Kodi mapangano zachuma kulibe? List kugwirizana mayiko zachuma

mtundu uliwonse wa bungwe limene mayiko anagwirizana agwirire ntchito yawo ndi mfundo ndalama ndi maiko ena, amatchedwa pazachuma. N'zoonekeratu kuti pali zambiri madigiri osiyanasiyana kusakanikirana.

• Ŵakwenera Trade Mgwirizano (PTA). Mgwirizano PTA mwina ambiri mawonekedwe yaikulu ya pazachuma. PTA, monga ulamuliro, kuchepetsa akufuna mu tariffs mwamuna m'magulu ena mankhwala.
• Woyendera nthambi za ufulu wochita malonda (FTA). Izo analengedwa mu choncho kumene gulu la mayiko kuthetsa tariffs mwa iwo wokha, koma amasunga tariff kunja pa katundu ku mayiko ena. Chitsanzo cha FTA ndi NAFTA, kutanthauza ziro tariffs mu imports galimoto pakati pa US ndi Mexico. Komabe, mayiko membala amene Sali mbali ya NAFTA, pali ena amaika tariffs galimoto imports ku Mexico.
• Customs Union. Ndi pamene gulu la mayiko kuthetsa tariffs pakati pa maiko awo, koma anapereka tariff wamba pa katundu ku dziko lonse.
• Economic wamphumphu. Msika limodzi amapereka malonda pa mitengo yabwino, amakhazikitsa wamba tariffs kunja pakati pa anthu, ndipo kumathandizanso ubwino kwa kayendedwe ufulu wa ndalama pakati pa mayiko. European Union analengedwa monga mmodzi wa Pangano la Rome mu 1975, msika wamba
• Economic wamphumphu. M'mayiko Union Economic tatchulazi zimayendera ufulu wochita malonda mu katundu, kukhazikitsa wamba tariffs kunja anthu, chimatanthauza zinthu kayendedwe ufulu wa ndalama likulu. The Union ndi European mfundo wamba mu ulimi (kapu) ndi chitsanzo cha mtundu wa mugwirizano ndalama dera zimasonyeza zachuma.
• Monetary Union. Chinsinsi chilengedwe cha ndalama imodzi mwa gulu la maiko ndi mgwirizano ndalama zimene zimaphatikizapo mapangidwe ulamuliro waukulu chuma chomwe chimasiyanitsa mfundo ndalama kwa gulu lonse.

Chiyambi cha njira ya EurAsEC

Eurasian Union Economic - gulu lapadziko lonse zochokera kusakanikirana dera zachuma, ndi mabungwe lonse. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zosankha za ziwalo zake (Council Eurasian Economic, bungwe la Economic ndi Court Economic) Lidzakhala lamulo lonse.

M'dera la Soviet Eurasian (EurAsEC) chimakwirira oposa 20 miliyoni ^km2 (15% m'deralo dziko Dziko Lapansi), mkati Commonwealth of anthu wokhala kuchuluka kwa anthu mamiliyoni 183.

Pangano pa Union Eurasian Economic amapereka kugwirizana zochita za ulimi, mafakitale, mphamvu; ambiri mwaukhondo ndi luso malamulo. Ndi kukhazikitsa Commonwealth of mabungwe a zachuma adzalenga msika wamba asatayike mu 2016, 2019 chikuyembekezeka malizitsani mapangidwe msika mphamvu wamba, ndipo mu 2025 - msika mafuta, gasi, ndi katundu mafuta.

History akukumbukira zitsanzo za ziŵalo mabungwe mayiko a zachuma mu migwirizano ya ndale kapena nkhondo, chitsanzo chabwino cha zimenezi ndi Community Economic wa West States African. Nthawi wadutsa kuchokera ku chiyambi cha maganizo ake ali ankatembenukira kwa ntchito malonda pa ntchito asilikali malire a Commonwealth.

Ubwenzi wa anthu Choyamba!

December 22, 2014 zinali zodzaza ndi nzeru zida za ratification ya kumvana-okhala moyandikana anagwirizana pakati Russia ndi Kazakhstan. Pangano pa Union Eurasian Economic si kuletsa pangano yapita pa mgwirizano chuma ndi ndale anasaina pakati pa maiko awiri mu 1992, pa mwake, likugwirizana ndi chimafikira kuchuluka kwa mogwirizana ndi amalola kukhazikitsa ndondomeko onse mu kufanana.

