General Chiphunzitsochi wa Employment, Chidwi ndi Money Dzhona Meynarda Keynes: Mwachidule

"General Chiphunzitsochi wa Employment, Chidwi ndi Money" linalembedwa ndi zachuma British John Maynard Keynes. Bukuli wakhala magnum wake opus. Mlembi wa "The General Chiphunzitsochi wa Employment, Chidwi ndi Money" anali woyamba kufotokoza mawonekedwe ndi mndandanda wa mawu a macroeconomics ano. Pambuyo buku la ntchito mu February 1936, panali otchedwa Keynesian zisinthe. chuma ambiri unachoka chikhulupiriro chakale kuti m'misika akhoza mosadalira kubwezeretsa ntchito zonse pambuyo zodabwitsa kwa kanthawi. Bukhu koyamba mfundo ngati panopa limatchedwa multiplier ndi mowa ntchito, zokolola za mmphepete mwa likulu, kufunika ogwira ndi ubwino liquidity.

Dzhon Meynard Keyns: Chidule

Woyambitsa tsogolo la macroeconomics ano anabadwa mu 1883 mu mzinda wa Cambridge. malingaliro ake zoyembekezeka fundamentallno kusintha chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe a anthu kupanga zisankho m'munda zachuma. Dzhon Meynard Keyns ndi limodzi la asayansi otchuka kwambiri kwa zaka za m'ma 20. Iye anatsutsa zopanda ya chiphunzitso chakale mtima kwa "dzanja wosaonekayo" a msika. Keynes anazindikira kuti mlingo lonse la ntchito zachuma anatsimikiza ndi kufunika akaphatikiza. Choncho, otsiriza ndi bwino kuganizira boma monga mbuye yang'anira, amene ntchito ndi pochepetsa m'zinthu malonda. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World m'mayiko pafupifupi onse anayamba n'zochokera njira yawo mogwirizana ndi maganizo Keynesian. Chidwi m'dera limeneli anayamba kuchepa mphamvu mu 1970 cha mwa kulephera kulamulira kofunikira kwambiri kufufuma. Komabe, pambuyo mavuto azachuma ya 2007-2008. M'mayiko ambiri ayamba kubwerera njira Keynesian wa lamulo ndi phukusi yogwira boma chuma cha dziko, monga Keynes chinaperekedwa. "Chiphunzitsochi General wa Employment, Chidwi ndi Money" imatengedwa kuti ntchito yaikulu ya sayansi ndi. Lili onse terminology zikuluzikulu ndi zitsanzo za kukuchititsa zimenezi.

"General Chiphunzitsochi wa Employment, Chidwi, ndi Money": Buku

Ganizo yaikulu ya Keynes magnum opus ndi mlingo kusowa ntchito sanalemberetu ndi malipiro a ntchito, monga taonera neoclassic ndi akaphatikiza akumufuna. Woyambitsa wa macroeconomics ankaganiza kuti ntchito zonse sizingatheke potsatira njira msika. Choncho ndikofunikira ndi phukusi la gulu lachitatu, kuti ndi boma. Ntchito "General Chiphunzitsochi wa Employment, Chidwi ndi Ndalama," akufotokoza kuti underutilization mphamvu kupanga ndi underinvestment - ". Dzanja wosaonekayo" mkhalidwe wachibadwa wa zochitika mu chuma msika, amene amatsatila yekha ndi Wasayansi ananena kuti kupanda mpikisano - uwu si vuto lalikulu, nthawi zina kuchepa malipiro sikulenga ntchito zina. Keynes kuchokera pachiyambi kwambiri a buku lake. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti kutembenukira mozondoka maganizo onse chikhalidwe. Mu kalata kwa bwenzi lake Bernard Shaw mu 1935, Dzhon Keyns analemba kuti: "Ine ndikukhulupirira kuti kuchita akulemba buku pa chiphunzitso zachuma, limene lidzakhala yojambula chachikulu - kumene, nthawi yomweyo, koma pa zaka khumi lotsatira - mmene dziko wasankha akuwuka mavuto a zachuma. " ntchito yaikulu yakuti tichipeza 6 mabuku (mabuku), kapena chaputala 24.

oyamba

"General Chiphunzitsochi wa Employment, Chidwi ndi Money" lofalitsidwa yomweyo zinenero zinayi: English, German, Japanese ndi French. Aliyense wa mabuku, Keynes analemba oyamba. Likugogomezera mwa iwo pang'ono mosiyana. Mu Chingelezi cha ntchito yake, Keynes limalangiza chuma onse, koma anafotokoza chiyembekezo kuti akhala akugwira onse amene kuliwerenga. Komanso anati, ngakhale zoonekeratu pa Koyamba, koma onse ubale chomwecho, olembedwa zaka zisanu zapitazo pakati pa iye ndi buku lake zina - ". Treatise on Ndalama"

Malonje

Ntchito ya "General Chiphunzitsochi wa Employment, Chidwi ndi Money" n'chiyani? Mwachidule akamanena ake tinganene kuti: kufunika amalenga maganizo, zinthu n'zosiyana ndi zosatheka. Chaputala choyamba amatenga theka tsamba. Total buku mu zigawo zitatu:

• "General Chiphunzitsochi."
• "The postulates wa zachuma zachikhalidwe."
• "Mfundo kufunika ogwira mtima."

Mu chigawo pamwamba, Keynes akulongosola chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti bukuli angasinthe maganizo a chuma za chamoyo chuma. Iye ananena kuti mutu wakhala osankhidwa kuunikila kusiyana ndi chiphunzitso chakale, ntchito anapezazo zomwe zimathandiza yekha zina, koma osati nthawi zonse.

Book II: «Kumasulira maganizo"

Amakhala ndi mitu inayi:

• "Posankha a mayunitsi a kayesedwe."
• "Zoyembezereka za onse kupanga ndi determinants ntchito".
• "The tanthauzo la ndalama, ndalama ndi chuma."
• "A zokambirana kokwanira kwambiri."

"The propensity kudya"

Buku lachitatu anafotokoza akamanena za mowa ndipo limafotokoza mmene kumapangitsa ntchito zachuma. Keynes ankakhulupiriranso kuti mu maganizo boma liyenera Chisudzulo Chikuwononga ndi "injini" ndi zina ndalama. Bukuli tichipeza mitu itatu:

• "Cholinga zinthu".
• "Zotengera malingaliridwe determinants".
• "The propensity mmphepete kudya ndi multiplier."

Malinga Keynes, msika alibe luso kudzimvera lamulo. Sanakhulupirire kuti ntchito zonse amatanthauza zachilengedwe ndithu anapereka yaitali. Choncho, n'kofunika kuti alowererepo boma. zachuma, monga oimira Keynesianism, amadalira kwathunthu woyenera zachuma ndi mfundo ndalama.

"Cholinga yopeza"

The zokolola za mmphepete mwa likulu - chiŵerengero pakati pa zasungidwa kuthekera ndi mtengo wake. Keynes salisiyanitsa kwa mlingo kuchotsera. Buku chachinayi tichipeza chaputala 10:

• "The zokolola mmphepete mwa likulu."
• "Boma la ziyembekezo yaitali."
• "Chiphunzitso ambiri chidwi."
• "Chakale Chiphunzitsochi".
• "Psychological ndi ntchito zolimbikitsa kuti liquidity."
• "Kuzipenya Various mmene likulu."
• "Katundu wofunikila wa Chidwi ndi Money".
• "General Chiphunzitsochi wa Employment, kumene anakonza".
• "Ntchito zikusowa."
• "Price Chiphunzitsochi".

"Mfundo Mwachidule"

Complete kwambiri ntchito zazikulu za citukuko ( "General Chiphunzitsochi wa Employment, Chidwi ndi Money"), ndemanga wolemba m'mitu itatu:

• "Pa mkombero malonda."
• "Pa mercantilism, malamulo katapira ndalama linapanga ndi ziphunzitso underconsumption."
• "Pa nzeru chikhalidwe.

Mu mutu wotsiriza, Keynes analemba kuti: "... malingaliro a chuma ndi nzeru ena a ndale, kaya ndi cholondola, ndi wamphamvu kwambiri kuposa mwawamba. Inde, dziko lolamulidwa ndi pang'ono mosiyana. anthu othandiza amene amakhulupirira okha kwathunthu popanda kudalira maganizo a asayansi, amakhala akapolo a ena zachuma otha ntchito ojambulira. Openga mphamvu amapeza malingaliro awo ku nkhani chaka chatha ena scribblers ku dziko la sayansi. Sindikukayika kuti mphamvu ya zinthu wochita kuvala ndi kwambiri pachabe poyerekeza ndi kufala mwapang'onopang'ono chikoka cha malingaliro. Sikuti nthawi yomweyo, koma pakapita nthawi ena a nthawi; mu zachuma ndi ndale nzeru malingaliro atha kubweretsa kusintha pa chiphunzitso ndi zaka 25-30. Ndipo ndi malingaliro, osati wochita kuvala zinthu, ndi oopsa panjira kuti zinthu ziwayendere bwino kapena mavuto. "

Support komanso kutsutsa

"General Chiphunzitsochi wa Employment, Chidwi ndi Money" lilibe malangizo mwatsatanetsatane pa kasamalidwe ka chuma. Komabe, Keynes anasonyeza mchitidwe momwe bwanji ndalama ndi mowa payekha kuchepa chiwongola dzanja yaitali kusintha a dongosolo lonse ndalama. Paulo Samuelson wittily ananena kuti Keynesianism "anamenya chuma achinyamata ambiri nthenda zosayembekezereka latsopano matenda ndi kuwawononga ndi fuko akutali pa chilumbachi mu South Pacific."

Kuyambira pachiyambi cha "General Chiphunzitsochi wa Employment, Chidwi ndi Money" anali maganizo ndithu ntchito. Palibe ankadziwa zimene Keynes ankaganizira. opereka ndemanga oyambirira akhazikitsidwa yovuta kwambiri. Keynesianism kwakukulukulu kukhala bwino kwa otchedwa "kaphatikizidwe neoclassical" ndipo makamaka, Alvin Hansen, Paulo Samuelson ndi John Hicks. Iwo apanga momveka bwino ndi chiphunzitso cha kufunika akaphatikiza. Hansen ndi Samuelson anatulukira "Keynesian Cross" ndi Hicks analenga chitsanzo NDI-LM (-saving ndalama). Ponseponse "General Chiphunzitsochi" pambuyo Great Depression. msika sakanakhoza kupirira yekha ndi zodabwitsa, kotero alowererepo boma ankaoneka mosalephera.

kuchita

zaluso ambiri woyamba akufuna mu "General Chiphunzitsochi", ziri zofunikira macroeconomics ano. Komabe, mfundo yaikulu ndiyakuti chifukwa cha recessions sikokwanira akaphatikiza kufunika, sanakhale ndi moyo. Maphunziro yunivesite tsopano makamaka kuphunzitsidwa ndi otchedwa Chatsopano Keynesian zachuma. Pamafunika mfundo Wachiwiri-chakale yaitali mgwirizano. Neo-Keynesians sankaona "General Chiphunzitsochi" zothandiza liwunikidwenso. Komabe, chuma ambiri amaona kuti waphindu. Mu 2011, buku anagwera mu mndandanda wa nonfiction bwino masiku ano.

Ntchito mu kafukufuku wa za cuma

Ulendo oyamba lizigwirizana "chiphunzitso ambiri" wakhala buku ophunzira a Robinson, linatuluka mu 1937. Komabe, opambana kwambiri kunapezeka kutsogolera Hansen. More ano buku linatulutsidwa mu 2006, Hayes. Kenako wosalira Baibulo lomwe linalembedwa ndi Sheehan. Paulo Krugman anali mlembi oyamba a kope latsopano "Chiphunzitsochi General" wa Keynes, lofalitsidwa mu 2007. Koma m'kupita gwero choyambirira wotaya tanthauzo lake. Ambiri amavomereza mwa chuma lero ndi zopanda kuti zonse chuma kudzera kufunika akaphatikiza zitha kukhala mu nthawi yochepa ndipo pa nthawi yaitali muyezo zikhoza kusintha paokha mothandizidwa ndi njira msika.