wodziwika bwino. Izi zimachokera ku mphamvu zamakono zamayiko awiriwa.

Mabwato ogwira ntchito-USA

Zowopsya ndi zombo zam'madzi za ku US, choncho ndizomwe zili pansi pamtunda. Malinga ndi magulu ankhondo a ku America omwe ali ndi mahatchiwa alipo makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu asanu ndi anayi a mtundu uwu. Ambiri a iwo (ndipo awa ndi zombo makumi atatu ndi zisanu ndi zinayi) adakhala olingalira kale mu zaka makumi asanu ndi ziwiri kudza zisanu ndi chimodzi za zana lotsiriza. Iwo amatchedwa "Los Angeles" ndipo amakhala a m'badwo wachitatu. Malingana ndi mtundu wa zida, iwo ali a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Zimaphatikizapo zida zotsutsana ndi ngalawa ndi Harpoon ndi torpedoes. M'tsogolomu, akukonzekera kuchotsa mitsuko imeneyi pang'onopang'ono ndikuyambitsanso mafano atsopano. Zimakonzedweratu kuti zizichita zamakono mpaka zaka zitatu.

Kupaka kwake kumapangidwa pamaboti a m'badwo wachinayi. Adzasintha "Los Angeles". Izi ndi zitsanzo monga "Virginia" ndi "Sea Wolf". Yachiwiriyo inakhazikitsidwa mu zaka zapakati pa 90ties. Kumanga kwake kumadola madola mabiliyoni anayi ndi theka. Koma mtengowu ndi wolondola ndi magawo apadera. Lili ndi zida zamphamvu zamtundu wa maulendo ndi ma torpedoes. Komanso, chidziwitso chake ndi phokoso lochepa la phokoso lofalitsidwa. Pamasulidwe chitsanzo chilichonse, ngalawayo ikukhala yochuluka kwambiri. Komabe, kuyerekezera kwa sitima zapamadzi za ku Russia ndi ku United States (2017) zimapereka ufulu kunena kuti "Phulusa" yachinyumba sichinthu chocheperapo ndi "Nyanja ya Nyanja" yamakono oyambirira.

Kupindula kwa America

Sitima zapamadzi za ku America ndi Russia za 2016 zimasiyana ndi zowonjezera zokha, komanso mibadwo yambiri. Nyuzipepala ya American Virginia inakonzedwa patapita nthawi yochepa kuposa Nyanja ya Nyanja. Koma ngakhale izi, malingana ndi zida zamakono, "Sivulf" ndi patsogolo pa wotsatira wake. Tikayerekezera mitundu yonseyi ya America ndi zoweta za "Ash", zimakhala pakati. Chinthu chosiyana ndi ubwino wa nsomba zamadzimadzi ku Russia ndi khalidwe la zida. Mpheta yamtsinje wa Caliber ndi yopambana kwambiri kuposa America Tomahawk.

Zina mwa zitsanzo za ku Russia pa mlingo wa mabwato abwino kwambiri a America ndi "Severodvinsk" chabe. Koma iye ndi mmodzi yekha, ngakhale kuti polojekitiyi imapereka zomangamanga zina zitatu. Koma nthawi yomwe amamangidwa, America idzasunthira ku gawo latsopano la chitukuko.

Mitundu ya dizeli

Maselo a m'nyanja a ku Russia (chithunzi chili m'munsimu) amaimiridwa ndi zovuta zedi za dizilo. Izi ndi momwe ziweto zimasiyana ndi America. Ku United States, kumasulidwa kwa mabwatowa kunasiyidwa pakati pa zaka zapitazo. Ku Russia, mabomba oterewa sangachotsedwe kokha, koma apitirize kuwakhazikitsa ndi kuwongolera. Zambiri za zombo za mtundu umenewu ndizopangidwa modabwitsa "Varshavianka". Mwa luso lawo iwo ali otsika kwa mabwato a nyukiliya, koma mu zida - osati konse.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, kukhazikitsidwa kwa sitimayo ya Kalina ya dizili ikukonzekera. Kusiyana kwake ndi injini, yomwe imagwira ntchito popanda oxygen. Chitsanzo chotere chingakhale mu malo osambira kwa madzi pafupifupi mwezi umodzi, ndipo sichidzafunika kudutsa.

Choncho, Navy ya ku America tsopano ili pachimake cha chitukuko. Nkhondo ya ku Russia imatha kumbuyo, ngakhale kuti kufufuza mwakhama kukuchitika m'madera angapo. Zoonadi, sizidziwika kuti chitukuko chidzakhala chiti chomwe chimapambana kwambiri.