Chiwerengero okalamba anthu

Mu kukula kwa Soviet Union mawu "ntundu" ndi "ziwerengero" kwa nthawi yaitali amaziona ngati ofanana. Mwina n'chifukwa chake anecdote za mitundu mabodza atatu pa mabodza (mabodza, mabodza zoipa, ndi ziwerengero) mungathe kumva ndi za maphunziro zaziwerengero. Ntundu kwenikweni anawamasulira kuchokera Greek momwe "malongosoledwe a anthu", koma Latin udindo mawu (kuchokera kumene izo aumbike mwa ziwerengero mawu.) - "zilili" M'posavuta kuona kuti ndi osiyana mwamtheradi onse phindu chiyambi. Kodi inunso akhoza kundiuza kuphunzira zaziwerengero?

Chiwerengero okalamba anthu dziko

Othandiza ntundu amaphunzira zinthu kumalo amene asankhidwa, kusanthula mumaganiza akavalidwe akutulukira mu lonse ndipo limati munthu. phunziro poyera kuti strata osiyana siyana, magulu zaka. Kuchokera pa kafukufuku zotsatira mu m'tsogolo zizindikiro 1, 5, 10, nthawi zina zaka 50 zimenezi zisanachitike, pofotokoza mwina sewero la zinthu m'tsogolo.

Maulosi a magulu osiyanasiyana zowerengera kulankhula za kukula inexorable chiwerengero cha anthu akulu kuposa zaka 65 padziko lonse. Chabwino kapena choipa - pali maganizo osiyanasiyana. Kutheka kwa ndondomeko oterowo anapezerapo ulimi "chikhalidwe cha moyo ndi kupanga": mwayi wamaphunziro, chitukuko wachibale chitukuko cha mankhwala, kusintha kwa ukhondo ndi AIDS vuto, zinthu ntchito pa mafakitale ndi. Zonsezi pamwambapa kumathandiza kuti prolongation moyo wa munthu, amene nawonso, ndi imodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu za mumaganiza ukalamba anthu mu dziko.

Categories ndi zizindikiro za maphunziro zaziwerengero

Pafupifupi onse kafukufuku ndi siteji ya zosonkhanitsira deta, kufotokoza ndi kutanthauzira ongolankhula zotsatira zake. Iwo nazonso ndi maphunziro zaziwerengero. Ndiwo deta ndi kalembera Komabe, ikuchitikira ndi Kafukufuku yaying'ono-nyemba ndi kuunikila zinthu zina, mfundo zachuma ndi ndale kulimbikitsa zinthu m'chigawochi. Chifukwa cha ichi, maphunziro zafotokozedwa anthu ndiponso kapangidwe: msinkhu, kugonana, mtundu, chipembedzo ndi chinenero, kuntchito ndi maphunziro. Chisamaliro linaperekedwa kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu zachilengedwe ndi kusamuka, mlingo wa ndalama magulu ena ndi anthu. mafotokozedwe onse akutsatiridwa ndi cholinga kukhazikitsa molondola, kutenga nkhani chiwerengero chapamwamba zinthu kumamukopa, chiphunzitso chimene, m'tsogolo, kuika patsogolo chitukuko cha malingaliro ndi mapangidwe a anthu.

Chiwerengero sayansi ndi conventionally ogaŵikana mwamwambo, mawunikidwe, mbiri yakale, sociological, asilikali.

• Ofunda ntundu wakhala akufufuza za kachulukidwe chigawo chimodzi cha njira zonse mvetsetsa awo pa kukula kapena kuchepa kwa anthu.
• Analytical - akuyendayenda ubale ndi dongosolo la mphamvu, ndi zotsatira mu zikhalidwe konkire anthu. Anachita kafukufuku pa mlingo wa njira masamu, komanso ndi thandizo la mawerengeredwe ndi kulosera. Analytical ntundu ikufotokoza mmene nyengo umoyo ndi zachuma, ndale ndiponso chikhalidwe m'chigawo cha zigawo zosiyana zaka anthu. N'zosadabwitsa kuti zikamera wa anthu okalamba mogwirizana ndi mmene zinthu ziliri umoyo ndi zachuma, demographers kuti si zaka khumi.
• Mbiri ntundu retrospective maphunziro a zochitika zosangalatsa ndi zina mogwirizana ndi kudza ndi kugwa kwa anthu m'madera aphunzira. Zochokera amatengedwa ndi kukonzedwa cofufuzila ndithu nthawi yayitali (zaka), kuika patsogolo generalizations ongolankhula ndi zopanga anakhazikitsa dongosolo mbiri. Chifukwa cha iwo, ndipo anakhala zotheka kulosera kukalamba alionse padziko lonse.
• Chikoka tonse ntundu ndi Chaanthu Maphunziro a ntundu chikhalidwe. Kuyambira mawonekedwe yapita zochitika zosiyanasiyana kafukufuku pa mlingo yaying'ono (banja, achibale, adzadziwire). Imafufuza ntundu chikhalidwe chikhalidwe maganizo, malamulo, khalidwe imagwira njira kafukufuku: zoyankhulana, mayesero, kafukufuku ndi zina zotero ..
• chiwerengero asilikali amaphunzira zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimene zimakhudza mmene zinthu zilili asilikali ndi chuma. Pakuti gawo lino amatanthauza kufufuza mwayi kusonkhanitsa anthu mu nkhondo, n'zotheka wamba ovulala nkhanza ndi kusamuka, zotsatira za Nkhondo m'chigawochi. ntundu Izi gawo kumagwirizana ndi sayansi asilikali.

