Kulekanitsa kwa malire ndi chiyani? Kuchepetsa malire a dziko

Dziko lopanda malire ndilo loto lokongola, komabe sizingatheke. Zingwe pakati pa mphamvu, mwachiwonekere, zidzapitiriza kukhalapo kwa nthawi yaitali. Kulekanitsa kwa malire ndi njira yoyenera yowonjezera.

Pafupi malire

Wolemba wotchuka wa Chiyukireniya Nechuya-Levitsky ali ndi mbiri yabwino "Banja la Kaydasheva." Zomwe zinafotokozedwa mwa iye, ngakhale nthawi zina zimapangitsa kuseka, zimakhala zowawa kwambiri. Masewera, banja losauka la Kaidashi, amadziwika chifukwa cha kukangana kwawo kwamuyaya. Kuyambira kumenyana pakati pa apongozi awo ndi apongozi awo, malumbiro alumbira ndiye kuphimba achibale onse. Ndipo ngakhale Kaidash wakale akulekanitsa mwana wamwamuna wamkulu, pokhala atakhala m'dera lawo, izi sizikutonthoza nkhondo. Kupitiriza kuchitira nkhanza ndi kumenyana, ziphuphu zambirimbiri zonyansa komanso kudzipukuta-chifukwa chakuti mwangozi zimalowa m'bwalo lapafupi la nkhuku, ndiye chifukwa cha mazira omwe amamutenga. Ndipo chifukwa chachikulu cha kusagwirizana ndi peyala yakale ikukula kuchokera ku mpanda pakati pa malo omwe ali nawo. Chifukwa cha zokolola zake, nkhondo zowopsa kwambiri zinachitika, zomwe zinadutsa kokha pamene mtengowo unafota.

Pa kudula kwa malire

Ngati ngakhale achibale oyandikana nawo amadziwika ndi mikangano yotere, ndiye zomwe munganene ponena za mayiko, mikangano yomwe ingakhale yamagazi? Konzani kugawidwa ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zingathetsere kumbuyo kwa malire. Kulekanitsa malire ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mizere yeniyeni yolekanitsa mayiko oyandikana nawo. Pali mawu ochokera ku Latin delimitatio, omwe amatanthauzidwa - "kukhazikitsidwa kwa malire." Maiko oyandikana nawo kudzera m'makambirano amadziwitsanso kuti kugawanika pakati pawo, malo ake ndi maulamuliro awo adzadutsa.

Ndondomeko yowonongeka

Kulekanitsa kwa malire ndi gawo limodzi la mgwirizano pakati pa mphamvu-oyandikana nawo, kapena pangano lapadera lokhazikitsa (kusintha) malire a boma. Pofuna kugwiritsira ntchito mapu, mapu akuluakulu amagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimaphatikizapo zonse zokhudza malowa komanso midzi. Mzere wovomerezana ndi mbali zonsezi umagwiridwa pa izo, ndipo ndondomeko yowonjezera imaperekedwa. Kenaka mapu okhala ndi malire amasaina ndi oimira mapepala ogwirizanitsa, osindikizidwa, ndiye ndi gawo losagwirizana la mgwirizanowu.

Pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa malire

Kupereŵera kwa malire a boma ndi kukangana ndi zikalata, osati kutsatidwa ndi zochita zenizeni pa makonzedwe a mzere wogawa. Koma pamagwirizano okhudzana ndi kudula malire, palinso zogwirizana kuti maphwando athetsere malire a "mapepala" kuti akhaledi enieni, kutanthauza kuti, pokhazikika pa nthawi yake.

Kuyeretsa ndi chizindikiro chapadera pa malo omwe akugawanika pakati pa mphamvu ndi mayina awo mothandizidwa ndi zizindikiro za malire. Maziko a kuika malire ndi chikalata chotsitsa malire. Ntchitoyi ikuchitika motsogoleredwa ndi nthumwi yosiyanasiyana ya nthumwi za mayiko oyandikana nawo. Pogwiritsa ntchito dera, kafukufuku wa m'mphepete mwa malire akuchitika, mapu ali ndi mapulani, mapepala apakati (kapena zizindikiro zina zolekanitsa) amaikidwa. Chochita chirichonse pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa malire chimalembedwa (kufotokozedwa) polemba zikalata, zomwe zili ndi zithunzi ndi zithunzi za mipanda. Kuyenda kosaloledwa kwa zizindikiro za malire sikuloledwa.

Kusungunuka kwa nyanja

Ngati boma lili ndi mwayi wopita kunyanja, funsoli likubweranso ndi malire ake. Zimakhala zovuta kuzinena kuti ndizosiyana ndi nthaka, ndipo sizingatheke chifukwa cha kusocheretsa kwa nyanja. Pamene gawo la maiko akugwirizana, chigamulo cha kuwongolera kwawo chiyenera kutengedwa pambali ya mgwirizano umodzi, umene suli nawo nthawi zonse. "UN Convention on the Law of the Sea", yomwe inagwiridwa mu 1982, inachititsa kuti pakhale njira yatsopano yopangira malo a madzi, omwe amadziwika bwino kwambiri pa nkhani ya zinyama za m'nyanja. Ndipo ngakhale cholinga cha msonkhano ndi kukhazikitsa njira yolinganiza, kusowa kwa mfundo zachikhalidwe nthawi zambiri kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti zithetse mgwirizano ndipo zakhala zikuyambitsa mikangano yambiri. Kuwonongeka kwa madera a m'nyanja ndi kovuta kwambiri makamaka momwe chuma kapena ndale zimakhudzira njira yothetsera vutoli, mwachitsanzo, kupezeka pa shelefu ya ma hydrocarbon.

