Janusz Korczak: yonena mwachidule, zithunzi

Masiku ano anthu ambiri adziwe kuti dzina - Janusz Korczak. Wambiri ya wotchuka Polish dokotala, wolemba ndi mphunzitsi angakaphe chikondi yodabwitsa moyo ndi ana. Chilango zowawa ndi anthu ft nzeru kuwona zambiri za iwo.

Zaka ubwana ndi akuphunzira kusukulu

Korczak dzina lenileni - Hirsch (mu Polish mafashoni Henrik) Goldschmidt. Iye anabadwa m'banja la Chiyuda mu ufumu Polish, umene unali mbali ya Russian ufumu mu 1878.

Ngakhale amene si zogwirizana ndi zaka kucha akale, Nthawi zambiri kuona moyo wake J. Korczak. Wambiri mwachidule sangathe kupambana zochitika zonse za moyo wake.

Henrik anachokera banja ophunzira: agogo ake anali dokotala, ndi atate wake - wazamalamulo. Pofuna omasuka ku dziko Polish, Goldschmidt banja anaphatikizana ndi Poland, makamaka kugogomeza miyambo Ayuda fuko lake.

Wolemba tsogolo Janusz Korczak (mbiri, zithunzi zomwe, monga mwana, amatiuza za iye monga mnyamata waluso ndi kufuna kudziwa) si zikusonyeza makamaka thanzi. Komabe, chifukwa nzeru zake, iye analembetsa ku yapamwamba Russian sukulu. Kuphunzitsa kunachitidwa mu Russian, kenako tinkaphunzira akuluakulu akufa ndi zamakono amanenendwe onse European. Ngakhale mkulu mlingo wa maphunziro, aphunzitsi sankafuna chidwi ana awo. The zolimbitsa thupi kunalamulidwa ndi malamulo aakulu asangalala kumenya ndi chidzudzulo.

Patapita nthawi yaitali, Janusz Korczak (yonena alipo ndipo adzakhala odziwika Adzaperekedwa ana) ananena kuti anayesedwa mu sekondale anamutengera ku chilengedwe cha watsopano a anthu pedagogy.

The mavuto loyamba

Korchak Yanush anakumana kwambiri. The pofotokoza za moyo munthu wamkulu uyu limatiuza za mayeso oyamba a moyo wake. Kunali bambo wauzimu wa matenda aakulu amene anamupeza iye pamene Henryk anali ndi zaka 11 zokha. Ndalama zonse banja anachoka pa matenda a wodwalayo, kotero achinyamata Henrik anali kuchita maphunziro apaderawo pofuna kusamalira banja lawo ndalama.

Kenako yodabwitsa chiphunzitso Talan wamng'ono mphunzitsi, Henrik aliyense anali kupeza ndi ana awo chinenero modekha ndiponso kumvetsera zolankhula zawo ndi kufuna chikondi kuposa aphunzitsi ena mothandizidwa ndi ndodo.

Janusz Korczak: yonena mwachidule. Kuitana dokotala, wolemba ndi mphunzitsi

Mu chaka cha 1898, akutsatira chitsanzo cha agogo ake, pambuyo amene dzina lake Henrik analowa Medical mphamvu ya yunivesite ya Warsaw. Koma mnyamatayo chidwi pankhani ya mankhwala, komanso mavuto a pedagogy ano. Ngakhale ali ndi zaka 18, anafalitsa woyamba ntchito yake pedagogical yakuti "Gordian mfundo". M'nkhaniyi, wolemba limanenela a makolo a m'nthawi yake kuti zikugwira miyoyo yawo kuposa chilichonse koma maphunziro a ana awo. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri iwo tinatengera kwa anamwino ndi anamkungwi amene kawirikawiri ntchito zawo Sangathe kupirira mu moyo.

Comments buku ili mu nyuzipepala anali wotsimikiza kuti mkonzi wa buku lino udindo wotsogolera wamng'ono Henrik gawo lonse pansi pa dzina chomwecho.

Kenako Korczak (mwachidule yonena za munthu kuti likutionetsera ife m'nkhani ino) kulemba mabuku 22 a ntchito zoyenera pa nkhani ya kulera mwana.

Ndi ntchito zothandiza chiphunzitso Henrik anayamba mu nthawi yomweyo. Mu 1903, iye bwinobwino anaphunzira zinachitikira Pestalozzi, anayamba kugwira ntchito monga dokotala ndi mphunzitsi wina wa kuchipatala ana Ayuda, anadzakhala thandizo Ayuda Community ana amasiye.

Mapangidwe luso la ntchito ndi kutsegulidwa kwa "Nyumba ya ana amasiye"

Atalandira mu 1905 dipuloma zikalata ufulu madokotala, Janusz Korczak, amene yonena ndi kumumanga nthawi ndi mankhwala, ndi pedagogy, Ine sanaganizire malo opindulitsa.

Kwa nthawi yaitali, kumakhaladi dokotala ankhondo (panthawiyo anali aakulu Chirasha Japanese nkhondo, kotero ogwira ntchito kuchipatala cha Russian Ufumu anafunika kwambiri), ndipo kenako anapita ku Ulaya kukumana ndi maganizo patsogolo m'munda wa maphunziro ndi Pediatrics.