Population, kubalana ndi dongosolo ubereki - siyana waukulu kuphunzira ndi sayansi mu funso. Mutu wa anthu okalamba amakhudzidwa mogwirizana ndi kuphunzira kugonana ndi zaka zikuchokera kwa anthu a m'dera. chiphunzitso agawidwa mitundu itatu: wosazindikira, n'kupuma ndi regressive (pafupifupi konse zimachitika mawonekedwe woyera).

• Mtundu woyamba amakhala ndi ziwawa kubadwa ndi imfa. Iwo Tingaone mu mafuko a Africa, komwe ana kulembetsa mpaka kufika zaka khumi (chifukwa mlingo mkulu khanda imfa).
• Mtundu chachiwiri, monga kuyenera woyamba anati ndi chonde otsika ndi imfa. Zimenezi zingaoneke m'mayiko otukuka, ndipo akatswiri akuganiza kuti anthu pambuyo mafakitale.
• Chachitatu, mtundu regressive amakhala ndi imfa mkulu ndi mlingo wochepa kubadwa (anaona pa ntchito ya usilikali kudziko).

Akuti zaziwerengero ukalamba imatengedwa ngati chiŵerengero cha magulu atatu zaka okhala kudera: Munthu pansi zaka 15 akale ntchito zaka anthu, anthu patapita zaka 60-65. The predominance wa Sichanzeru pa woyamba 10-15% ndipo akutchedwa zaziwerengero kukalamba anthu. Akuti chitsanzo cha zikuchokera mulingo woyenera wa anthu komwe achinyamata olumala ndi 20%, antchito - 65%, olumala ndi wa zaka zopuma pantchito 15%. chiwembu Izi imatengedwa abwino mogwirizana ndi kufalitsidwa kwa banjalo ndalama kwa anthu ntchito (zochokera antchito 1000 500 olumala). Choncho, magawanidwe zina zambiri ankamuona ngati kulenga yolemetsa kwambiri, wopita ku kugwa kwa chuma.

Features za moyo zaziwerengero mu Europe

Okalamba anthu m'mayiko olemera ndi zaka makumi asanu zapitazi. Impact pa azimuth izi ndi zinthu zambiri:

• kusintha zaumoyo;
• kuwonjezeka moyo amayembekezeka;
• mlingo kubadwa;
• Kupeza ndalama ndi umoyo ndale mu dziko.

A mpata kwa zikamera otchedwa chuma siliva. Kwenikweni chake ndi zosoŵa za anthu okalamba mu misonkhano, mankhwala ndi kukhalabe ndi khalidwe la moyo mwa dongosolo ndi njira ya chitsanzo zachuma. Mmodzi mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu za chuma Silver ndi, makamaka, kulolerana - liwu kambirimbiri zisakuyenda ku positi, koma chifundo chinang'ambika a nkhani ndi ikumasuliridwa gawo chosiyana cha anthu.

M'mayiko European ntchito njira zosiyana ndi njira kucepetsa thumba penshioni:

• Mwachibadwa kuti anaukitsidwa kwa zaka zopuma pantchito (kubweretsa zaka zopuma pantchito zaka 70 ndi kukonzekera tsogolo);
• limati kwambiri pansi kulingalira kutalika osachepera utumiki ndi osachepera kuchuluka kwa zopereka linaperekedwa kwa thumba penshioni;
• kuchotsa katundu pa ndalama penshioni limati akuyesera mothandizidwa ndi madipoziti ndalama payekha chifukwa pensioners amene anamasulidwa ndi amanenera kuti 2% ya GDP (panopa limati European amathera maola 15% ya GDP kuthandiza ndalama penshioni);
• anayambitsa pulogalamu ya "kukalamba yogwira" m'madera osiyana, zomwe cholinga chake ndi kuthandiza anthu kuti akhalitse mwa msika ntchito ndipo kenako pantchito;
• Mayiko ena ali kudziyesa ganyu pensioners, anthu amagwira ntchito maola kusintha ndi kulandira tsankho malipiro mwina - penshioni (kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti mtundu uwu wa ntchito wokongola mpaka 68% a anthu achikulire Europe).

