Khosi kaswili: vertebrae, minofu, Mitsempha

anthu khosi - mbali ya thupi, kulumikiza mutu ndi thupi. ndi malire ake chapamwamba kumayambira dera m'munsi nsagwada. The torso khosi umadutsa ndi mphako jugular wa sternum ndi chogwirira chimafikira mwa Pamwamba pa clavicle lapansi. Ngakhale kukula kwake ochepa, pali nyumba zofunika ndi ziwalo, omwe analekana ndi minofu connective.

mawonekedwe

Ngati thunthu la khosi mu mawonekedwe onse ali yemweyo munthu aliyense, mawonekedwe ake zingasiyane. Monga chiwalo wina aliyense kapena mbali ya thupi, lili umunthu yake. Izi ndi chifukwa peculiarities wa thupi malamulo, zaka, jenda, makhalidwe cholowa. The cylindrical mawonekedwe - muyezo mawonekedwe khosi. Mu ubwana ndi wamng'ono khungu mu izi elasticity dera skintight chichereŵechereŵe ndi zolosera zina.

Pamene tilting mutu kwa midline wa khosi zodziwika bwino thupi ndi nyanga ya fupa hyoid, chithokomiro chichereŵechereŵe - cricoid, tracheal. Pansipa torso zooneka fossa - ndi jugular mphako ya sternum lapansi. Mu kumanga wazaka zapakati ndi ang'ono pa mbali minofu khosi akhoza mophweka. N'zosavuta muzindikire ndi mitsempha yomwe ili pafupi ndi khungu.

khosi thunthu

Mbali imeneyi ya thupi lili mkati yokha ziwiya lalikulu magazi ndi misempha kuti kupanga kofunika ziwalo moyo ndi mafupa. Yopangidwa dongosolo akulu limachititsa kuchita zosiyanasiyana kayendedwe ka mutu. Kapangidwe mkati mwa khosi ndizo m'madipatimenti monga:

• Pakhosi - nawo mawu m'kamwa anthu, omwe ndi chotchinga oyamba tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, amachita kulankhulana ntchito ya dongosolo m'mimba;
• m'phuno - n'chofunikira kwambiri mawu zida, chitetezo kupuma;
• trachea - wochititsa mpweya m'mapapo, yofunika zikuluzikulu za dongosolo kupuma;
• chithokomiro England - thupi la dongosolo endocrine limene limatulutsa mahomoni kuti kagayidwe;
• kum'mero, - gawo la unyolo m'mimba amakankhira kwa chakudya m'mimba kuti adziteteze Reflux zosiyana;
• msana - amafotokozera apamwamba mantha dongosolo anthu, amene sayenda thupi ndi ntchito za bongo pa.

Ndiponso, kudzera khosi anayesedwa misempha, ziwiya lalikulu magazi ndi mitsempha. Amakhala vertebrae ndi chichereŵechereŵe minofu connective ndi wosanjikiza mafuta. Mbali imeneyi ya thupi, ndi kugwirizana zofunika "mutu - khosi" chifukwa zomwe zikugwirizana ndi chingwe msana ndi ubongo.

ya khosi

Kusiyanitsa kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kwa khosi, komanso ambiri a "makona" imene okha m'mbali lateral a minofu trapezius. Mbali kutsogolo zikuwoneka ngati kansalu ndi lokhalamo m'munsi. Iwo ali ndi zofooka: Upper - m'munsi nsagwada, pansi - ndi mphako jugular, mbali - m'mbali mwa minofu sternocleidomastoid. Mzere pakati ukugawa gawo ili mu awiri medial makona: lamanja ndi kumanzere. Palinso lingual makona, amene akhoza anatsegula kulumikiza mtsempha wamagazi lingual. Iwo kukuchepetsa kutsogolo hyoid minofu, pamwamba - mitsempha hypoglossal, kumbuyo ndi m'munsimu tendon wa digastric, yomwe ili pafupi ndi carotid makona.

Scapular-tracheal m'dera zochepa scapular-hyoid ndi minofu sternocleidomastoid. Mu makona scapuloclavicular, omwe ali mbali ya nsapato makona lateral, ili jugular Vienna, Vienna, ndi mtsempha wamagazi suprascapular ndi thoracic lymph ritsa. The trapezoidal-scapular khosi gawo ndi chowonjezera mitsempha ndi khomo lachiberekero mtsempha wamagazi chabe, ndipo kudzera gawo medial zace chimafikira mtsempha wamagazi yopingasa.

MUNDA makwerero minofu ndi interscalene ndi predlestnichnoe danga mkati chimene chimafika mtsempha wamagazi subclavian ndi suprascapular, Vienna subclavian ndi mitsempha phrenic.

Kumbuyo Front zochepa trapezoid minofu. Apa ndi mkati carotid mtsempha wamagazi ndi jugular Vienna, komanso vagus, hypoglossal, glossopharyngeal, mitsempha chowonjezera.

mafupa khosi

Danga msana tichipeza 33-34 vertebrae ndipo popitapita thupi ndi munthu kumutumikira thandizo. Lili mkati chingwe msana, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi periphery ku ubongo ndipo limapereka apamwamba reflex ntchito. Msana loyamba ili basi mkati khosi kudzera amene ali mkulu sayenda.

Khomo lachiberekero msana ndi 7 vertebrae, ena amene zinasungidwa zokhudzana ndi zimene zinaphatikizidwa ndi njira yopingasa. Awo gawo kutsogolo, ndilo mabowo malire, - chisonyezo nthiti. khomo lachiberekero vertebral thupi laterally elongated, zosakwana anzawo ndipo ali ndi mawonekedwe chishalo. Izi zimathandiza khomo lachiberekero msana kwambiri sayenda poyerekeza ndi mbali zina za ndime msana.

Mabowo vertebrae pamodzi kupanga njira mumakhala kutetezela womwe ndi mtsinje vertebral ndi mtsempha. Place za ndime ya chingwe msana kupanga Arc wa vertebrae khomo lachiberekero, ndi mokwanira yotakata ndipo akufanana ndi mawonekedwe triangular. njira Spinous zogawanika, kotero pano Ufumuyo kwambiri ulusi minofu.

Linkawonongeka "Buku la mapu"

Woyamba awiri vertebrae khomo lachiberekero pa eg osiyana ndi ena asanu. Ndi pamaso pawo zimathandiza munthu kuchita zosiyanasiyana kayendedwe ka mutu: wakupendama swivel, kasinthasintha. Origin vertebrae - mphete minofu fupa. Amakhala ndi Arc kutsogolo pa gawo otukukira kunja kwa limene lili zapambuyo Lobe. Pa mbali mkati losiyana glenoid fossa wa wachiwiri khomo lachiberekero ndondomeko linkawonongeka odontoid.

Atlas linkawonongeka kumbuyo waku Arc ali pang'ono yotundumukira kunja kwa mpanda gawo - kumbuyo hump. Chapamwamba articular ndondomeko pa Arc m'malo mwa glenoid fossa chowulungika. Iwo zolumukizidwa ndi condyles la fupa occipital. Monga m'munsi njira articular ndi maenje, amene ogwirizana ndi linkawonongeka lotsatira.

olamulira

The chachiwiri khomo lachiberekero linkawonongeka - olamulira kapena epistrophe - Kukhala losiyana odontoid ili mu kumtunda kwa thupi lake. Mbali zokhudzana ndi olowa pamalo pang'ono otukukira kunja mawonekedwe.

Awiriwa enieni dongosolo vertebral ndi maziko a khosi kuyenda. Olamulira Choncho atenge mbali ya kasinthasintha olamulira ndi Buku la mapu a limachokera pamodzi ndi chigaza lapansi.

Minofu ya msana khomo lachiberekero

Ngakhale kukula mwachilungamo yaing'ono, wolemera mu anthu khosi minofu ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Nawa anaikira kuwala, sing'anga, chakuya minofu lateral ndi gulu medial. cholinga chawo chachikulu m'dera limeneli - atagwira mutu, kupereka kulankhula ndi Pomeza.

Minofu kulola kuti akhale mutu wake, kuti flick, kubereka izo, kumeza ndi kupuma. Izo kumathandiza chitukuko osteochondrosis awo a msana khomo lachiberekero ndi bwino magazi kuti ubongo.

khosi fascia

Chifukwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya matupi kudutsa m'dera limeneli, thunthu la khosi akusonyeza pamaso pa Kakhungu connective loletsa ndi kuteteza ziwalo, mitsempha ya magazi, mitsempha ndi mafupa. Ndi mchitidwe "zofewa" mafupa kuchita trophic ndi kuthandiza ntchito. Fascia lama fuyusi ndi mitsempha yambiri ya khosi, popanda potero kuwapatsa unadzipiringiza ndi mzake, kuti adzawononga munthu kuphwanya outflow venous.

Kapangidwe wawo ndi zovuta kuti thunthu ndi mosiyanasiyana, anafotokozedwa ndi olemba ndi. Taganizirani banja lina classifications anavomera, limene fascia polumikiza chipolopolo ogaŵikana:

1. Pamwamba - lotayirira, dongosolo labwino zikuthamangathamanga platysma. Iwo umapita ku khosi kwa nkhope ndi chifuwa.
2. Omwe - amamangiriridwa kutsogolo pansi pa sternum ndi clavicle, ndi pamwamba pa fupa kanthawi ndi mandible, kenako chimatsatira m'dera nkhope. Kumbali kumbuyo kwa khosi m'pamene njira spinous wa vertebrae.
3. Aponeurosis scapuloclavicular - zikuwoneka ngati trapezoid, ndipo ali oyenerera pakati pa mbali ya minofu omohyoid ndi fupa hyoid, ndi ukugawa mpata pakati pamwamba pansi mkati mwa sternum, ndipo clavicles awiri. Iye chimakwirira kutsogolo kwa kholingo chithokomiro England ndi trachea. Malinga ndi midline wa khosi scapuloclavicular aponeurosis merges ndi fascia yake, kupanga mzere woyera.
4. Vnutrisheynuyu - unakhala ziwalo zonse za mkati mwa khosi, nthawi yomweyo imakhala mbali ziwiri: choipidwa ndi parietal. Woyamba atseka bungwe payekha, ndi yamasika palimodzi.
5. Peredpozvonochnuyu - amapereka kuphimba minofu yaitali ya mutu ndi khosi ndi merges ndi aponeurosis lapansi.

Fascia gawo ndi kuteteza m'madera onse a khosi, pofuna ndi "phokoso" ziwiya, mitsempha.

m'magazi

ziwiya khosi kupereka outflow magazi venous kwa mutu ndi khosi. Iwo anapatsidwa kunja ndi mkati jugular mtsempha. Magazi amalowa chidebe khosi akunja m'dera la khutu, khungu pa scapula ndipo kutsogolo kwa khosi. A pang'ono kale phewa iye zikugwirizana ndi subclavian ndi mkati jugular mtsempha. Yotsirizira kenako akufotokozera woyamba patsinde pa khosi ndi lagawidwa mitsempha awiri brachiocephalic lamanja ndi lamanzere.

khosi ziwiya, makamaka mkati jugular Vienna, mbali yofunika kwambiri pa ndondomeko hematopoiesis. Iwo zimachokera ku maziko a Chigaza cha ndipo ntchito kukhetsa mwazi wa ziwiya zonse za ubongo. makhwawa zake khosi alinso: chithokomiro aakulu, lingual nkhope, zachiphamaso wosakhalitsa, occipital Vienna. Kudzera khosi imafika carotid mtsempha wamagazi, amene nthambi pamalopa sakutero.

khosi mitsempha plexus

Misempha zimapanga diaphragmatic nyumba khosi, khungu, ndi minofu imene ili poyamba anayi vertebrae khomo lachiberekero. Iwo amapanga plexus, omwe ndi ochokera ku khomo lachiberekero misempha msana. Minofu gulu la misempha innervate minofu ili pafupi. Khosi ndi mapewa mwa zimachitika lotengeka. Phrenic mitsempha amakhudza gulu la zakulera, pericardium ndi pleura ulusi. nthambi Cutaneous kungadzutse ushnomu, occipital, ndi lateral misempha supraclavicular.

lymph mfundo

khosi thunthu zikuphatikizapo mbali ya dongosolo lymphatic za thupi. M'dera limeneli, chopangidwa ndi mfundo zakuya ndi kungotengeka. Kutsogolo kwa iwo lili mtsempha jugular pa fascia zikundiyendera. Nato lymph mfundo kutsogolo kwa khosi ndi pafupi matupi amene akulowa lymph outflow, ndi iwo tili ndi mayina ofanana (chithokomiro, predgortannye ndi m. P.). Ofananira gulu la mfundo zimapanga retropharyngeal, jugular ndi supraclavicular, pafupi ndi limene lili ndi mkati jugular Vienna. Mu mfundo zozama lymph mu khosi lymph ngalande limapezeka kuchokera mkamwa, pharynx ndi makutu pakati ndi M'mimbamo m'mphuno. Panthawiyi, madzi woyamba umadutsa ndi mfundo occipital.

khosi kapangidwe - zovuta ndi yense millimeter ganizo chikhalidwe. Ya mitsempha plexus ndi mitsempha ya ubongo zikugwirizana ntchito ndi periphery. Mbali ina yaing'ono ya thupi ili yomweyo zinthu zonse zitheka kwa machitidwe ndi ziwalo: misempha, minofu, mitsempha ya magazi, lymph ducts ndi mfundo, zopangitsa, msana, ambiri "mafoni" msana.