Kapangidwe ka Mano anthu: chiwembu ndi kufotokozera

Nkhaniyi ikuchita ndi kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya mano - chiwalo chofunika m'thupi la munthu. Mano ndi galasi chinyezimiro cha umoyo wa munthu, mkhalidwe wawo osagwira akhoza adzaweruzidwa zosiyanasiyana matenda zinchito. Komanso lero, kumwetulira wokongola - ndicho chinsinsi bwino ntchito yanu ndi anthu ena. Nkhani dongosolo amalandiranso nkhani za zosiyanasiyana za nkhani zosiyanasiyana monga kapangidwe ka mano anthu; malo awo mu dentition ya; Mosiyana ndi mano deciduous ku okhazikika; kufunika kuisamalira mano ndi zina zotero.

dzino ntchito

Mano - fupa lomenyera M'mimbamo m'kamwa kuti ndi dongosolo yeniyeni, mawonekedwe, yodziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa mwini mantha ndi magazi dongosolo lawo, ziwiya lymph anakonza mu analamula dentition chotero ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Mano ndi kukhala wochitachita mu kupuma, komanso mapangidwe ndi katchulidwe mawu, mawu mapangidwe. Komanso, iwo amagwira makina processing chakudya chachikulu, kuti kumatanthauza imodzi mwa ntchito zazikulu za chamoyo wamoyo - .. Zakudya.

Tikumbukenso kuti sikokwanira fodya ameneyu amatafunidwa chakudya ndi bwino digested ndi angayambitse wonongeka pa mundawo m'mimba. Komanso, pakalibe ena a mano M'mimbamo m'kamwa amakhudza mawu, T. E. The momveka za katchulidwe mawu. Madoko ndi zokongoletsa chithunzi - molakwika nkhope. Matenda mano ndiponso kungachititse kuti mpweya woipa komanso kuti chitukuko cha matenda osiyanasiyana m'kamwa ndi matenda a chamoyo wonse aakulu.

Kapangidwe ka mano anthu. Dera dongosolo la nsagwada za

Ponseponse pamaso pa mano anthu ali ndi kuchuluka mayunitsi 28-32. Ndi zaka 25 amatenga mapangidwe zonse za dentition lapansi. mano ili nsagwada onse, umene kusiyanitsa chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi dentitions. Kapangidwe ka nsagwada anthu, mano (gulu lawo lililonse) ndi mawonekedwe zotsatirazi. Aliyense wa mizere ya limapangidwa 14-16 mano. Mizera symmetrical ndi conventionally anagawa awo mu gawo lamanzere ndi lamanja. Mano kutanthauza manambala ndondomeko - manambala awiri zisathe. Choyamba manambala - gawo la chapamwamba kapena nsagwada m'munsi, kuyambira 1 mpaka 4.

Pa clamping nsagwada zapambuyo mano toyalana m'munsi 1/3 korona dzino, ndi ubale dentition imatchedwa occlusion. Pa interdigitation cholakwika anati occlusion kupindika, imbaenda kusokoneza ntchito masticatory ndi chilema zokongoletsa.

Otchedwa nzeru mano sangakhale kupezeka mfundo samapezeka M'mimbamo m'kamwa. Masiku ano, pali maganizo kuti ndi zinthu zachilendo ndipo pamaso pa mano izi kale okhulupirika. Ngakhale Baibulo ili ndi kuchuluka yaikulu mikangano.

Mano sangathe achire. kusintha awo amapezeka kamodzi pa moyo wa munthu: woyamba, mano mkaka mwana kuoneka, ndiye iwo amasintha nthawi zonse zaka 6-8. Kawirikawiri kwa zaka 11 pali m'malo wathunthu mano mkaka lokhazikika.

Kapangidwe ka dzino. thunthu

Kapangidwe anatomical a dzino lamunthu liliri malukidwe kuti salembedwa chidagawika patatu: korona, khosi ndi mizu.

Korona wa dzino - izo limatuluka pamwamba chingamu gawo. korona ali ndi enamel - kugonjetsedwa nsalu kuteteza dzino kwa mavuto aakulu tizilombo zidulo.

Pali mitundu ingapo ya kali zachifumu mano :

• Occlusion - pamwamba pa malo ndi awiri kutseka dzino pa nsagwada zosiyana.
• Nkhope (vestibular) - dzino pamwamba pa masaya mbali kapena milomo.
• Lingual (lingual) - .. wamkati dzino pamwamba akukumana m'kati m'kamwa, mwachitsanzo nyemba amene ali kukhudzana ndi katchulidwe ka chinenero zikumveka.
• Contact (approximal) - dzino korona pamwamba, akukumana m'mano inali moyandikana.

