Chuma ndi chiyani? Zakuthupi - ndani izi?

ndi zinthu zakuthupi ndi ndani? Tisanafotokoze kuthana ndi lingaliro ili, muyenera kukhala ndi kumvetsa tanthauzo la chuma. Kwenikweni, mawonekedwe monism nzeru zaumunthu, limanena kuti chinthu zofunika ndi mankhwala mu chirengedwe, ndi kuti onse (kuphatikizapo chikumbumtima ndipo zamatsenga) chifukwa cha ankachita thupi. Motero, zinthu zakuthupi - othandiza ntchito ya lingaliro la chuma kapena m'malo ake.

Kugwirizana ndi nzeru zaumunthu kaonedwe ena

Kukonda chuma umakhudza physicalism. Malangizo nthanthi limafotokoza m'dziko limene anthu onse otsendereka sayansi ndi malamulo ake. Nthanthi physicalism kutali kusanduka kuchokera chuma chifukwa mbalume zake kugwirizana ndi anapezazo thupi.

Chuma okha kwa sayansi yeniyeni, mu mkangano wake pali danga nthawi, mphamvu thupi, nkhani mdima, mphamvu ndi zinthu zina zowombetsa mkota Wonenedwa. Choncho, cholinga chachikulu mumaganiza izi, tikhoza kunena kuti ndife ofanana, koma musagwiritse ntchito mawu awa akhoza.

Pali mitundu iwiri yaikulu ya mafunde nthanthi

Zakuthupi - wotsatira wa dziko nzeru zaumunthu, a kalasi ya maphunziro azachilengedwe monist, amene mfundo zikutsutsana chabe, dualism ndi zipani. Tinganene mosakayika kuti chuma - ndi inversion lathunthu chabe. Materialists amati kanthu kuti ndi pulayimale ndi chikumbumtima ndi sekondale. Ndipo idealists onse kukangana zosiyana.

Ngakhale ambiri m'sukulu za maganizo ndi mokoma wochenjera pakati pa magulu awiri chachikulu cha nzeru adakali chuma ndi chabe. Magulu awa ochokera zonse mitundu ina dziko kuti yokhotakhota padziko malingaliro waukulu wa chipani mbalume.

Palinso wodziimira nthanthi chiphunzitso - ndi dualism: lingaliro lakuti kanthu ndi chikumbu kukhala palokha yomweyi nthawi mzake.

Afilosofi zakuthupi

M'zaka za m'ma 19, Karl Marx ndi Friedrich Chichewa awonjezera mfundo chuma, anayamba latsopano nzeru zaumunthu malangizo "dialectical chuma" (m'chaka cha 40). Komabe, iwo sankachita ngati yaitali. Dzina limeneli anali koyamba Iosif Ditsgen mu 1887.

Mwachidule akamanena za ziphunzitso za Marx ndi Chichewa ndi maziko a dziko - nkhaniyi, ndi chikumbu - katundu wake. Movement ndi chitukuko cha dziko, monga chuma dialectical, zotsatira zake zotsutsana wauzimu. Akulimbana malamulo "dialectical chuma" (chidule) ndi - wokhulupirika ndi kukumana kwa zotsutsana, ndi sublimation wa kachulukidwe ndi Mkhalidwe kusintha lamulo la "negation wa negation."

Ongolankhula gwero la chuma dialectical imatengedwa kuti otsutsa ndikusinthidwa ndi dialectic n'zosatheka wa Hegel komanso cha nzeru za chiphunzitso cha chuma cha Feuerbach.

Wotchuka Russian materialists - ndi:

• Varfolomey Zaytsev (ankakhala 1842-1878) - odziwika bwino zolembalemba wotsutsa ndi 60s nihilist cha m'ma 19.
• Nikolai Kareev (ankakhala 1850-1931) - Katswiri, nzeru zapamwamba. Amadziwika kuti ntchito yake: "The nzeru za mbiri chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha masiku ano", "Old ndi maphunziro atsopano chuma chuma".
• Matvey Troitsky (ankakhala 1835-1899) - woimira nzeru za wazotsatira mu Russia. Woyambitsa wa woyamba "Moscow Psychological Society." The ntchito chidwi kwambiri, limene limafotokoza ndizosowa chuma - ndi "nkhani kuwerenga pa metaphysics Professor Lotze."
• Dmitri Pisarev (ankakhala 1840-1868) - wotchuka Chiwukirano Democrat, WOLEMBA mabuku wotsutsa. Imodzi mwa oimira wotchuka kwambiri wa "zaka zao za sikisite".
• Nikolay Dobrolyubov (ankakhala 1836-1861) - woukira boma demokalase, wolemba ndakatulo wolemba nkhani wina. A wotsatira chuma, empiricism ndipo ndiyanzeru egoism. Iye anati uliwonse zolemba mphamvu ndi nthano, ndi ulamuliro wa chilengedwe chonse - nkhaniyi.

Kodi yowerengera-zakuthupi?

Kodi munamvapo za ukachenjede zimenezi? Ndani uyu? Izi Katswiri yowerengera wa apamwamba Choyenereza mlingo wa ofesi zinthu mlandu pa kampaniyo. chimango Ichi ndi udindo malo a ntchito akawunti, chomwe amamangiriridwa, monga munthu ndi udindo.

Dzina za ntchito ziribe kanthu kochita ndi nzeru akavalidwe. "Yowerengera zinthu zakuthupi" - izi ndi chabe dzina wamkulu ndodo ofesi mlandu amene ntchito zingaphatikizepo zigawo zina, malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito za kumalo a ntchito.