Gululi ndi lotseguka kwa boma aliyense amene akufuna zolinga ndi zinthu zotchulidwa mu pangano pakati limati. Kumapeto kwa 2014 Union nawonso anayamba ndi Armenia ndi Kyrgyzstan.

Tikumbukenso kuti Pulezidenti Putin kukaona malonda ku Uzbekistan, kumene kukambirana zinthu kuloŵa Eurasian Union. Sipikala wa Assembly Federal Russian ananena kuti zokambiranazo pa inalowa zotheka a Tajikistan kwa Union Eurasian Economic.

Chifukwa cha EurAsEC Customs Union

EurAsEC Customs Union (Cu) adafika zotsatira zonse kuchokera January 2010 ngati Union Customs a Belarus, Kazakhstan ndi Russia, kenako anagwirizana naye Armenia ndi Kyrgyzstan.

Customs Union Economic unakhazikitsidwa monga chiyambi cha zachuma mgwirizano mayiko kale mbali ya Soviet Union. Choncho, States Member kupitiriza njira ya pazachuma chifukwa kuchotsa zotchinga miyambo pakati pawo. Kumapeto kwa 2014 Eurasian Union Economic zachokera galimoto, amene ali wamba ndalama m'dera kulimbikitsa zina pazachuma.

TC EurAsEC membala limati: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia.

Documents Mukalowa mu 1995, 1999 ndi 2007., Tumikirani zonse ndi kuteteza ufulu mosavomerezeka wa bungwe la Miyambo. The Common Space Economic Cholinga kulamulira chikalata cha 2007, nthawi kukhazikitsidwa kwa galimoto choyamba, chachiwiri - maphunziro ake.

malamulo TC

Luso Malamulo, chiyanjo cha ndilo maziko inalowa kuti Cu ndi:

- National approvals mankhwala.

- Certificate la Soviet Customs, anapereka malinga ndi chikalata, amene amatipatsa mndandanda wa katundu phunziro kwa kuvomerezedwa motsata ziyenera. satifiketi zimenezi zili zoyenera m'mayiko onse TC lapansi.

- The kukula kugunda kwa makope kunja ndi mwagwirizana TC malonda. Common Customs Code kumalamuliridwa ndi bungwe la Eurasian Economic ndi Dipatimenti ya Statistics.

mabungwe a zachuma zambiri kufunafuna inatha ndi katundu yekha katundu amene ali opindulitsa dera zachuma. Chitsanzo cha zimenezi ndi magalimoto. mankhwala yekha kuti ayambe "katundu galimoto" akhoza momasuka kunja / zimagulitsidwa mu dera kumatanthauza. Malinga ndi m'Nkhani 4 ya Kasitomu Code, katundu tikhale udindo ngati milandu zotsatirazi:

- mankhwala opangidwa ku malire Cu.

- Malonda, katundu opangidwa kudya zoweta ndi malipiro a ntchito miyambo zotchulidwa mu mgwirizano.

- mankhwala pali zinthu zonse: chikalata kumalire Cu cholinga cha mowa zoweta.

Zamgululi amene sakwanira wa TC katundu kulemekeza omwe si wapatsidwa zikalata zogwirizana kuti aone mathero a galimoto katundu, ayenera kukumana ndi ndondomeko ya wamba ntchito miyambo m'malire Customs Union.

Other mabungwe Russian zachuma

- APEC. Cooperation Economic (APEC) unakhazikitsidwa mu 1989 asonkhanitse mayiko a m'dera Asia-Pacific. APEC ndi Forum mayiko 21. Cholinga cha m'dera kale kwa nthawi yaitali ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa msika wa malonda ndi zipangizo kunja Europe. Akatswiri akukhulupirira kuti AETS analengedwa poyankha chuma kukula kwa olemera Japan, lomwe lili ndi mphamvu ya kulamulira Asia-Pacific dera. Komabe, nkofunika pamalo abwino Commonwealth makamaka m'maboma m'gulu izo imathandi- mwandondomeko ntchito zachuma pakati pa mayiko ofanana.

