Emergency Geological khalidwe mwachidule

kuphulitsa mapiri, zivomezi, mudslides, kugumuka, mathithi thanthwe, zigumukire, ndi zochitika karst ndi asilikali a padziko lapansi - onsewa masoka achilengedwe zokhudza chikhalidwe Geological zadzidzidzi lapansi. Ena mwa masoka achilengedwe akhoza ananeneratu ambiri sangathe. Koma kuphunzira malamulo a makhalidwe pa nkhani zimenezi m'pofunika kuyambira ali mwana. Nkhaniyi zingakhale zothandiza kwa mphunzitsi amene ndi chidule cha phunziro la chitetezo moyo "Geological khalidwe pangozi."

chivomerezi

mosinthana mwadzidzidzi akuswa kutumphuka ndi chapamwamba chovala, zomwe zimachititsa inagwedezeka ku Phokoso padzikoli opatsirana pa maulendo ataliatali ngati Phokoso zotanuka - chivomezi izi. Geological chikhalidwe cha dongosolo mwadzidzidzi zambiri zimachitika magawo atatu - fortshoki, Kankhani chachikulu ndi zivomezi zina.

Kuyendetsa okha ndi nthawi kuyembekezera awiriwa ali osiyana kwambiri. Main amakhala ndi mphamvu yoposa ndi nthawi ndi zambiri masekondi ochepa, koma anthu asawadziwe malinga kwambiri. Zivomezi zina kubala kwambiri maganizo mantha: anthu amamva zikukhalira cha masautso, womangidwa ndi mantha, kulalikira, ndipo m'pofunika kuteteza ndi kuyang'ana malo otetezeka.

mphamvu kayesedwe

Pali kumene mphamvu yaikulu kutulutsidwa mu buku la strata dziko lapansi, ndi zibvomerezi. Hypocenter, kapena kuganizira izo - notional mfundo yaikulu ya pakati, ndi ziyerekezo kwa hypocenter padziko - pamene panayambira padziko limene pali chiwonongeko yaikulu. Land sakhala, chaka chilichonse chivomezi chomwe olembedwa mazana ambiri a, koma iwo ali ofooka kotero kuti mbali yaikulu, anthu sumachizindikira.

Kuti si chikhalidwe cha masoka miyala. Mfundo zomwe amaona mphamvu ya chivomezi, wapatsidwa ndi chiwerengero cha kuwonongeka padziko. Ndi kwambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito Richter Scale ndi mayiko lonse kuona mphamvu ya zivomezi. ukulu A wotchedwa khalidwe la mphamvu okwana Phokoso zotanuka kuti chinachititsa tsoka.

Zivomezi Russia

Pa gawo la dziko lathu twente eyiti peresenti ya zivomezi zikhoza chikukwanira. Ambiri Geological khalidwe la mwadzidzidzi kunachitika Kamchatka, m'chigawo Baikal, kum'mwera kwa Siberia Islands Kuril ndi North Caucasus. Chitetezo mavuto amenewa n'kovuta yovuta. zochitika Anti-zivomerezi anawagawa m'magulu awiri - chenjezo ndi ikuchitika yomweyo mpaka pa chivomezi. Njira zoyezera - ndi kupewa, yomwe ikuchitika pamaso kuopseza anabwera tsoka.

Asayansi kuphunzira chodabwitsa limene pali Geological ngozi za khalidwe zachilengedwe, awulule asilikali awo, kudziwa harbingers onse tsoka ndi kukhala njira Mapa. Ndipo pamene "mabingu wakhala zimaphulika", inu muyenera kuti apulumutse anthu - otsekeredwa mu nyumba zawo, pokhala. M'madera ndi mabizinezi ngofunika kumangidwa kutenga nkhani mtendere zivomerezi a m'dera - woyamba onse. Apo ayi matsoka aakulu adzabweretsa tsoka Geological khalidwe zitsanzo za Chiameniya Spitak chodziwikiratu kuti posakhalitsa. Anthu ayenera kuphunzitsidwa khalidwe loyenera, mlingo wa gulu la ntchito yopulumutsa ayenera kukhala mpaka ndime. Chenjezo dongosolo - chimodzi cha zinthu zazikulu chosowa ambiri mwa anthu.

