Kusungunuka kwa mapulasitiki: teknoloji, zipangizo

Zipangizo zamapulasitiki pazaka 10-15 zapitazo zakhala ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa. Zida zakuthupi palokha zimakhala ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwazamakono, chifukwa chomwe msika wa zomangamanga uli ndi zatsopano. Ndikokwanira kuzindikira mabanja omwe ali ndi mapangidwe omwe amasuntha zitsulo ndi nkhuni.

Komanso, kukonzanso kwa mapulastiki monga njira yopezera zatsopano, ndipo chofunikira kwambiri, pakuchita bwino kwa nkhaniyi sikusangalatsa kwambiri. Kuchuluka kwa chithandizo cha teknoloji yamtundu uwu kumatha kubwezeretsanso dongosolo loyambirira. Ndipo komabe ntchitoyi yosintha zomera ndizothandiza pa zifukwa zina zambiri, kuphatikizapo chilengedwe ndi ndalama.

Mitundu ya zinyalala za pulasitiki

Akatswiri ofufuza sayansi amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu 4 ya zinyalala zapulasitiki zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pafupipafupi. Choyamba, awa ndi mapulasitiki osakwatiwa omwe amawotchera mwachindunji, omwe amatha kuwonetsedwa m'matundu omwe ali ofanana ndi mankhwala. Gawo lachiwiri ndi lopangidwa ndi pulasitiki yamodzi imodzi-pulasitiki, chifukwa chokonzekera chomwe, kuyera koyambirira kwa njira zamakono kumafunika. Gulu lachitatu likuyimiridwa ndi zinyalala zosakaniza za pulasitiki zomwe ziri ndi zonyansa zakunja.

Kwenikweni, ma particle akunja ndi ofanana, zitsulo kapena simenti zomwe zimasowa kusamba. Komanso, maziko opangira mapulasitiki amachititsa kupatulidwa kwa magulu a pulasitiki osiyana. Pachifukwa ichi, sikuti mapulasitiki okhaokha komanso mapiritsi ena apadera amapanga zinthu zina, komanso zimakhala zosiyana ndi mapulasitiki okha.

Chiwerengero cha njira zothandizira

Mndandanda waukuluwu umapereka kugawidwa kwa njira zamakono zogwiritsira ntchito makina ndi zamakono kuchokera kumagetsi otsirizira. Pofuna kukonza molunjika, gululi limaphatikizapo njira zowonjezera mavitamini, kukhudzana ndi kulumikiza, kugwedeza ndi kuthira pansi, komanso kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa. Njira zopangira zinthu za pulasitiki kuchokera kumagulu otsirizira amakhalanso otchuka. Kwa njira iyi ya chitukuko chitukuko cha processing imagwiritsa ntchito njira zomangira, extrusion, molinganiza kuchokera prepregs ndi premixes. Komanso, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mapulasitiki kumakhala kogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala.

Momwemo njira zonse zogwiritsira ntchito zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pakupera kagawidwe koyeretsedwa ndi zotsatira zopezeka kwa misa yofanana. Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa njirazi ndizokuti mankhwala omwe amapeza sadziwika ndi physico-chemical properties kuchokera ku zipangizo zoyamba. M'malo mwake, njira zakuthupi zimachokera pa matekinoloje a chiwonongeko cha mapangidwe apamwamba, panthawi yomwe makhalidwe ogwira ntchito omwe amapezedwanso akusintha.

Kuphwanya mapulasitiki monga teknoloji yokonzekera

Imeneyi ndi ntchito yamba pamakampani ogulitsa, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito osati pogwiritsa ntchito mapulasitiki. Malingana ndi zofunika pa gawo lomalizira, mayunitsi oyenerera akugwirizana ndi ntchito. Makina oyenga padziko lonse angatchedwe osungira matupi ndi matupi a auger of mechanical action.

Pogwira ntchito, misala ya pulasitiki yodzala ndi yothandizidwa ndi ma disk mbale-granulators omwe ali ndi njira zotsutsana. Monga lamulo, timagwiritsa ntchito mbale ziwiri, zomwe zimasungira malo osayima. Kugwedeza ntchito ya mapepala apulasitiki kumadalira makamaka maonekedwe a nkhaniyo.

