Chifaniziro cha manambala mu kompyuta. Chifaniziro cha integers ndi manambala weniweni kukumbukira kompyuta

Aliyense amene ankaganiza mu moyo wanga kuti kukhala "ubwino" kapena woyang'anira dongosolo, kapena kungoti anasonyeza zambiri ndi makompyuta, kudziwa mmene chifaniziro cha manambala mu kukumbukira computer, n'kofunika kwambiri. Ndipotu, zochokera otsika mlingo zilankhulo izi mapulogalamu monga Assembler. Choncho, lero tikambirana chifaniziro cha manambala mu kompyuta ndi kuwayika iwo maselo kukumbukira.

kalembedwe

Ngati inu mukuwerenga nkhani iyi, inu mwina kale kudziwa za izo, koma ndi ofunika kubwereza. deta onse mu kompyuta munthu zasungidwa mu bayinare dongosolo chiwerengero. Izi zikutanthauza kuti chiwerengero inu azipereka mawonekedwe yoyenera, kuti wapangidwa ndi maziro ndi anthu.

Kuti kusamutsa kabwerebwere kwa ife manambala decimal kwa mawonekedwe zomveka kompyuta, muyenera ntchito aligorivimu pansipa. Palinso toŵerengera apadera.

Choncho, amunamizire chiwerengero mu dongosolo bayinare, muyenera kufunika kwathu osankhidwa ndi muchigawane mwa 2. Kenako, timachotsa chifukwa ndi yotsala (0 kapena 1). Zotsatira 2 kachiwiri kugawanitsa ndi kuloweza zotsalira. Ndondomeko ziyenera mobwerezabwereza bola ngati zotsatira komanso adzakhala 0 kapena 1. Kenako lembani mtengo chomaliza mtembowo dongosolo n'zosiyana, monga talandira iwo.

Izo ziri chimodzimodzi zomwe zikuchitika mu chifaniziro kompyuta ya manambala. Pali kusungidwa mu mawonekedwe bayinare, ndiyeno nkutenga kukumbukira selo.

chikumbukiro

Monga muyenera tikudziwa kale osachepera mudziwe unit 1 pang'ono. Monga momwe taonera, chifaniziro cha manambala mu kompyuta chikuchitika mu mtundu bayinare. Motero, aliyense pang'ono kukumbukira ali wotanganidwa ndi mtengo umodzi wa - 1 kapena 0.

Pakuti yosungirako yaikulu ntchito foni. Lililonse limakhala 8 Akamva zokhudza. Choncho, tinganene kuti kufunika osachepera aliyense gawo kukumbukira kungakhale 1 kapena asanu ndi atatu mamvekedwe bayinare chiwerengero.

lonse

Potsiriza, ife tiri ku Kusinthaku mwachindunji deta mu kompyuta. Monga tanenera, chinthu choyamba purosesa anamasuliridwa mudziwe kukhala mtundu bayinare, ndi pamenepo pokha allocates kukumbukira.

Ife tiyambira ndi njira zosavuta, ndilo chifaniziro cha integers mu kompyuta. PC pamtima allocated ndondomeko ndi ridiculously ochepa maselo - imodzi yokha. Motero, munthu pazipita kagawo wina akhoza kukhala mtengo kuchokera 0 kuti 11111111. Tiyeni kumasulira nambala pazipita zolemba mu mawonekedwe mwachizolowezi.
X = 1 × 2 ⁷ + 1 × 2 ⁶ + 1 × 2 ⁵ + 1 × 2 ⁴ + 1 × 2 ³ + 1 × 2 ² + 1 × 2 ¹ + 1 × 2 ⁰ = 1 × 2 ⁸ - 1 = 255 .

Tsopano ife tikuona kuti mu khungu kukumbukira akhoza pabwino kuyambira 0 kuti 255. Komabe, izi amangonena za inteja sanali negative. Ngati kompyuta adzafunika kulemba mtengo zoipa, zonse zikuchitika pang'ono mosiyana.

manambala olakwika

Tsopano tiyeni tione mmene chifaniziro cha manambala mu kompyuta, ngati iwo ali negative. Kulemba mtengo umene uli zosakwana ziro, anatumizidwa maselo kukumbukira awiri, kapena 16 Akamva zokhudza. Choncho 15 kupita pansi chiwerengero palokha, ndipo woyamba (leftmost) pang'ono kwapatsidwa mwa chizindikiro chogwirizana.

Ngati chithunzi ndi zoipa, linalembedwa, "1", ngati zabwino, ndiye "0". Chifukwa chomasuka kuloweza, mungapeze kufanizira izi: ngati chizindikiro, ndiyeno kuyika 1 ngati izo siziri, ndiye kanthu (0).

Otsala 15 Akamva zokhudza amapatsidwa angapo. Mofanana ndi nkhani yapita, mukhoza pazipita mayunitsi khumi mu iwo. Tikumbukenso kuti kulowa kwa manambala zoipa ndi zabwino n'chosiyana kwambiri ndi mzake.

Kuti akomere 2 maselo pamtima kuposa ziro kapena wolingana, otchedwa malamulo mwachindunji. Opaleshoni imeneyi imagwiridwa mu mofanana tafotokozazi, ndi pazipita A = 32766, pamene ntchito kalembedwe decimal. Ndikungofuna dziwani kuti mu nkhani iyi, "0" amatanthauza positive.

zitsanzo

Chifaniziro cha integers mu kompyuta pamtima osati yovuta. Ngakhale kuti pang'ono zovuta pankhani mtengo negative. Kulemba chiwerengero cha amene ali ochepera ziro, ntchito m'ndondomeko zina.

Kuti izo, makina limapanga angapo ntchito wothandiza.

1. Woyamba wolembedwa modulus wa nambala zoipa mu kalembedwe bayinare. Ndiko kuti, kompyuta akukumbukira ofanana koma positive.
2. Ndiye, kukumbukira inverting lililonse pang'ono. Chifukwa chaichi, mayunitsi zonse m'malo mwa ziro ndi mosemphanitsa.
3. Ife kuwonjezera "1" kuti zotsatira zake. Ichi chidzakhala malamulo zina.

Pano pali chitsanzo omveka. Tiyerekeze tili angapo X = - 131. Choyamba, kupeza modulus | X | = 131 Ndiyeno n'kukhala dongosolo bayinare ndi mbiri ya maselo 16. Timapeza X = 0000000010000011. Pambuyo inverting X = 1111111101111100. Powonjezera thereto "1" ndi kupeza osiyanitsidwa malamulo X = 1111111101111101. Pakuti Polemba 16-bit selo kukumbukira ndi mlingo wa X = - (2 ¹⁵⁾ = - 32767.

akufuna

Monga mukuonera, chifaniziro cha manambala weniweni kompyuta si yovuta. Komabe, nkhani ya mu uthunthu sangakhale zokwanira ntchito kwambiri. Choncho, pofuna kuti akomere ambiri kompyuta allocates kukumbukira selo 4, kapena 32 Tinthu.

The ndondomeko kujambula sasiyana kuchokera anapereka pamwamba. Kotero ife mungondipatsa osiyanasiyana manambala kuti akhoza kusungidwa mu mtundu uwu.

X _Max = 2.147.483.647.

X _Mph = - 2147483648.

Data mfundo nthawi zambiri zokwanira kulemba ndi kuchita ntchito pa deta.

Chifaniziro cha manambala weniweni kompyuta ali ndi ubwino ndi kuipa. Pa dzanja limodzi, njira imeneyi mosavuta kuchita ntchito pakati pa mfundo inteja, amene kwambiri kufulumizitsa ndi purosesa. Komano, osiyanasiyana izi si zokwanira kuthetsa mavuto kwambiri zachuma, sayansi, masamu ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi. Kotero tsopano ife kuyang'ana njira ina kwa sverhvelichin.

akuyandama mfundo

Ichi ndi chinthu chotsiriza mukufuna kudziwa za chifaniziro cha manambala mu kompyuta. Popeza pali vuto kudziŵa udindo waukulu koma mwa iwo, kuti akomere manambala ngati mu kompyuta ntchito ndi mawonekedwe kwakukulu kwambiri polemba ting'onoting'ono.

Pali akhoza anayimiridwa mwa zotsatirazi mawonekedwe X ^N tsa = mamita ^*. Kodi mamita - chiwerengero mantissa, p - radix ndi N - chiwerengero dongosolo.

Kuti standardize chojambulira akuyandama manambala mfundo ntchito chikhalidwe zotsatirazi, malinga ndi zimene mantissa gawo ayenera kukhala woposa kapena wolingana 1 / N ndi zosakwana 1.

Tiyeni chiwerengero 666,66 wapatsidwa. Tiyeni kuti mawonekedwe kwakukulu kwambiri. Mu × = 0.66666 * ¹⁰ March. P = 10 N = 3.

Pa kusungiramo mfundo akuyandama mfundo zambiri allocated 4 kapena 8 mabayiti (Tinthu 32 kapena 64). Mbali yoyamba umatchedwa chiwerengero cha osakwatiwa-cholondola, pamene lachiwiri - ndi mwatsatanetsatane awiri.

Wa mabayiti 4 allocated kusungiramo manambala, 1 (8 Akamva) anapatsidwa pansipa pa deta ndondomeko ndi chizindikiro chake, ndi 3 mabayiti (24 Tinthu) kwa kasungidwe ndi mantissa kusiya chizindikiro chake ndi mfundo mofanana mfundo ndi inteja. Podziwa ichi, tingapange ena kuwerengetsera yosavuta.

Mtengo pazipita N = ² 1111111 127 = ^10. Ofotokoza tilandire pazipita kuchuluka kwa manambala kuti akhoza kusungidwa mu kompyuta kukumbukira. X = ^2127. Tsopano ife tikhoza kuwerengera pazipita zotheka mantissa. Zidzakhala wofanana 2 ²³ - 1 ≥ 2 ²³ = 2 ^{(10 × 2,3)} ≥ 1000 ^2.3 = 10 ^{(3 × 2,3)} ≥ 10 ^7. Chifukwa, ife wodziwitsidwa pafupifupi phindu.

Tsopano, ngati ife kuphatikiza onse a mawerengedwe, ife kupeza phindu kuti akhoza kusungidwa popanda imfa ya mabayiti 4 kuiwalidwa. Zidzakhala wofanana X = 1.701411 * 10 ^38. The manambala atsala anataya, chifukwa zimathandiza inu ndi mwatsatanetsatane njira ya kujambula.

mwatsatanetsatane awiri

Popeza kuwerengetsera zonse penti ndi anafotokoza mu ndime yapita, apa ife ndikuuzani zonse mwapafupi. Pakuti manambala awiri mwatsatanetsatane zambiri allocated Akamva 11 kuti ndi chizindikiro chake komanso Akamva 53 chifukwa mantissa lapansi.

1111111111 N = ² 1023 = ^10.

M = ^{2 52 -1 = 2 (10} 5.2) = 1000 5.2 = 10 15.6 . Anamaliza ndi kupeza nambala pazipita = 2 X ¹⁰²³ mpaka "mamita".

Tikukhulupirira mfundo za chifaniziro cha integers ndi manambala weniweni kompyuta, tazikonzeratu, m'pofunika inu maphunziro ndipo adzakhala pang'ono bwino kuposa zomwe kawirikawiri olembedwa mu mabuku.