zotupa

Mu kuya kwa dziko lapansi ndi zonse njira yogwira, zimene zimabweretsa ntchito chiphala. Kuphulika anaopseza anthu mamiliyoni mazana awiri, amene amakhala pafupi kwambiri mapiri tulo. Emergency Geological khalidwe zitsanzo za zimene timawerenga ngakhale mu masiku amakedzana (Pompeii), anagwirizana ndi gulu la chiphalaphala mu matanthwe a pansi padziko, ndiko, ndi kuphulika kwa mapiri. Chiphalaphala - mu Greek "wandiweyani kirimu" - chopangidwa ndi chitsulo silicate misa, mwachitsanzo miyala, red-hot kudzipereka pa kutentha apamwamba mu kuya kwa Earth.

Ngati izi ambirimbiri chiphalaphala umalandira padziko, chifukwa cha mavuto aakulu mkati kuphulika ikuyamba, ndipo moto mitsinje ya madzi mwala zimatengedwa pansi, kuononga zonse mu njira yake. Zimenezi zimatchedwa chiphalaphala, ndiko kuti, chiphalaphala imene zasowa zosiyanasiyana yaikulu mipweya, nthawi zambiri chiphe zamoyo, natenga pamodzi nawo pa kwambiri makilomita ndipo sadzadwalanso kutseka mitambo dzuwa phulusa.

Mapiri mu Russia

Khalidwe Geological khalidwe mwadzidzidzi, monga kuphulika akhonza kupatsidwa kumvetsetsa zonse za chikhalidwe cha zodabwitsazi. Mu kutumphuka padziko lapansi pambuyo mapangidwe dziko ndi yozizira izo anapanga njira zambiri ndi ming'alu, pamene chiphalaphala abwera pafupi kwambiri pamwamba. Ndipo pa mfundo ina ya zipinda chiphalaphala, ili pa akuya pafupifupi makumi asanu makilomita, chifukwa cha mavuto aakulu zikuyamba kutsanulira chiphalaphala. Popeza mapiri anapanga - freestanding phiri ndachititsa okha ku zinthu za kuphulika yake.

Pali mitundu itatu ya mapiri: ndi zinatha, matalala ndi akuchitachita. M'tulo ndi yosokoneza zoopsa, chifukwa nkhani kuphulika awo anthu kumeneko, koma chivomezi m'dera pansi iwo akadali zimachitika, ndiye nthawi iliyonse pamene tryahnot wamphamvu, phiri zoukitsa. Zinatha - anafooka mapiri, iwo ngakhale nthawi anataya mawonekedwe awo. Kukangalika ndi gwero zonse ngozi chifukwa cha Mwina kuphulika.

Yelostounsky supervolcanoes ena

Pali supervolcanoes, ngati Yellowstone mu US. Padziko Lapansi za makumi awiri amenewa. Iwo kugona kwa nthawi yaitali - zina mamilioni a zaka. Koma ndikadzuka, apo pakubwera salinso m'deralo zachilengedwe Geological khalidwe la mwadzidzidzi. Zitsanzo za aisi zimanena. Kuphulika otsiriza zinachitika ku New Zealand, zaka twente-seveni zikwi zapitazo. Ash kuphimba nthaka multimeter wosanjikiza komanso anaphimba dzuwa kwa zaka zingapo. Iye anamasulidwa mu mlengalenga za mazana khumi ndi awiri makilomita lalikulu.