Iye akadali odziwika Komabe, analemba ndi mabuku mwachangu, pogwiritsa ntchito dzina lake - Janusz Korczak.

Akubwerera kwawo, Korchak Yanush, amene yonena ali nthawi zonse zogwirizana ndi ana ake, anachoka ku madokotala nakatsegula bungwe lachifundo pansi pa dzina "Nyumba ya ana amasiye." Kuyambira 1911 mpaka imfa yake yoopsya, Korczak adzatsogolera bungwe ndi kupereka mphamvu zawo zonse za maphunzilo a wana opanda chisamaliro cha makolo.

ntchito yophunzitsa

Yogwira chiphunzitso ntchito Janusz Korczak, amene yonena amatipatsa chitsanzo cha kudzipereka ichi, Chili ndi kuphunzira kulemba. Pang'onopang'ono, dzina lake inadziwika paliponse, pali othandizira amene amathandiza amayesetsa ake ndalama.

Mu zaka zoyambilira m'ntchito yake Korczak ndi mnzake wake Stefania Velchinskaya ntchito maola 16 pa tsiku, si choncho n'zosavuta kuthana ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha ana ndi malo wosweka, anataya chikhulupiriro mwa anthu.

Maziko a chiphunzitso chake njira Korczak pakugona maphunziro abwino. Mu zaka zomwezo, anafalitsa buku la aphunzitsi ndi makolo lotchedwa "Kodi kukonda mwana?", Mu bukhu ili, wolemba limanena za mfundo za pedagogy ake a anthu zochokera chikondi kwa mwana, kukhazikitsidwa kwa umunthu wake, aptitudes ndi zinthu, kupezeka zosowa zawo ndi chitukuko cha maganizo ake ndi volitional.

An wochirikiza yogwira ndi pedagogy zaumunthu mu Russia amakhala A. S. Makarenko. Amadziwika kuti J. Korczak, amene yonena chikugwirizana ndi Russian, werengani nkhani ntchito Makarenko ndi kuzindikira njira zake ntchito ndi ana.

Nthawi pambuyo kugwa ufumuwo

Utatha wa Russian Ufumu, Poland watero ufulu wodzilamulira. J. Korczak pa nthawi ino ndi kutsogolo monga dokotala nkhondo. Komabe, boma la Polish Republic wolemba wamng'ono sabwerera kwa ana ake, iye anali pamene adadziyitaniranso, tsopano mu ankhondo Polish, kumene amakhala thupi katundu, ndipo pambuyo pake mozizwitsa anapulumuka.

Pamene wamagazi Soviet-Polish nkhondo umatsika, Korczak akubwerera ana ake, kotero kuti ambiri sadzasiya iwo.

Iye amaganiziranso mphamvu zake zonse kuphunzitsa. Bungwe boma wophunzira, mabuku nyuzipepala ndi ana (ndi atolankhani ndi ana okha), analemba kwambiri ndi mabuku ntchito zawo.

Iye ukufalitsidwa nkhani nawo. Pomaliza, mu 1934, anakonza wake wotchuka 5 malamulo a maphunziro, amene zochokera kufunika chikondi kwa mwana, kuona khalidwe lake, mopanda chiwawa mu maphunziro, kuphunzitsa kuona mtima ndi ndondomeko wosatha wodzilamulira anapeza.

Komvetsa chisoni yonena tsamba

Ambiri anaona ndi kukumana nazo Janusz Korczak, mbiri yake - umboni. Koma mwina mayeso amphamvu za moyo wake wachiwiri World nkhondo. Izi inali yachinayi kwambiri nkhondo mphunzitsi wa moyo. Korczak anafunsa kuvomereza naye kutsogolo ngati dokotala, koma chifukwa cha msinkhu wake Yesu anamusiya mu Warsaw.

Asilikali German anali patsogolo mofulumira, ndipo posakhalitsa mzindawo unali utakhala m'manja.

Old dokotala ndi mphunzitsi anachita zonse kwa ana ake samaona mavuto a nkhondo, koma sizinali mu mphamvu yake. Chakudya analibe, palibe zovala ofunda. amasiye Ayuda a ku Germany anali chiwonongeko mwachindunji kwa chinthu, kotero iwo mwamsanga n'kukakhala ku Warsaw ghetto. Korczak anayesa mwa onse kutsutsa izi, koma m'ndende. Potuluka, iye anapita kwa ana ake ghetto, kumene iye anali kuyembekezera imfa yake.

moyo ft

Zikhalidwe woipa mtima wamoyo ghetto, ndi Korczak anayesa kuti asataye mtima ndi m'zonse kuthandiza anthu amene anali kumeneko. Komabe, tsogolo la ana ake linasindikizidwa. Mu 1942 iye analandira dongosolo anatumizidwa ku msasa imfa. Pamodzi ndi ana ankayenera kupita, ndi aphunzitsi onse, kuphatikizapo Korczak.

Amadziwika kuti boma Hitler pa mphindi yotsiriza inaimitsidwa kutumiza Korczak mumsasa, pofuna kupulumutsa moyo wa mphunzitsi wotchuka. Komabe, dokotala akale anakana zochita wachisomo ndi adagawa tsogolo la ana awo. Janusz Korczak anaphedwa mu 1942 mu German wapadera msasa Treblinka.