- CIS. Zimachitika pakati ena mayiko a Soviet Union pamaziko a kufanana mwayekha zachokera mgwirizano wa Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Panthawi imeneyi, CIS zikuphatikizapo mayiko otsatirawa: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan ndi Ukraine. pangano yosainidwa mu 1991.

- BRICS. BRICS umabweretsa pamodzi asanu chuma chachikulu akutulukira wa mayiko otsatirawa: Brazil, Russia, India, China ndi South Africa. Isanafike likhale gulu South Africa lotchedwa "BRIC." Mayiko onse amene ali mbali ya, ndi chuma mofulumira kukula, kukhudzanso pa kusintha dera ndi dziko lonse.

Kumapeto kwa 2014, BRICS Kuphunzira akupempha anthu 3 biliyoni, woimira 40% ya anthu padziko lonse.

The Commonwealth anakhazikitsidwa mu 2006 ku St. Petersburg Forum atumiki chuma Brazil, Russia, India ndi China. Msonkhano woyamba unachitika mu 2009 ku Yekaterinburg. Pamisonkhano zafotokozedwa nkhani ya zibwenzi mgwirizano, kukongoza, malo ndi zachilengedwe.

Popita kwa Maastricht Pangano

European Union Economic (EU) - chuma ndi ndale chitaganya, wopangidwa mwa States twente-seveni Member kuti ndi mfundo wamba m'madera angapo. The EU analengedwa mu 1993 ndi kusaina panganoli pa European Union, umene zafala monga Maastricht Pangano. Komabe, izi anali yoyamba kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabungwe angapo a ku Ulaya, amene anathandiza kuti chitukuko cha EU.

Monga mbali ya EU poyamba inkakhala 12 Member States: Denmark, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Belgium, Portugal, Ireland, France, Spain ndi UK. Mu 1993, bungwe la European, msonkhano mu Copenhagen (Denmark) wofotokozedwa muyezo kwa inalowa ku EU. zofunika zimenezi, zimene anatsimikiza monga muyezo wa Copenhagen monga ndizosowa monga:

• demokalase khola kuti amalemekeza ufulu wa anthu ndi ulamulilo wotsatila malamulo adziko;
• ukugwirira ntchito msika mpikisano kusamalila;
• kuvomerezedwa kwa maudindo a umembala, kuphatikizapo lamulo EU.

Development wa EU pambuyo 1993

EU chinawonjezeka ndi nthawi 3 Kuchokera pa chiyambi chake. Mu 1995 panaoneka mamembala 3 latsopano: Austria, Finland ndi Sweden. Mu 2004 kudali mu EU wa mamembala 10 latsopano, makamaka bloc Union: Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia ndi Slovenia. Mu 2007, Romania ndi Bulgaria, zomwe amakwaniritsa kulowa mu 2004 zowona ndipo analandira mu Union. Mu 2013 kunachititsa kuti mndandanda ndi dziko la Croatia.

Chimodzi mwa zolinga za EU - zachuma ndi ndalama ogwirizana, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti chilengedwe cha ndalama imodzi European. malonda mmalire a ndalama malo ofanana kungathandize kwambiri kuti chilengedwe cha msika limodzi, wangwiro ndi mitengo yunifolomu ndi lamulo la misika dziko. Kujambula msika limodzi angathe kuwalimbikitsa chodziwa mpikisano pakati mankhwala kagawo kakang'ono ndi kovuta zachuma makampani, makamaka malonda pakati pa anthu a m'dera yamtundu umodzi. Pomaliza, mu yaitali kukhazikitsa ntchito wamba ndi danga ndalama ayenera wosalira European dongosolo kampani kwa kuthetsa zinthu zonse normative malamulo homogeneous.

mayuro

mabungwe a zachuma zambiri cholinga kugwirizanitsa chuma m'mayiko mwa iwo. Mulingo woyenera kulamulira zochitika za chuma zone ndalama munthu akhoza akwaniritsa chiyambi cha ndalama limodzi; mgwirizano uno adzalenga pachilichonse wamkulu mwa chuma zosiyanasiyana mitundu. Zikhalidwe anapereka kumayambiriro yuro ndi chilengedwe cha ndalama limodzi:

1. The yokonza mitengo mayiko kuwombola mkati osiyanasiyana anakonzeratu (kusinthitsa ndalama limagwirira, kapena ERM) kwa zaka zosachepera ziwiri kumayambiriro kwa yuro.
2. Kukhalabe chiwongola dzanja yaitali.
3. Kupsa ngongole anthu Malire zinalembedwa.
4. Chisamaliro cha ngongole ambiri boma pa zosaposa 60% ya mankhwala aakulu m'banja.

