Chidule cha Saltykov-Shchedrin, nthano: chaka cha chilengedwe, zili maganizo

M'nkhaniyi, palibe mwayi kuganizira zonse "lowoneka" cholowa INE Saltykov-Shchedrin. Choncho, kusanthula ndi restatement kukumana yekha wotchuka "maphwando a" ntchito ya wolemba ntchito "Golovlevs".

mndandanda uli motere:

• "Nkhani ya mmene munthu mmodzi kudyetsedwa asilikali awiri" (1869).
• "Wild mwininyumba" (1869).
• "Wanzeru Piscary" (1883).

"Nkhani ya mmene munthu mmodzi kudyetsedwa asilikali awiri" (1869)

chiwembu ndi losavuta: asilikali awiri zamatsenga ali pa chilumba chipululu. Poyamba, iwo sanachite, koma ndiye ine ndiri ndi njala ndi kusowa kuwagwiritsa kufufuza. Asilikali anapeza kuti chilumba wolemera mitundu yonse ya mphatso: masamba, zipatso, ndi nyama. Koma, ngati iwo atumikira moyo wake wonse mu ofesi ndi kanthu koposa "Chonde kulembetsa" sanadziwe zimene ziri monga kudya mphatso izi kapena ayi. Pamene mwadzidzidzi mmodzi wa asilikali mungathe, mwina, onetsetsani kuti penapake pa chisumbu pansi pa mtengo Mwamuna wogona ulesi. onse awo ntchito - kupeza ndi kupanga ntchito. Anati - mwachita. Ndipo kotero izo zinachitika. Akazembe itagwiritsidwa munthu, ngati kavalo ntchito, ndipo ankasakidwa iwo, anang'amba iwo ndi mitengo ya zipatso. Pamenepo asilikali atatopa, ndipo akhaapatisa kumanga munthu ngalawa otvoloch iwo sanabwerere dziko mbadwa. Munthuyo adachita, ndipo analandira "wopatsa" mphoto, amene analandira mosangalala ndipo anabwerera ku chilumba chake. Izi mwachidule. Saltykov-Shchedrin analemba nthano ouziridwa.

Okhutira maganizo

onse pano. INE Saltykov-Shchedrin kunyozedwa umbuli Russian osankhika a nthawi. Akazembe nthano za impenetrably opusa ndi chachabechabe, koma snobby, wonyada ndi Sanayamikire anthu. Chifaniziro cha "munthu Russian" M'malo mwake, anapereka Shchedrin ndi chikondi chapadera. Anthu ambiri mu 19 m'ma chifaniziro cha wolemba mochenjera, savvy, aliyense amadziwa ndipo mungathe, koma wonyada ndithu yekha. Mwachidule, ganizoli anthu. Izi mwachidule. Saltykov-Shchedrin analenga nkhani maganizo, ine ndikhoza kunena maganizo.

"Wild mwininyumba" (1869)

Mu nkhani yoyamba ndi yachiwiri, m'nkhani ino, yemweyo zaka buku. Ndipo zimenezi sizinachitike mwangozi, chifukwa iwo ali ofanana komanso ndi phunziro lathu. Ndale za nkhaniyi zachilendo kwa Shchedrin choncho zosamveka kuti: mwininyumba watopa ndi anthu ake, iye ankaona kuti kusokoneza mpweya wake ndi nthaka. Barin kwenikweni anapita openga pa maziko a chuma ndipo onse anapemphera kwa Mulungu kuti tichotse mmodzi mwa "akununkha" munthu. Wamba linali osati wokoma kwambiri ngati mwininyumba zachilendo, ndipo anapemphera kwa Mulungu kuti iye anawapulumutsa moyo uno. Mulungu anatenga chifundo amuna ndi kuipukuta nkhope ya zigawo inatera.

Choyamba, mwininyumba, zonse bwino koma kenako anayamba kutha m'matangadza chakudya ndi madzi, ndipo anakhala kwambiri molapitsa tsiku lililonse likadutsa. Ndipotu ina chidwi kuti nthawi yoyamba zinafika alendo nalemekeza pamene anamva iye famously anamuchotsa wosakondedwayo "munthu fungo" mu mlengalenga. Vuto lina: ndi munthu anataya chakudya m'nyumba. Ayi, si munthu mundilanda mbuye wake. Monga yekha Russian achifumu zachilengedwe zimene chilichonse sizikugwirizana ndi sangachite chilichonse.