Ponena za lamulo la nyanja

Mfundo yayikulu ya lamulo la nyanja ndi ufulu wa nyanja zam'madzi. Chigawo ichi cha malo onse okhala m'nyanja chinalandidwa zaka mazana ambiri zapitazo ndipo chikuphatikizapo ufulu wokayenda ndi usodzi, maulendo, ndi zina zotero. Zikanakhala kuti zonsezi zinkachitidwa mwamtendere. Nyanja imatsegulidwa kwa onse, kuphatikizapo mayiko omwe alibe mwayi. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, bungwe la UN Convention limapereka lamulo lokhazikitsa zinthu monga malo ndi malo omwe ali pafupi, alumali, komanso kukula kwa ndalama zokhazokha. Nkhani yowonongeka panyanja ndikutanthauza tanthauzo la gawolo la nyanja ndi masalmo a m'mayiko omwe maiko akunyanja akufutukula ulamuliro wawo. Koma popeza dziko lirilonse liri ndi chizoloŵezi chogwira chidutswa chachikulu, mikangano yambiri ya malire a nyanja zimaganiziridwa kawirikawiri ndi khoti lapadziko lonse la United Nations. Pamene vuto la kusankhana malo a m'nyanja yamphepete mwa nyanja yathetsedwa, malire omwe amakhazikitsidwa amapezeka pamapu.

Pa mikangano ya malire

Kulekanitsa malamulo a mayiko onse ndi mwayi wothetsera mikangano yonse yomwe yakhala ikuchitika pakati pa mayiko. Mipikisano imeneyi ndi yosiyana, koma nthawi zonse maziko awo ndi gawo la dziko loyandikana nawo.

Maiko-ochita mpikisano amayesa kutsimikizira malo awo mu mkangano mothandizidwa ndi zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Kawirikawiri, izi ndizo mbiri ndi chikhalidwe: nthawi yaitali ya dziko lina kapena chiyanjano cha mtundu ndi anthu okhala kumeneko. Maganizo amenewa nthawi zina amachititsa Germany kunena za ufulu wawo ku Silesia kapena East Prussia. Ndipo Romania chifukwa chofananacho nthawi zonse amakumbukira Northern Bukovina kapena Bessarabia. Koma kawirikawiri mikangano yophatikizapo imayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu ndi malire a malire: mwachitsanzo, pakati pa Russia ndi China, Paraguay ndi Argentina.

Ponena za mayiko omwe kale anali USSR

Iwo sankathawa kumenyana kumalire ndi dziko la kale lomwe Soviet Union. Pogonjetsedwa ndi USSR, maiko omwe anali atangopangidwa kumene adagwirizana ndi malire akale, ndipo m'mabuku ambiri adabisala kusokonekera kwapachiweniweni ndi mphamvu yapadera. Mitundu ina ya mitunduyi inagawidwa mosiyanasiyana: Armenian ochokera ku Nagorno-Karabakh, okhala ku South Ossetia. Kugawanika kwa magetsi m'mphepete mwa dziko lakale la USSR kunapangitsa kuti pakhale mapulogalamu otchedwa exclaves - magawo a gawolo ozunguliridwa ndi dziko lina. Kodi tifunika kukambirana za zovuta kwa anthu a kumadera akutali, mwachitsanzo, dera la Kaliningrad?

Koma zotsatira za chigawengazo zinamvekedwa kwambiri ndi anthu a ku Central Asia. Ndi za Ferghana Valley. M'zaka za Soviet, dera limeneli, pafupifupi nthawi zonse lisanakhale limodzi lonse, mwadzidzidzi linagawidwa pakati pa Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan ndi Tajikistan. Kuphatikizanso apo, gawo lopanda malire la malire m'chigwa ndi madera ake linapanga maulendo angapo. M'dera la Kyrgyzstan munali malo a Uzbek, ndipo malo ena a Tajik amalowetsedwa m'mayiko a Kyrgyzstan ndi Uzbekistan. Izi zatsogolera kale zovuta zovuta pakati pa mayiko okhudzana ndi kudyetsa, kumwa madzi, ndi zina zotero.

Kulekanitsa kwa malire ndi njira yopezera mtendere

Chikhalidwe cha anthu chimafanana nthawi zonse - kaya ndi funso lachikhalidwe cha Kaidashi kapena atsogoleri a boma omwe ali ndi udindo. Aliyense amateteza zofuna zake, aliyense amayesetsa chilungamo (ndithudi, mukumvetsetsa kwake). Choncho, kufotokozera mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko sikungapeweke. Nkhani zomwe zikutsutsanazi ndizochitika. Zotsatira zake ndizo malo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga Gibraltar, mwini wa mafuta opezeka pamapulatifomu, kapena mgwirizano wa nkhondo pambuyo pa nkhondo zomwe zaka makumi anayi zikuwoneka ngati zosalungama kwa anawo. Ngakhale omwe ali a ayezi osatha amatsutsana. Zikuwoneka kuti nthawi yaying'ono idzadutsa, ndipo malingaliro onse ku Mwezi ndi Dzuwa adzakambidwa milandu yapadziko lonse .

Zimangokhala kupemphera kwa Mulungu kuti mikangano yonse yothetsedwa mwamtendere ndi mwazi, makamaka muzokambirana. Kulekanitsa ndi kulekanitsa, ndithudi, sikutitsimikizira kuti anthu amatetezedwa ku nkhondo, komabe iyi ndiyo njira yofunikira pa njira ya mtendere. Mwinamwake, tsiku lina, loto lowala la anthu lidzakwaniritsidwa, ndipo magulu onse ogawana pakati pa mayiko adzatha. Koma mu zenizeni zenizeni, makonzedwe a malire ndi njira yofunikira poonetsetsa kuti ubale wabwino ndi wabwino.