Tikumbukenso kuti pulogalamu ya anthu yogwira ukalamba ndi otchuka ndi okalamba komanso akuyendera pafupifupi onse zigawo Europe. The vuto lalikulu la mayiko m'dera yuro si ukalamba ndi kuchepekela mlingo kubadwa kuti imayendetsedwa ndi zinthu monga maphunziro kugonana kwa zaka sukulu ya mkaka, thandizo ndi kufalitsa mathanyula, nzeru zotchuka "Child-free" ndi zina zotero. D. Koma zonsezi pamwambapa samaoneka zochitika monga mabvuto ndi zotsatira kake.

Mphamvu zaziwerengero ku Russia

Mu Russia kulosera za anthu okalamba ndi 2020, koma, chibwenzi, amadalira chiŵerengero nzika wamphamvu ndi anthu oposa chidaliro (osaposa zaka 15 - 15,2%, mpaka zaka 65 - 71,8%, pambuyo 65 - 13%). Zoopsazi mbendera angathe kutumikira kuchepa pachaka chonde ndi mlingo mkulu imfa (mu chiwerengero cha ku akhanda). Natural kuchuluka kwa anthu si chaka choyamba amakhalabe negative. Okalamba a anthu Russia, tikhoza kunena pa siteji oyambirira, koma liwiro ndondomeko izi kuoneratu otsika Mwina.

The vuto zaziwerengero ku South-East Asia

Ndi 2030, izo ntchito tumphatumpha yaikulu anthu okalamba wa mayiko a kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia. Ngakhale lero, m'dzanja la lonse zowerengera limabweretsa Japan. Yaitali, lamulo "banja limodzi - mwana mmodzi" China, nayenso amakhudza osati njira yabwino zaka ndi jenda zikuchokera mtundu. The easing posachedwapa mfundo banja China sadzakhala posachedwapa zipatso. Pakali pano, pali vutoli amphamvu chiwerengero cha amuna ndi akazi (motsogozedwa kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha anthu). Izi anali yoyamba mfundo popanda dongosolo penshioni ya boma (kuonetsetsa makolo okalamba anali ndi mwana wamwamuna, zimene zinachititsa kuti ambiri mimba mu mulanduwo, ngati makolo kudziwa kugonana a mwana (a mtsikana)).

Zotsatira za kusintha kwa ndale ndi za chuma zinthu zaziwerengero m'chigawo

Zitsanzo zimene tatchulazi ndi fanizo amadza chifukwa cha nkhani zandale, zachuma ndi dera lawo mu zikuchokera zaziwerengero a anthu a m'deralo. Mawotchi containment cha kuchuluka kwa anthu, monga momwe mchitidwe Chinese si angathe kutsogolera anthu kuti chitukuko ndi kusintha kwa anthu pambuyo mafakitale, koma kumaonjezera mavuto amene njira akhoza kutenga chilichonse khumi limodzi, ndipo mwina amafuna miyeso kwambiri. Pa nthawi yomweyo, "chilolezo chikhalidwe" anayamba ku Ulaya atsogolere boma ku chimene chachititsa chomwecho, ndi kusiyana kuti "achinyamata akale" Ulaya ndi ufulu kusankha njira ya moyo.

chikoka nyengo pa zikuchokera kwa anthu, zachilengedwe ndi opangidwa ndi masoka zaumoyo

Against maziko a makampani zachipatala, ndi asayansi atulukira a anthu okalamba m'mayiko olemera sizimawoneka ngati chinthu chakupha mu kugwa kwa chuma. Komabe, kusintha awo nthawi zonse wotere "zochitika posakonzekera" monga kusintha kwa nyengo, masoka ndi opangidwa ndi masoka.