Khosi - gawo la dzino, zapakati korona ndi mizu, kulumikiza iwo, yokutidwa m'mbali mwa m'kamwa ndi TACHIMATA ndi simenti. khosi umakhala tapered.

Muzu - gawo la dzino, ndi chimene chili mu bwino mano. Malinga mtundu gulu la muzu dzino mwina kwa wina ndi njira zingapo. More lafotokozedwa zina pansipa.

kapangidwe histological

Histology aliyense dzino ali chimodzimodzi, koma aliyense wa iwo ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyana malinga ndi ntchito anachita ndi izo. Chithunzi limasonyeza bwinobwino dongosolo stratified mano anthu. Chithunzi amasonyeza zimakhala onse mano, komanso malo ziwiya magazi ndi lymph.

Dzino enamel TACHIMATA. Izi nsalu cholimba ongokhala 95% salt mchere, monga magnesium, nthaka, strontium, yamkuwa, yachitsulo, fluoride. Otsala 5% ndi organic zinthu - mapuloteni, lipids, chakudya. Komanso, enamel zikuchokera zikuphatikizapo madzi nawo pa ndondomeko zokhudza thupi.

Owola, iwonso amene ali ndi chipolopolo kunja - cuticle okuta kutafuna padziko dzino Komabe, amamuchititsa woonda ndipo m'kupita zidzachotsedwa.

Maziko a dzino dentine - fupa - Kutolere mchere, olimba, ozungulira M'mimbamo lonse la dzino ndi muzu ngalande. dentine minofu limapangidwa chiwerengero chachikulu cha njira tosaoneka kudzera amene njira kagayidwe kachakudya zimachitika mano. Malinga njira opatsirana zikhumbo mitsempha. Pakuyenerera, 1 sq. mamilimita dentine tichipeza mpaka 75 000 tubules.

Zamkati. Periodontium. Kapangidwe ka muzu

Ndipamene ndi M'mimbamo lamkati la dzino zamkati - minofu zofewa, lotayirira dongosolo, chinamulowerera mwa mwazi ndi ziwiya lymphatic ndi mitsempha mathero.

Kapangidwe ka mizu mano anthu akuonekera. Muzu wa dzino lili nsagwada fupa, mu dzenje wapadera - alveolus. Muzu, komanso korona wa dzino lopangidwa ndi minofu mineralized - dentine, amene kunja yokutidwa ndi simenti - nsalu, cholimba poyerekeza ndi enamel lapansi. Mano muzu nsonga ikutha mwa kutsegula amene anayesedwa Mitsempha kuti kudyetsa dzino. chiwerengero cha mizu dzino zimasiyanasiyana mogwirizana ndi cholinga chake zinchito, muzu kuti incisors, kuti 4-5 mu kutafuna mano mizu.

Periodontium - ndi connective minofu mukumveka kusiyana muzu dzino ndipo una wa pachibwano, imene ili. CHIKWANGWANI nsalu nsalu mu muzu simenti pa dzanja limodzi, ndipo mu fupa minofu ya chibwano ndi ena, kotero kuti dzino amapereka kukondabe kwambiri. Ndiponso, kudzera periodontal minofu Mitsempha kudyetsa zinthu kugwera mu dzino minofu.

Mitundu mano. cutters

mano anthu m'magulu zinayi zikuluzikulu:

• incisors (chapakati ndi mbali);
• mano;
• premolars (yaing'ono chewable / molars);
• molars (zazikulu chewable / molars).

Nsagwada anthu ali ndi dongosolo symmetrical ndi zikuphatikizapo nambalayi mano kwa gulu lililonse. Komabe, pali zina mwa nkhani anatomical monga kapangidwe ka mano anthu a nsagwada chapamwamba ndi mzere kunsi kwa mano. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

Mano kutsogolo akutchedwa incisors. Anthu, izi mano 8 - 4 pamwamba ndi 4 m'munsimu. Osema miyala tinapangidwa kuluma chakudya, muchigawane mu zidutswa. Features ya kapangidwe ka mano kutsogolo kwa munthu imakhala chakuti anthu osema miyala ndi tayala korona, mu mawonekedwe a Akamva, ndi m'mbali mwachilungamo lakuthwa. Zigawo anatomically kuchita hillocks atatu kuti pa moyo wa katundu ndi zidzachotsedwa. Maxillary chapakati incisors, awiri - waukulu wa mamembala onse a gulu lawo. incisors ofananira ofanana mu dongosolo ndi chapakati Komabe, ang'onoang'ono. N'zochititsa chidwi, kudula kwambiri m'mphepete incisor lateral alinso atatu tubercle, ndi nthawi zimatengera mawonekedwe otukukira kunja chifukwa cha chitukuko cha chapakati (pakati) tuberosity. Muzu wodula wosakwatiwa, kuphwa natenga mawonekedwe a chulucho a. Mbali khalidwe la dzino - kuchokera dzino M'mimbamo ali pamwamba atatu zamkati, omwe akufanana ndi timabamputimabampu ya akadaulo.

Kapangidwe ka anthu mano chapamwamba wosiyana pang'ono kwa thunthu la mzere kunsi kwa mano, T. E. zonse zosiyana kwambiri mandible lapansi. incisors chapakati zochepa poyerekeza ndi mbali ndi mizu woonda, wamfupi kusiyana ndi incisors lateral. Kutsogolo dzino pamwamba - pang'ono arched, koma lingual - concave.

Ofananira incisor korona ndi yopapatiza ndipo anawerama kuti milomo yake. Akadaulo ali awiri dzino ngodya - pakati, akuthwa, ndipo lateral - kwambiri obtuse. Pakuti muzu yodziwika ndi grooves kotenga.

Mano. kutafuna mano

Canines yadaikidwa kuti ogaŵikana zidutswa ang'onoang'ono a chakudya. The thunthu la dzino ngati kuti pa kumbuyo (lingual) mbali ya korona imafika mzere amene ukugawa pang'ono akanagwiritsa pawiri. Akadaulo a dzino kuyamba hump chitaperekedwa kupanga mawonekedwe a chulucho woboola pakati korona, zambiri ndi ofanana ndi mano a ziweto zimadya.

Canine mandible ali ndi mawonekedwe kuchepera, korona mbali converge mu tubercle medial. muzu wa dzino ndi mosabisa, motalikitsa poyerekeza ndi mizu yonse ya mano imatitetezanso inwards. Anthu, canines awiri pa chilichonse chibwano, ina mbali inayo.

Canines pamodzi ndi mbali kudula m'mbali kupanga Arc, limene limayamba pa ngodya kusintha kwa kudula mano kuti kutafuna.

Tiyeni tione mosamala kwambiri kapangidwe ka dzino mbadwa anthu, choyamba - yaing'ono kutafuna, ndiye kutafuna chachikulu. Cholinga cha mano zapambuyo - wokwanira. makina processing chakudya. nchito imeneyi imagwiridwa premolars ndi molars.

premolars

The premolar choyamba (atalonjeza numeral 4 chilinganizo mano) isiyana canines ndi incisors mawonekedwe ake prismatic, korona ali pamwamba otukukira kunja. Kutafuna pamwamba yodziwika ndi hillocks awiri - buccal ndi lingual pakati dimples anayesedwa mzere. Buccal cusp lingual yokulirapo kukula. Muzu wa premolar woyambayo ndi mosabisa, koma kale kugawanika pa buccal ndi lingual gawo.

The chachiwiri premolar mawonekedwe ofanana woyamba, koma padziko buccal zazikulu kwambiri, ndi muzu ali ndi mawonekedwe tapered wothinikizidwa mu anteroposterior malangizo.

Kutafuna padziko woyamba premolar m'munsi ndi tapered kwa chinenero. Korona wa dzino anamaliza muzu wosakwatiwa, mosabisa, ndi grooves padziko kutsogolo.

The premolar chachiwiri lalikulu kuposa poyamba chifukwa chakuti onse protuberance mofanana anayamba ndi symmetrical, ndi zamkati mu enamel (fissure) therebetween afanane ndi horseshoe a. Muzu wa muzu dzino akufanana ndi premolar choyamba.

Mu dentition anthu 8 premolars, 4 mbali iliyonse (pa nsagwada chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi). Taganizirani mbali anatomical ndi dongosolo lonse la mano anthu a nsagwada chapamwamba (zikuluzikulu zapambuyo mano) ndi kusiyanitsa iwo kwa kapangidwe ka mano m'munsi nsagwada.

molars

The molars loyamba la nsagwada chapamwamba - dzino waukulu. Njirayi imatchedwa kwambiri zamakolo dzino. korona akufanana ndi rectangle, ndi pamwamba occlusal ndi diamondi mawonekedwe ndi cusps anayi, pakati amene ali distinguishable fissure H woboola mtundu. dzino zimenezi zakhala zikuchitika atatu: cholondola - amphamvu kwambiri, ndi awiri tsaya - mosabisa, amene anakana mu anteroposterior malangizo. mano izi pamene kutseka nsagwada abut ndi mnzake ndipo ngati "terminators", mogwirizana ndi zomwe kukumana katundu wautali kwambiri kwa moyo wa munthu.

Chachiwiri molar kakang'ono koposa zoyambazo. korona ali ndi mawonekedwe kiyubiki ndi X-zooneka fissure pakati dimples lapansi. Mizu ya mano ofanana ndi mizu ya molar choyamba.

Kapangidwe ka mano anthu (molars dongosolo ndi chiwerengero) ndi ofanana ndi makonzedwe tafotokozazi premolars lapansi.

Choyamba mandibular molar ali cusps asanu kutafuna - atatu buccal ndi awiri lingual kwa fissure F woboola pakati pawo. Pa muzu wa dzino, awiri - wina ndi kumbuyo njira, ndipo kutsogolo - ndi awiri. Kuwonjezera kudula mizu yaitali chosinthika.

molar chachiwiri ofanana woyamba mandibular molar. chiwerengero cha molars mu premolar anthu chikugwirizana ndi chiwerengero.

Kapangidwe ka nzeru za anthu dzino. mano ng'ombe ndi

Chachitatu molar Anthu ambiri wotchedwa "nzeru dzino" ndipo mu dentition wa munthu zonse 4 dzino, 2 pa chilichonse pachibwano. Pa m'munsi lachitatu molar nsagwada mwina ndi kuchuluka kwa embodiments wa hillocks. Nthawi zambiri, pali asanu. Koma ambiri, ndi thunthu la "nzeru dzino" munthu analogous kwa Kapangidwe ka molar chachiwiri Komabe, muzu zambiri akufanana yochepa thunthu ndi wamphamvu kwambiri.

Monga tanena kale, choyamba munthu ali mano mwana. Kawirikawiri kukula kwa zaka 2.5-3. chiwerengero cha mano zosakhalitsa ndi 20. anatomical ndi histological Kapangidwe ka anthu dzino mkaka ndi ofanana eg okhazikika, koma pali kusiyana:

1. Kukula mano akorona mkaka wochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zonse.
2. Owola mkaka mano wowonda, ndi kapangidwe ali ndi digiri apansi dentin mineralization poyerekeza mano molar, kotero ana caries umatchulidwatchulidwa.
3. Kusamutsidwa zamkati ndi muzu ngalande mkaka dzino kwambiri poyerekeza ndi buku zonse, chifukwa cha imene sitichedwa njira zosiyanasiyana yotupa.
4. The tokhala pa kutafuna ndi kudula kali ndi wofatsa.
5. Osema miyala mkaka mano otukukira kunja kwambiri.
6. mizu ndi sanagwadirepo kwa Mlomo, iwo sali malinga ndi amphamvu poyerekeza ndi mizu ya mano okhazikika. Mogwirizana ndi kusintha kwa mano ana - pafupifupi sabweretsa chisoni ndondomeko.

Pomaliza, tikuona kuti, ndithudi, kapangidwe ka mano anthu, malo awo mu pachibwano kutseka (occlusion) ndi munthu zimaonetsa khalidwe kwa munthu aliyense makamaka. Komabe dentition zida za munthu aliyense amene akuchita ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya thupi lonse moyo, malinga, pa nthawi kapangidwe ka mano ndi dongosolo chawo chinasintha. Kumbukirani kuti ambiri mwa njira pathological mu mano anayamba ana, kotero ndikofunika kuwunika chikhalidwe cha mano pa zaka zoyambirira za moyo. Izi zingathandize kuletsa mavuto mano mu m'badwo sadziwa.

Ngakhale kuphweka dzikoli likuonekera, mano - kuipidwa kwambiri ndi osalimba kwambiri dongosolo, ndi Mipikisano magawo dongosolo histological, aliyense wa zigawo ali ndi cholinga munthu ndipo ali katundu wina. Ndipo popeza kuti kusintha mano akupezeka moyo kamodzi, kupanga dongosolo la nsagwada anthu (mano, chiwerengero chawo) osiyana ndi thunthu la nsagwada ya zinyama ndi.