The mwininyumba amathamanga kwambiri yakuthengo ndi dera lapafupi akupitiriza kulowa ziyambe kukonzedwa popanda munthu. Koma ndiye iyo inawuluka pa gulu la amuna ndipo tidakocheza asilikali ake pansi. Anapezeka malonda, moyo anabwerera monga kuyenera.

The mwininyumba nthawi anachoka mu nkhalango. Pakuti athamangitsidwe wa m'mphawi mwinimunda natsutsa nyama ngakhale a m'nkhalango. Chotero milandu. zonse zinatha bwino. Mwininyumba kuti anachititsa mu nkhalango, nakonza ndi ngakhale anaphunzitsa kachiwiri ntchito mpango, koma anamuphonya chifuniro. Moyo pa malo tsopano maganizo. Choncho n'zotheka kuti atsirizitse mwachidule. Saltykov-Shchedrin analenga nkhani woona ndi wodzala ndi makhalidwe oipa.

Okhutira maganizo a nthano

Ndi pafupifupi zofanana ndi nthano wakale a asilikali awiri. Chinthu chokha chimene chikuwoneka chidwi - ichi mwininyumba kukhumba pa chifuniro, kudzera nkhalango. Zikuoneka kuti malinga ndi wolemba ntchito, ndi nzika okha mosadziwa anadwala imfa ya moyo watanthauzo.

"Wanzeru Piscary" (1883)

Piscary limatiuza nkhani yake. Makolo ake anakhala kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo anafa imfa yachibadwa (a m'chipani mwa nsomba zing'onozing'ono). Ndipo onse chifukwa akhala mosamala kwambiri. Bambo wa ngwazi anamuuza nthanoyi nthawi zambiri, pafupifupi anagwera mu khutu, ndipo kokha chozizwitsa Adam'teteza. Mothandizidwa nkhani za Piscary wathu ubwera yekha kwinakwake mdzenje ndi pamene onse kubisala uko ku mawerengedwe a "ngati chimene chasintha." Anasankha yekha usiku, pamene inu wochepetsetsa kudyedwa. Ndipo moyo. Kufikira izo zitakhala akale ndi kufa, osalephera, imfa yake. Izi mwachidule.

Saltykov-Shchedrin: nkhani. Okhutira maganizo

The nthano lomaliza mndandanda wathu ndi watanthauzo kwambiri wokhutira maganizo kuposa m'mbuyomu awiri. Kale si nthano, ndipo existential nthanthi fanizo ndi wokhutira. Komabe, angathe kuwerenga osati existentially, koma psychoanalytically.

Psychoanalytic Baibulo. Piscary mantha kuthawa imfa bambo mozizwitsa ku mphika kuwira. Ndipo zinthu izi zoopsa aponyere mthunzi pa moyo wake wonse. Tikhoza kunena kuti Piscary osati yaitali kuposa wako yekha, ndipo ake tsoka mzere mlendo limachokera, kholo chonama.

Existential Baibulo. Kuyamba ndi mawu akuti "anzeru" ntchito Shchedrin, m'lingaliro zosiyana. Lonse strategy Piscary moyo limakuphunzitsani mmene moyo n'zosatheka. Iye wabisika kwa moyo, sitiyenera kutsatira njira yanu ndi cholinga, motalika moyo, ngakhale, koma tanthauzo.

Mkuluyu kusowa maphunziro

Pamene wolemba amakhala tingachipeze powerenga, izo tangoyamba kumene kuphunzira pasukulu. Iye anazitsanulira mwa maphunziro pa sukulupo. Izi zikutanthauza timaphunzira sukulu ndi amene analemba Saltykov-Shchedrin, nthano (okhutira wamfupi zambiri osankhidwa kuwerenga ophunzira panopa). Ndipo izi pakokha zoipa, koma njira imeneyi zimatithandiza wolemba ndi wolemba kuvumbitsira zidutswa ziwiri kapena zitatu. Komanso, amalenga Chinsinsi muyezo ndi maganizo a anthu. dera A samasankha kukhala ndi kuganiza mwakuya. Kodi Choncho ayenera kuphunzitsa sukulu.

Kodi kupewa zimenezi? lophweka: nditawerenga nkhani imeneyi ndi timudziwe bwino nkhani yakuti "Saltykov-Shchedrin. Nkhani. A chidule cha chiwembu ndi okhutira maganizo "ayenera kuvomerezedwa kuwerenga ngati kuli kotheka ntchito zake, zomwe ziri pamaso pa maphunziro kusukulu.