Kapangidwe EU a

wogwirizana zachuma European zikuphatikizapo 4 thupi utsogoleri, amene chichotse ndi kukonza Madera enieni ntchito chuma ndi ndale.

1. Bungwe la nduna. Kawirikawiri tichipeza oimira Mautumiki a Affairs okhonda wa limati membala EU. Bungwe la nduna European ali ndi chonena komaliza pa zinthu zonse zimene si ataphimbidwa ndi mapangano atathana unakhazikitsidwa EU kapena mabungwe ake kuloŵedwa m'malo. Bungwe la nduna amavomereza akungokuonani Komiti, akulankhula zokhudza ubale wa pakati pa maiko EU pa mbali zotsatirazi: Boma, ulimi, nsomba, ndondomeko mafakitale ndi msika mkati, kufufuza, mphamvu zoyendera zachilengedwe.

2. Commission European. Economic mgwirizano wa limati, monga ulamuliro, kupanga matupi Katswiri kuthana ndi mavuto a zachuma. Monga gulu lotero wa wamkulu EU, bungwe European amachita. Iwo akufuna kutumikira zofuna za Europe wonse pa nkhani zokhudza ubale wa kunja, chuma, ndalama, makampani ndi ndondomeko ulimi.

3. European yamalamulo. Pamafunikanso akuluakulu a EU limati membala, amene amasankhidwa ndi voti mwachindunji m'mayiko awo. Ngakhale ali ngati Forum pokambirana nkhani zofunika kwa munthu Member States ndi EU lonse, Nyumba ya Malamulo ku Ulaya ilibe mphamvu kulenga kapena kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo malamulo. Komabe, iye ali ndi ulamuliro pa bajeti EU ndipo akhoza kupanga nkhani ulemu mwa Bungwe la nduna kapena Commission European.

4. Court. mabungwe kwa ndalama ayenera yodalirika, European Union yotero. Khoti tichipeza oweruza 13 ndi achilamulo asanu woimira EU M'Bungwe States. Ntchito yake kumasulira malamulo opangidwa ndi zochita kutsatiridwa kuti EU membala maboma, makampani ndi anthu limati membala EU.

mabungwe mayiko zachuma

- WTO / GATT. Lofunika Malamulo 153 pakati pa mayiko ndi General mgwirizano pa tariffs ndi Trade (GATT). Kuchepetsa tariffs, Kupha zotchinga osakondera msonkho ndi mfundo miyambo poyerekezera ndi mzake - izi ndi zolinga zikuluzikulu za pangano, limene lalembedwa mu 1947

- YUNKAD. The Conference United Nations pa Trade ndi Development - woimira thupi la Assembly General wa UN (United Nations), zomwe amachita pa nkhani ya zachuma chitukuko, malonda ndi ndalama. Waukulu cholinga cha gululo amakhazikitsa yokha kumayiko zochepa olemera mu kuphatikiza msika chuma padziko lonse.

- NAFTA. Yaikulu North America zone ufulu wochita malonda pakati pa United States, Canada ndi Mexico kuchokera 1994

- ASEAN. Ndale ndiponso zachuma am'deramo za mayiko a kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, umene tsopano kukula mofulumira, ukufanizidwa ndi Association of Asia South-East. pangano yosainidwa ndi mayiko otsatirawa: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Philippines, Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam. zolinga ASEAN ali umalimbana mofulumira kukula chuma, chitetezo cha zinthu wadziko lonse, bata ndi mutendele; Pomuthangatira ndi matupi malamulo kuthetsa kusamvana mwamtendere.