Kwa zipangizo zovuta, zopangira ma crushers ndi magulu omwe ali ndi zida zosiyana zojambulidwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ntchito ndi polyethylene zinyalala ngati filimu ikuchitidwa mochuluka kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, pamzere wovuta, womwe umaphatikizapo node za compaction, grinding ndi granulation. Pachifukwa ichi, zida za mpeni ndi ntchito yophera.

Kusuta zamagetsi zolekanitsa

Gawoli, gawo ili likugwirizana ndi ntchito zopangira chithandizo, zomwe takambirana kale. Koma njira yolekanitsa motero ndi yochulukirapo ndipo siikuyeretsedwa yokonza kokha kuchokera ku dothi. Ndikofunika kuti pakhale kupatukana pambuyo popera, popeza granules laling'ono ndi losavuta kuti likhale losiyana ndi mitundu ina. Choncho, kusiyana kwakukulu kumaperekanso kupatulidwa kwa zidutswa za pulasitiki kuchokera ku chitsulo. Pachifukwachi, maginito ndi magetsi a magetsi amagwiritsidwa ntchito mkati mwa zida zosinthasintha za ng'anjo zomwe zimasungidwa.

Pa nthawi yoyendayenda, zinthu zing'onozing'ono za mtundu wachikuda ndi zakuda zitsulo pambuyo pa pulasitiki ndipo zimachokera kudzera muzitsulo zapadera. Iwo likuyamba yoyamba processing wa mapulasitiki, omwe amachititsa yunifolomu awo zikuchokera. Komabe, ndi kulekanitsidwa uku, mapulasitiki ena omwe adatayika. Monga lamulo, gawo la imfa silidutsa 1%. Zinyumba zamagetsi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeretsa zonyansa. Ophwanyikawa amatsukidwa pansi pa mtsinje wa madzi, umene umadyetsedwa pansi pa kuthamanga kwakukulu. Nthawi zina, kuti pakhale njira yowonjezeramo, zowonjezera zimaphatikizidwa ku madzi.

Aliyense processing

Zomwe zimachitika pazogwiritsidwa ntchito ndizoti pulasitiki yokhayokhayo imalowa mu malo ogwira ntchito, okonzeka kusakanizidwa, ngakhale ndi masisimo omwe ali oyenerera kapangidwe kake. Kukonzekera kokha kumayendetsedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana, koma chachikulu chimatengedwa kukhala extruded. Kukonzekera kwapadera kwa olembapo ndi chowongolera chotsitsa chimatenga pulasitiki, kumayisungunula ndi kuyidyetsa kupyolera mu zowonongeka mpaka kupanga mzere. Patsiku lomaliza la kumasula, malingana ndi makina, wogwiritsira ntchito angathe kusintha kusintha kwa pulasitiki. Mlingo wa kupanikizika kwa zipangizozo umayambidwanso, zomwe zimaperekanso kusankha kutalika kwa mphutsi kuti zitsimikizire kuti zokwanira zimakhala zokwanira.

Kukonzekera kotereku kwa mapulastiki kumaonedwa kuti ndi kofatsa, posunga zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti zikhoza kubwerezedwa mosalekeza. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mankhwala omwe amapanga pulasitiki kwa teknoloji iyi akhoza kusinthidwa osaposa 3-4 nthawi malingana ndi momwe amagwiritsire ntchito. M'tsogolomu, misa imatumizidwa kumzere wachiwiri wogwiritsira ntchito ndi kwambiri mankhwala processing.

Technology ya pulasitiki processing popanda kupatukana

Kuchetsa kupatulidwa ndi kuyeretsedwa kwa mapulasitiki kunatanthauzanso zenizeni zamakono kuti apitirize kukonza. Kawirikawiri pa izi, makina osungunuka omwe ali ndi zida zina zowonetsera zidazo amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chifukwa chake, mapepala okonzeka kugwiritsira ntchito, mapepala ndi mapepala apulasitiki amadyetsedwa ku zotsatira. Ndizomwe zimakhala zolimba kwambiri, zomwe zili ndi coefficient ya zosakaniza. Chifukwa cha zinthu zomwe zimakhalapo ndi anthu ena, ubwino wa pulasitiki ndi ukhondo umachepetsedwa. Kumbali inayi, kukonzanso kwa mapulasitiki popanda kupatulidwa ndi mtengo wotsika ndipo m'madera ena kumapereka zinthu zabwino kwambiri zamakono.

