English States Tomás Kromvel: yonena

Tomás Kromvel - States Tudor, nyenyezi za kufunika koyamba mu ndondomeko British zoweta ndi achilendo kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi. zaka zambirimbiri za ulamuliro lake lenileni la England anakankhira chilumba limodzi la mayiko otchuka European. Mosiyana wakeyo ndi mnzake, Cardinal Wolsey, iye sanali royalist kapena wansembe. Tomás Kromvel anali wazamalamulo, ndi masauzande makumimakumi awo onse anasonyeza wofatsa ndi zomveka.

Childhood ndi unyamata

Amadziwika kuti 1485 limodzi la zokayikitsa kwambiri malo London anabadwa Tomás Kromvel. The yonena za chithunzi izi zikuyamba pa Putney, kumene m'zaka khumi ndi mochedwa, kupita mukhale chopondapo onse likulu British. Bambo ake anali Brewer ndi mwini nyumba ya alendoyo, ankasiyana ankhanza ndipo kukwiya, ndipo si mantha chinyengo yaing'ono. N'zosadabwitsa Tomás Kromvel posakhalitsa anasiya banja ndipo anayamba kutsogolera moyo wodzala Zopatsa ndi England ndi pa dziko lapansi. Amadziwika kuti nthawi zina iye anali French condottiere ku Italy, adadziwa yokopa anthu angapo a asilikali. Koma moyo wa msilikali sanasangalale wake. Kuleka usilikali Cromwell ganyu munthu wogwira ntchito yosavuta mu banki nyumba Frescobaldi. Chifukwa cha nzeru zachilengedwe ndi kudziŵa zinenero anakhala zakukhosi a banki pa. Pang'onopang'ono, Cromwell anakhulupirira mwa scrupulous ambiri ndikupeleka - mwachitsanzo, ubwenzi gombe zonse ndi Vatican makonzedwe anadutsa manja ake. Patapita kanthawi Cromwell ali ndi udindo wofanana Antwerp, ndiyeno - mu ndowe, amene m'masiku amenewo anali a korona British. Pamodzi ndi kuyamba-mmwamba likulu, Cromwell zobwerera ku England. Umayamba za m'ma 16, ndipo ndi izo - siteji yotsatira ya moyo wake.

Moyo mu England

Ataoloka English Channel, Cromwell anakakhala London. Poyamba iye anali pang'ono kugulitsa ubweya ndipo zimakhala zosiyanasiyana. Popeza kuti mapeto kuti moyo wa munthu wamalonda sanakonde wake, Tomás Kromvel anaphunzitsidwa ndipo anakhala wazamalamulo. Natural nzeru komanso momveka bwino mwamsanga anam'panga kukhala m'modzi wa maloya bwino kwambiri London.

Cha m'ma 20 a m'nthawi ya 16, amakumana ndi Cardinal Thomas Wolsey - mmodzi wa anthu amene anali kuchita ndale mu ufumu. T. Cromwell anatenga Mlembi Cardinal. Iwo anali ofanana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe, ndi maudindo. Pamene nthawi wasonyeza kufanana izi ndi zokhumba a m'nkhaniyi ndi udindo wapadera - awiri anali maudindo ndi anzeru, onse adafunafuna kugwetsa creaking akale bureaucracy ndipo kwa nthawi yaitali inali pafupifupi alangizi oyaka Henry VIII.

ukwati

Malinga ndi zosiyana, Cromwell ankasiyana frivolity ndi kuthyola mitima ambiri aakazi. Koma mwalamulo iye wakwatiwa kamodzi kokha. Pamene iye anali ku banki, anakwatira Elizabeth Uaykis, amene anali ndi ana atatu. Mwana wamkazi Anna ndi Grace anafa ali aang'ono, ndi mwana wake mmodzi wa kunyumba yachifumu. Iye anathandiza Tomás Kromvel ndi mphwake Richard. Kenako, adzakhala yemwe anali agogo a wotchuka Oliver Cromwell. Choncho, Tomás Kromvel ndi Oliver Kromvel - chiyani abale ndi akuluakulu a boma, panthawi zosiyanasiyana, zasintha mbiri ya dziko lakwawo.

Kuyambira cha Katolika

Nkofunika kumvetsa malo amene Cromwell anayamba utumiki wothandiza. England a Henry VIII anali m'dziko la achinyamata ambiri amene sanali ngakhale zaka makumi awiri. English chikhalidwe cha nthawi anadzazidwa ndi mzimu achinyamata. Kusaka, thupi, duels ndi nkhondo ulemerero - awa ndi maphunziro waukulu Tudor unyamata. Ndipo Henry pamene ndinali wamng'ono. Anafuna kuti agwirizane achinyamata golide, zonse kusiya mkazi wake achipembedzo, Catherine, amene anali Mkatolika wodzipereka. Pa nthawi yomweyo, mfumu anakumana (kapena anzake) ndi achinyamata Anne Boleyn, lomwe limasiyanitsa zokonda ndi zokonda za mfumu. Izi moyo gay mu chofunika lalikulu bizinesi.

zikumera Chiprotestanti

Pa nthawi iyi, mu akutali Germany wamng'ono wansembe Luther King anayamba nkhondo zomenyera wake ndi apapa anali. Sitingathe kunena kuti maganizo achipembedzo a mlaliki kutali ndi mphamvu zikuluzikulu mfumu, mfumu kudziwika kalata imene iye anawadzudzula azimuth latsopano. Koma Henry VIII ndinazindikira mbali wokongola wa chisokonezo watsopano, ndipo anaona iwo mwayi kuthetsa mavuto awo onena:

• kuswa ukwati Katerinoy Aragonskoy;
• kwa kufika otaya ndalama m'matumba a ansembe Catholic mokomera chuma achifumu;
• kuletsa chikoka cha apapa mu ufumu wake.

Chakuti Papa Clement kuthetsa ukwati ndi mfumukazi ya Henry VIII amakakamizidwa kuchita zinthu zoopsa, chifukwa umene unali English Reformation. Mfumu anathyola ukwati ndi mfumukazi anakwatiwa mbuye wake Anne Boleyn angaloŵe. Motero chiyero, kudalirika kwa apapa mu ufumu English ali ndi vuto lalikulu anagwedezeka. Popeza anathema anatchula za Vatican, Henry ananena kuti mutu wa mpingo wa England. Iye analamula kusiya kupembedza zigawo kumene kumakhala Amonke, agwilitse m'madera ambiri pachilumbachi lasindikizidwa. Kumene, panali mbali zambiri za Tchalitchi cha Katolika sanazindikire chilekaniro cha Mfumu ndipo anataya mitu yawo chifukwa cha zikhulupiriro zawo. Sindinkafuna pochitika tsoka ili, ndi Thomas Wolsey. Iye anadula mutu wake wa Ambuye Chancellor ndipo kenako anaphedwa.

Koma nthawi yakukonzanso kayendedwe pang'ono ndi pang'ono kupeza mphamvu yake. Othandiza Chikatolika asankha kuti abwezeretse kukopa kwake pa anthu English. Koma nthawi yakukonzanso chinachitika, ndipo English Chiprotestanti pang'onopang'ono anafalikira m'dziko ufumu.

meteoric nyamuka

chilakolako Cromwell ndi mphamvu inali yapadera, ndipo nthawi chinachitikira ndi nthawi pamene Henry zofunika mtumiki wokhulupirika ndi otchuka. Cromwell kulowa ntchito ya boma kunayamba chaka 1530, kuchokera pamenepa, ntchito yake zimapangitsa nyamuka meteoric.

The mmasate za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi inali nthawi ya kusintha kwakukulu ndi kusintha zokhudza chiwonongeko cha njira yakale English wa moyo. Cromwell anayamba kulamulira monga wochirikiza wa Anne Boleyn. Wolsey sakanakhoza kusintha maganizo ake ndipo sanafune kuvomereza kuti mkazi watsopano Henry VIII, Mfumukazi ya England. Choncho, iye ndiye amachotsedwa pa nchitozi ndi m'malo mwa protégé wake. Nomination Cromwell anali mmodzi wa opambana kwambiri mu ndondomeko ntchito ya korona English.

zikayenda Cromwell

Pakati pa ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya wandale anali:

• The kuwonongeka kwa mchitidwe ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Royal kawirikawiri zinthu zonse za m'dzikoli ndi zampingo. Cromwell kuzunzidwa ansembe a Chikatolika ndi mbali ya Chikatolika, anathetsa mchitidwe umenewu, ndi ansembe kuthetsa malo kutengerapo wotsatira kwa Korona. Pakuti malamulo ake wotsimikizika wa Cromwell kum'patsa dzina lakuti The Hammer Chimonko.
• Development ndi kufalitsa malamulo atsopano dziko, dziko kutembenuka ndi kusiya kupembedza, wosafuna misonkho yawo ndi kubwereketsa.
• Kukula kwa achifumu mphamvu chikoka mu North la England, Wales ndi Ireland. Zimenezi zakwiyitsa chachikulu ambuye ang'onoang'ono ndi kutsogozedwa kuti zachiwawa kuti anali kuponderezedwa mwankhanza.
• Ntchito ya osindikizira kwa buku la malamulo a Mabuku ndi achipembedzo. ulemu uli mabuku Thomas Cromwell Baibulo m'Chingelezi. Chochitika ichi chinachitika mu 1539.

ogwira zenizeni

Ngati munthu wochenjera ndipo kuwerengetsa bwalo, Cromwell mu nthawi muzindikire mokoma pang'ono mu khalidwe la mfumu ndipo nthawi zambiri zinachitika ankakhulupirira zosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mu ulemu wa wochirikiza ake ambiri odzipereka Anny Boleyn, iye poyamba. Koma ngati yozizira maganizo mfumu Cromwell anasintha maganizo ake kwa Anna. Iye kenako ndinayamba ambiri, omwe anatsimikizira mfundo mlandu woukira boma Anna, ndipo anali kutsatira odzipereka ya chilango Boleyn ndi banja latsopano la mfumu.

Mphotho ndi maudindo

Mfumu kutamanda kudzipereka kwa Cromwell. Kawirikawiri wandale aliyense anakwanitsa zonse kukhala wolimba ndi kutsatira njira ya kusintha ndipo anagubuduza mfumu. Pakuti kudzipereka kwa Henry Cromwell matalala yamvumbi mphoto boma ndi kusankhidwa. Nawa zikuluzikulu yaikulu ya utumiki wake wachifumu:

• 1531 - Member wa bungwe atamva.
• 1533 - Chancellor wa Exchequer la England.
• 1534 - mlembi Mfumu ndi wapampando wa khoti la Kukonda.
• 1536 - Ambuye atamva Chisindikizo.

• 1537 - Knight a Garter ndi mkulu wa University of Wales.
• 1539 - Chamberlain.

Kumapeto kwa moyo wake Cromwell anapatsidwa udindo wa kuwerengedwa. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito dzina latsopano la Earl wa Essex anatha mu masabata ochepa chabe. Osati kukhala kamodzinso kusintha zikhulupiriro zawo, Tomás Kromvel anali amaganiziridwa woukira boma lachifumu. Pa msonkhano wa bungwe atamva, iye anagwidwa ndi kuphedwa pambuyo mayeso mwachidule mu Tower pa zaka 65.