Ngati tikulingalira tsoka zopangidwa, kawirikawiri zimabweretsa iwo kusintha kwa nyengo ndi masoka achilengedwe (Mphepo Anthufe tikuvutika, kusefukira kwa madzi, moto, mafunde kutentha, ndi zina zotero. D.). Komabe, "anthu Chinthu" ndi patsogolo. Chitsanzo cha tsoka opangidwa amachititsa masoka achilengedwe zingachititse ngozi pa nyukiliya magetsi Fukushima-1, yojambula Bantyao damu mu 1975 (China). ngozi chatithandizira ambiri a anthu onse padziko lapansi pa Deepwater Kwambiri (Gulf of Mexico), nsanja (ngakhale ena chinthu zikuluzikulu anali munthu kapena zachilengedwe, izo sizikuwoneka kuti masiku ano n'zotheka).

masoka onse "kusonkhanitsa" mbewu ziwiri mwamsanga ndipo nthawi yaitali. Instant anafotokoza mu zomvetsa zachuma, amene akhudzidwa ndi tsoka, koma yaitali (nthawi zina kuposa yomweyo) ndi zimenenso zachuma, andale (chipembedzo) makonda a anthu. Zokongola chitsimikiziro cha mawu awa akhoza kukhala kuti mphepo ya Katrina, yaitali "msonkho" amene adakali akupitirirabe.

Ataliatali mfundo Europe

maphunziro ambiri amanena kuti anthu okalamba ndi chikhomo cha boma moyo, ndipo kuchepa wobereketsa ali malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa moyo amayembekezeka ndi mfundo za kufunika. Komabe, ngakhale amalimbikira kunena izi, Europe zonse zikusintha anthu likuvutika antchito. ndondomeko kusamuka ayenera kusonyezedwa ndi kulamulira khalidwe, amene si yoweyula otsiriza "nkhondo ya alendo" m'dziko EU a. Azungu ntchito makina chitsanzo, imene imakhudza adzabwerenso osamukawo kwawo akafika zaka zopuma pantchito. zochitika posachedwapa zikusonyeza kuti n'zosatheka kuloŵerera anthu akubwera, ndipo okha kubwerera kwawo ku maonekedwe awo chodziwikiratu.

Ataliatali lamulo la Soviet Union

Soviet Union, zonse zimaoneka ngati osiyana. Yayambika kusiyana otchedwa ntchito kusamuka (ntchito mosinthana ndi kusapezeka kwa wantchito m'gawo la nyumba kwa miyezi 10-11). Ndipotu, antchito kubwera kunyumba monga achisangalalo. Kaonedwe kumachitika makamaka m'mizinda ya anthu oposa wani miliyoni, pa pomanga, mafakitale, migodi ndi kuthekera wasamuka pafupi ndi malo awo a ntchito. Kusiyana lamuloli kusamuka wa European kuti amuchita kukopa akatswiri kwambiri oyenerera (monga mu US) ndi ziwalo ogwira ntchito. M'mayiko Post-Soviet chifukwa chuma ndiponso ndale saona kufunika kwa antchito otsika-aluso pempho lakuti amadalira chabe, makamaka ulova ubwino m'madera ena amabadwa $ 20 pa mwezi.

mfundo kusamuka China

China anakumana ndi kufunika kukulitsa gawo la zinachititsa mu pangano la dziko limati pafupi. boma likulimbikitsa anthu kuti amasamukira ku mayiko ena, komanso mabanja ndi nthumwi za mayiko ena, chifukwa chiwerengero cha akazi Republic ndi zochepa za anthu wamwamuna. Zikuonekeratu kuti kusamuka kwa anthu koteroko sizikutanthauza kubwerera ku China pa zaka 65. Chinese Kuthetsa m'mayiko akutali, kukhala mosiyana, mogwirizana ndi malamulo awo, imbaenda ku nkhani kusafuna kuvomereza chikhalidwe ndi miyambo ya mayiko limene iwo akukhala, komanso patsogolo methodical, zotsatira zake omwe mwina kuposa mavuto European kusamuka.

Mitundu ya pano zaziwerengero chitukuko zinthu

Ndipotu, kukalamba anthu ndi maziko a mtengo wolimba kubadwa (mlingo wa ana 2 pa mkazi), kuonetsa kuwonjezeka mu muyezo wa amoyo, chitonthozo chake, tinganene, m'malo zodziwikiratu. Iwo akhoza ankaona zoopsa azimuth pamene mlingo kubadwa zikuchulukirachulukira chaka chilichonse, koma anthu ikuchepa nthawi yomweyo pa mlingo chomwecho. Mitundu ya mapangidwe zinthu zaziwerengero, pali ambiri, amasiyana chokha chiwerengero cha zinthu n'komwe mu drafting iwo. Komabe, chinthu chimodzi ndi zina - chiwerengero cha anthu a padziko lapansi adzaona kusintha maganizo awo kwa nthawi zaka anthu mu imeneyi zaka 64-100 ndi kuphunzira kulandira "mphatso ya kukhwima" ndi zimene.