Kukuletsani: kapangidwe mwatsatanetsatane

Bondo olowa, kapangidwe ka zimene ziyenera lodziwika bwino kwa munthu aliyense nawo masewera, ndi yaikulu kwambiri ku thupi. Iwo aumbike mwa mafupa atatu. Kapangidwe ka bondo olowa wa munthu chifukwa malo ake. Malekezero a mafupa kupanga dongosolo aphimbidwa ndi chichereŵechereŵe wandiweyani kwambiri 6 mamilimita wandiweyani. Imakhala imodzi mwa ntchito zazikulu olowa - mantha mayamwidwe poyenda.

Bondo olowa, kapangidwe

Photo akutionetsa kapangidwe zoyambirira za malo: minofu, mafupa, meniscus, Mitsemphayi (cruciate), mitsempha ndi mitsempha ya magazi. Yambani kuyang'ana pa dongosolo lake mafupa. Olowa aumbike mwa mafupa atatu. Awiri yaitali - tibia tubular ndi femur. Chachitatu - ndi patella. Iye anamaliza mawonekedwe ndi ochepa kwambiri. Iwo inali kutsogolo. Femur pansi ndipamene condyles - protrusions yokutidwa chichereŵechereŵe. zolosera Awa pokhudzana ndi otchedwa tibial yachonde lopangidwa nawonso, cha amachepetsa awiri. The patella ikuyenda mu ufa maganizo amene anapanga condyles. Umenewu umatchedwanso patellofemoral poyambira. Fibula pabwino laterally ku tibialis. Mu mapangidwe bondo si mbali.

Kapangidwe tanthauzo la chichereŵechereŵe

Ntchito nsalu - mantha ndi damping, kuchepetsa mphamvu frictional pa gulu. M'pofunika, kumene kuli awiri pamalo fupa opaka wina ndi mzake. Articular chichereŵechereŵe ndi zolimba kwambiri. Mu bondo limafotokoza osati malekezero a femur ndi tibia, komanso padziko patella lapansi. Chichereŵechereŵe minofu ndi a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mu bondo - hyaline. Mbali A nsalu iyi ndi mkulu madzi zili mu chikhazikitso intercellular. Izi zimathandiza kusinthasintha ndipo amathandiza kuteteza motsutsana kuwonongeka kwa bondo olowa.

Kapangidwe ka Mitsemphayi ndi menisci

Wandiweyani connective minofu mapangidwe, ndi chikukonzekera itha mafupa otchedwa Mitsemphayi. Mu nkhani ya bondo olowa kapisozi kulimbikitsa ake nyumba awiriwa kuchokera kunja - ndi lateral ndi medial. Ndipo awiri mkati - kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo cruciate. Kuchepetsa zoyenda kwambiri mu anteroposterior malangizo, kuteteza izo kuchokera amalowetsa wachibale femur lapansi. Mitsemphayi bondo onse ndi ofunika kwambiri kugwira ntchito khola. Pakati pa femur ndi tibia imakonzedwa formations awiri anafika meniscus. Iwo akhoza kutchedwa chichereŵechereŵe, ngakhale dongosolo lawo isiyana ndi kapangidwe ka hyaluronic kuphimba nkhope articular. Menisci mudzaze danga pakati pa chikweza tibial ndi mapeto articular wa femur lapansi.
Iwo ankawoneka kuti anali kutumikira monga gasket kusintha, redistributing kulemera. Popanda ukulu wake yense lolunjika pa nthawi ina pa malo okwera tibial. Mitundu iwiri ya menisci (medial ndi lateral) olumikiza mitsempha lateral. The lateral (kunja) kawirikawiri kuonongeka chifukwa sayenda wake wamkulu. Wamkati (medial) meniscus lili mkati lateral mitsempha ndipo ali lability m'munsi. Ichi ndi chifukwa zoopsa zake pafupipafupi. Pakati pa meniscus ndi chachikulu kuposa m'mbali - ndipamene M'mimbamo ting'onoting'ono tibial yachonde, ndi kuvumbitsira olowa kwambiri khola. Ngati Mitsemphayi sanali, tidzakhala ndi imbalances yaikulu nthambi m'munsi, ndipo nthawi zambiri kuti kuvulaza bondo olowa. Kapangidwe ka ziwalo kuchirikiza amapereka bondo bata iye

bursa

Pogona pamodzi ndi minofu ndi tendons. Yaikulu - patellar (pansi pa tendon quadriceps), iwo pafupifupi salankhula ndi M'mimbamo olowa. Kumbuyo kwakuya podnadkolennaya thumba mu makulidwe olowa - angapo ang'onoang'ono. Pamene kudzaza mu ena a awa madzimadzi synovial akhoza kupanga cysts.

Minofu nawo flexion ndi kutambasuka olowa

Pa kutsogolo padziko ntchafu ndi quadriceps. Pamene kuchepetsa mwendo wake unbent pa bondo olowa. The patella tendon lagona makulidwe, ndipo akutumikira monga fulcrum ndi kusintha malangizo a zoyenda kutero. Izo kumawonjezera mphamvu ya minofu anati. Flexors shank (Femur ndi za bondo) akufunitsitsa mwendo pa bondo olowa.

innervation

Taganizirani mitsempha popliteal. Ndi yaikulu ya anthu ili pa kumbuyo padziko olowa. Izi mitsempha - nthambi ya sciatic lapansi. Limatipatsa tcheru ndi galimoto innervation ya kapisozi olowa. Pamwamba olowa izo ukugawa mu tibial ndi misempha peroneal. Iwo ofunika ponena chifukwa pamene choipa bondo nthawi zambiri kuonongeka. M'mbuyo kapisozi pa amapereka obturator mitsempha. Ena nthambi za tibial mitsempha tilinazo kupereka mbali posteromedial. Peroneal innervate posteroexternal ndi perednenaruzhnuyu pamwamba. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti thupi la pang'ono formations yemweyo akusuntha, ngati bondo - dongosolo ndi innervation ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha mabacteria toyalana amapereka mkulu tilinazo.

kotunga magazi

Yaikulu vasculature azinga bondo, imakhala mitsempha anayi akuluakulu omwe cholukanalukana ndi kupanga plexus mtima (13 amenewa Intaneti pa pamwamba olowa) ndipo mkati mwake. Woyamba ndi waukulu mtsempha wamagazi - femoral. Popliteal, zapambuyo tibial kwambiri ndi pang'ono pokha. Iwo onse amene amakula ina makope kukachitika kuti wina wa ziwiya magoli. Kapangidwe anatomical a mtsempha wamagazi ndi popliteal mosavuta kulingalira, nagawira mu magawo atatu. The choyamba - pamwamba. kuvala bwino imachitika pa mlingo wachiwiri. Zachiphamaso mtsempha mu bondo olowa imakonzedwa mu zigawo ziwiri. Pamakhala ankaimira kwambiri saphenous mtsempha. Pamwamba - venous maukonde kuchokera owonjezera. Yotsirizira zimachokeradi mu munthu aliyense. Kuchokera kumbuyo padziko bondo olowa chimapangitsa yaing'ono subcutaneous Vienna. Nthawi zina ndi bokosi, ndi zina ziwiri. Ikani wasefukira komanso zimasiyanasiyana, koma kawirikawiri kugwa pa popliteal lapansi.