Kodi mafuta ndi chiyani?

Mafuta monga zamoyo zachilengedwe amadziwika kwa aliyense kuchokera ku benchi ya sukulu. Koma sikuti aliyense amadziwa chomwe chimapangidwira, momwe chimagwirira ntchito komanso chimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kodi mafuta ndi chiyani? Ndi chisakanizo cha kaboni mu madzi amadzi, okhala ndi zovuta komanso odzaza ndi zinthu zina. Amapanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Zipinda zamtengo wapatali za mafuta zili pansi pamtunda. Pambuyo pazigawozi, zimatulutsidwa, motero zimachotsa zosafunika zosafunikira.

Mafuta ndi madzi obiriwira omwe ali ndi zotentha. Ili ndi fungo lapadera. Mtundu wa mafuta ukhoza kukhala wosiyana. Zimadalira momwe zimakhalira, malo opangira zinthu ndipo zimasiyana mosiyana ndi zopanda mtundu. Chikhalidwe cha zojambulajambulazi ndi mtundu wofiira ndi tinge wobiriwira.

Kodi mafuta, omwe tawapeza, ndi ati, tsopano tipenda momwe akugwiritsira ntchito. Gawo lalikulu la mafuta ndi carbon. Izi ndi pafupifupi 80-87 peresenti. Kuyambira 11 mpaka 15 peresenti ya mafuta ndi hydrogen. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, sulfure, nayitrogeni, oxygen, cobalt, nickel, aluminium, chitsulo, barium, manganese ndi zinthu zina zamadzimadzi zilipo. Gawo lawo mu misa wathunthu ndi lopanda pake. Zonsezi zimapanga makina a zinthu komanso zachilengedwe.

Kulankhula za mafuta, simungathe kutchula katundu wake. Chofunika kwambiri mwa iwo, chimene anthu amagwiritsira ntchito kwambiri, ndi kuthekera kutulutsa kutentha kwakukulu panthawi yotentha. Mafuta ndi chimodzi mwa magwero akuluakulu. Zopangira zomwe zimapangidwa kuchokera kwa ilo zili ndi mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri wa calorific.

Kugwiritsira ntchito malo a mafuta, monga madzi ena onse, kutuluka mumphuno pamene otentha, tizigawo ting'onoting'ono tomwe timachokapo. Mafuta ali ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu zomwe zimapita ku gaseous kutentha. Pa madigiri 200 a hydrocarbons amapatsidwa, okhudzana ndi gawo la mafuta, ndi 250 - naphtha. Pakati pa 250-315 madigiri, ma hydrocarboni a fraction ya mafuta a mafuta a petroli amapatsidwa, ndipo pa 350 - ma carboni a mafuta. Pambuyo polekanitsidwa ndi tizigawo ting'onoting'ono tambiri, phula limakhalabe.

Kodi mafuta ndi otani, anthu amadziwa zaka zikwi zingapo zisanachitike. Aigupto akale ankagwiritsira ntchito ngati mankhwala komanso ngati chinyumba. M'zaka zamkati zapitazi, mafuta a palafini anaphunzirapo.

Poyamba, anthu ankagwiritsa ntchito mafuta okhawo omwe anali pamwamba. Kenaka, pogwiritsa ntchito injiniyi, anayamba kuyendetsa zitsime ndi kutulutsa mafuta pamwamba pa matumbo a dziko lapansi.

Kuchulukira kwamakono kwa zamoyo zakalezi ndizodzipanga bwino. Makilomita zikwi zikwi za mapaipi a mafuta adayikidwa padziko lonse lapansi. Mafutawa ndi owopsa kwambiri, amathira mapampu apadera kudzera m'mipope.

Pali ziphunzitso ziwiri za chiyambi cha mafuta. Malingana ndi chiyambi cha chiyambi cha biogenic, mafuta ndi zotsalira za zinyama ndi zamoyo. Iwo asandulika kukhala kutsika kwa dziko lapansi kukhala madzi awa kwa mamilioni mamiliyoni ambiri. Othandizira pa bukhu la abiogenic amasonyeza chiyambi chachilengedwe cha zokongoletsera izi.

Maonekedwe a mafuta ndi khalidwe lake amadalira malo omwe ndalamazo zili. Mafuta omwe amapangidwa m'dera la Baku ali ndi cycloparaffins ambiri komanso carbon dioxide. Groznenskoye mafuta, mosiyana, ali olemera mu zitsulo zamkati. Mafuta a kumpoto ali ndi mafuta onunkhira a hydrocarboni ambirimbiri.

Mafuta, pamodzi ndi mafuta, amakhalabe chinthu chofunikira kwambiri komanso magwero a mphamvu kwa anthu. Zida zopangidwa kuchokera kwazo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'madera onse a chuma cha dziko. Ponena za kukula kwa ma polojekiti komanso kufunika kwa mafuta masiku ano, nkhokwe zake zatha. Choncho, m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe zimachokerazo mopitirira malire, kuti muwonjeze bwino momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito mcherewu, kuti muyang'ane ma deposits atsopano ndi njira zochotsera mafuta kuchokera pansi.