anthu ambiri phulusa ngakhale chamoto ochiritsira ndi zina kwambiri moti masiku ochepa mtengo wa mdima usiku. Ndiyeno usiku anabwera pa dziko lonse lapansi, ndipo zinatha masiku ndi zaka. Plus matani biliyoni atatu a woipa sulfure mu mlengalenga chisokonezo pa pafupifupi dziko lonse lapansi. Sulfuric mvula asidi anayamba umene zomera zonse anali kufa. Earth anataya ndiye peresenti eyite-faifi a mitundu ya mbalame okha. Anthu amene amakhala mu masiku awa - ndi measly khumi peresenti ya ulemerero monga poyamba. Ndipo chinthu chachikulu ndicho kuti kulimbana ngakhale ndi alipidwa kuphulika yogwira kuli kovuta, mtulo supervolcano ngakhale kuthawa sizigwira ntchito - konse. Tsopano kuyesa dzina chikhalidwe miyala ya tsokali choipa koposa.

Matope omwe ankakokoloka anawononga

Kugumuka zimachitika m'dziko lathu lonse kumadera palibe flatness wa Edene. Mitundu ya khalidwe miyala ya mwadzidzidzi Pali zambiri ndiponso zosiyanasiyana, ndipo kugumuka si ankaona zoopsa kwambiri. Ngakhale zosayembekezereka - kumeneko. N'chifukwa chiyani pansi tizivutika ndi misa Wopanda pansi yaikulu phiri otsetsereka ndi mapiri, Wopanda, kugwa, nyanja, nyanja ndi masitepe mtsinje?

Mtendere wa otsetsereka ndi kutanganidwa chifukwa relatedness miyala kapena nthaka n'zodabwitsa zosakwana mphamvu yokoka. Ndi pamene otsetsereka ndi anayambika. Si tsoka yayikulu, chimene chinapha anthu zikwizikwi, koma kuwonongeka ndi lalikulu kwambiri: nyumba zowonongedwa, m'manda kulankhulana, ngalande ndi mapaipi kulibeko, ndi kulumikiza anthu ogwira ntchito kwambiri magetsi ndi zingwe telefoni.

Kodi chimayambitsa kugumuka

Zinthu zimene zingachititse ndi Matope omwe ankakokoloka anawononga, angakhale osiyana, ndipo nthawi zambiri Chinthu ichi ndi zochita za anthu. Izi odulidwa madzi nthaka, kuwononga zomera (kudula mitengo), kapena kusintha mtundu wa m'minda, ndi weathering ndipo, kachiwiri, chivomezi, kuchititsa kugumuka pafupifupi nthawi zonse. Pali mitundu itatu - kudya, sing'anga ndi pang'onopang'ono. Only ndi kudya kugumuka anapha anthu ambiri. Koma pali kusiyana mu kuya kwa pamwamba kutsetsereka: yaing'ono - mpaka mamita asanu, pamwamba - mpaka mita kwambiri - mpaka mamita makumi awiri ndi moyenera, tatikulu - oposa makumi awiri.

Mphamvu entrained misa nsanja thanthwe kwambiri: kugumuka yaing'ono kutenga mpaka zikwi khumi mamita lalikulu la nthaka, lalikulu ku miliyoni. Komabe, osati padziko lapansi pali mwadzidzidzi ngati khalidwe zachilengedwe miyala. Zitsanzo chinatsimikizira owonongedwa yaikulu kwambiri madzi, zomwe nthawi zambiri anapanga monga chotsatira cha Matope omwe ankakokoloka anawononga m'madzi, zimene pamapeto, zinachitika chivomezi. Kusokonezeka kwa m'dambo pa m'mbali alumali lalikulu kwambiri. Mu Scotland, patapita Matope omwe ankakokoloka anawononga anagwetsa mitengo pa makilomita onse rasstoyaniivosmidesyati ku gombe.

sill

Komanso zotsatira za zivomezi, gryazekamennye utuluke chipwirikiti pa mitsinje ndi mphamvu kayendedwe ndi liwiro la makilomita oposa khumi pa ora. Mphamvu anakwera komanso m'magulu: ngati kuchotsa zinyalala otaya ambirimbiri kuposa zikwi zana kiyubiki mamita, ndi mudflow wamphamvu, palinso sing'anga - kuti statysyach, ndi ofooka - zosakwana zikwi khumi kiyubiki mamita wa misa.

Kubereka madzi osefukira anadabwa awo, kukula mofulumira ndi nthawi ya mwinanso kuposa eyiti maola. Iwo akhoza amaneneratu wopambana mwa kupenda zotsatira za kuzipenya. Anamanga wapadera nyumba hayidiroliki ndi selezaderzhivaniya selenapravleniya. Main - osati kudula mitengo pa mapiri popanda kukonza mizu kumaonjezera ngozi ya ogona mobwerezabwereza.

chigumukire

Chipale kugwa, mulu waukulu wa kugwa kapena amalowetsa ku phiri otsetsereka ndi kumawakoka kulemera koposa. Ku Ulaya, zochita za anthu pa chikhalidwe Geological zadzidzidzi ndi cholinga ndithu, koma pali chigumukire mapeto chaka kuposa moyo zana. Mphamvu yowononga ya chigumukire ndi mkulu kwambiri, chifukwa ndi mphamvu zambiri kayendedwe. Kugawidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha gulu lawo mu kulumpha, chute ndi otsetsereka.

Zigumukire anapanga makamaka pa otsetsereka treeless, kumene otsetsereka madigiri zoposa khumi, koma nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu makumi atatu kapena makumi anayi. Ngati otsetsereka ndi madigiri oposa makumi asanu, ndi zigumukire anapanga, monga chisanu ndi amapatsa kumapazi pang'onopang'ono. Liwiro iye akhoza kukhala wokwera - mamita oposa zana pa mphindi. Kuneneratu chigumukire zosatheka. Chipale accumulations m'madera oopsa chabe anawomberedwa, n'zothandiza kusonkhana kapena mwadala aphulitsa.

kugwa

Phompho ndi kunkakhala amakhala oopsa ndipo ngakhale n'kugwa pamene alibe ndi kugwa misa yaikulu ya miyala chifukwa cha imfa ya kukhulupirika kwake ndi weathering kapena ndi madzi - padziko kapena mobisa, kusintha kwa lakuthwa kutentha ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe.

Zoyambitsa kugumuka ndi zowononga ndi mafunde, zivomezi ndi zinthu zamakono, ngakhale yokoka chikoka cha mwezi. Mu 1995 ndi Matope omwe ankakokoloka anawononga lalikulu zinachitika mu Ingushetia, kutalika mamita makumi asanu zana limodzi, m'lifupi - khumi, ndi kuya - za makumi asanu meters, pali anthu sikisitini anaphedwa. Kuneneratu zigumukire komanso zosatheka.

afterword

Scientific ndi luso patsogolo oyenera chovuta chakuti iye osati simungathe kuteteza anthu ndi technosphere mwa mwadzidzidzi ndi masoka achilengedwe, koma M'malo mwake, iye amakwiya iwo. Chiwerengero cha anthu amene akhudzidwa ndi chaka pa chaka ukuwonjezeka wa 4.3%, ndipo akuvutika chifukwa cha yowononga zochitika zachilengedwe n'chachikulu ndi 8,6% pachaka. zomvetsa Economic Komanso kukula.

Vuto limeneli ndi limodzi lonse. Akuchuluka ngozi zachilengedwe amachokera kuwonjezeka mmene anthropogenic pa dziko lapansi, ntchito zopanda chilungamo cha zinthu za chuma, cholakwika resettlement wa anthu, kusowa kwa kuwunika chilengedwe, chifooke dongosolo boma chidwi cha mtundu wa chododometsa, njala ya nyumba zoteteza zomangamanga, afforestation. M'pofunika chivomezi zomangamanga. Tikatero, anthu amaona kutetezedwa pa chikhalidwe Geological zadzidzidzi lapansi. Mwachidule kapena mwachidule kulankhula za nkhani zimenezi n'zosatheka.