Kutaya processing

Pofuna kukonza ndondomeko yothandizira, njira ina yochepetsera mtengo wogulitsa inapangidwa. Kachipangizo kogwiritsa ntchito ma multicomponent ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yopanga zinthu pamodzi. Chokhazikika chake chimakhala kuti chinthu chogwiritsira ntchito zigawo zitatu chimalengedwa kudzera m'magulu angapo opangidwa. Maziko ake ndi pulasitiki yotsika mtengo yochokera ku zinthu zomwezo zopanda pake, ndiyeno zimatsatira mlingo wa khalidwe labwino la misa. Pachifukwachi, zigawo zakunja ndizoyeretsedwa bwino, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapulasitiki.

Kupanga zipangizo zamapulasitiki pogwiritsa ntchito kuponyedwa kwa multicomponent kumapangidwa ndi njira yoperekera zowonongeka kudzera mu njira zambiri. Mwa njira, mkati mwa zigawo zamkati, mapulasitiki samagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawizonse. Nthawi zambiri amalowetsedwa ndi zinthu zochepetsetsa, zomwe zimaphatikizapo barium sulfate, talc, ceramics, ndi zina zotero.

Kusinthidwa kwa zinyalala za pulasitiki

Sikofunikira kuti processing ikhale yoyenera kupeza ntchito zomwezo ndi zomangamanga monga poyamba zodziwika ndi mankhwala. Gawoli likutsegula mwayi waukulu wokonzanso dongosololi powonjezera zowonjezera zowonjezera. Mwachitsanzo, yachiwiri processing yamapulasitiki ndi kuwonjezera kwa ethylene copolymer bwino kukana makina nkhawa ndi elasticity. Ngati kuphatikiza kotereku kumayambitsidwa mu mapangidwe a polyvinyl chloride, ndiye kuti wina angadalire kuwonjezereka kukana.

Zida zopangira

Makina apadera opangidwa kuti azitha kukonza mawonekedwe athunthu, osati mochuluka. Mwachitsanzo, ku Russia, Reverzer installation imadziwika kuchokera ku Japan kampani Mitsubishi. Ichi ndi chitsanzo cha makina omwewo, omwe ali ndi zida zogwira ntchito komanso degassing. Makampani ogwirira ntchito ndi zida za Chingelezi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza mapulastiki, ubwino umene umawonetsera kukhazikitsa EPG. Iyi ndi kampani yomwe imapereka njira zatsopano zothetsera zinyalala kupyolera mu extrusion ndi kuwomba.

Kodi mungasankhe bwanji njira yabwino yogwiritsira ntchito?

Choyamba, ntchito zomwe zidzakumane nazo zisanagulitsidwe mankhwala ayenera kuyesedwa. Izi zidzasankha kufunika kolekanitsa, komanso ndi kugwiritsa ntchito modifiers. Njira yosavuta komanso yotsika mtengo ndi yosagwirizanitsa ntchito yamapulasitiki, yomwe imakupatsani mwayi wopeza mipanda yamtengo wapatali, zipangizo zamatabwa, zipangizo zamagetsi, etc. Zida zamakono opanga mapuloteni oyeretsedwa nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potulutsa polyethylene.

Kutsiliza

Makampani okonzekera zowonongeka ndi zenizeni lerolino ndipo akufunidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana a mafakitale. Kupeza zinthu zopanda mtengo komanso zopindulitsa pa mtengo wotsika ndi cholinga chachikulu chomwe chimatsogolera ophunzira pa msika uno. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, ku Russia chigawo ichi cha mafakitale sichinapangidwe monga ku Ulaya. Zomwe zimapangidwa bwino zitha kudziwika kupatula kuti chomera cha pulasitiki "Plarus", chomwe chakhala chikugwira ntchito kuyambira 2009. Zida zamakono za ntchitoyi zikuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito njira yamakono yogwiritsira mabotolo a PET. Pa nthawi yomweyi, mabungwe ena akuwonjezeka komanso, chaka chilichonse kuchuluka kwa mapulasitiki omwe amasinthidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana.