Bel canto - njira ya katswiri kuimba. amapilira maphunziro. nyimbo za zisudzo

Long mzere mawuwo nyimbo, ndime melodic ndi chisomo, mawu chodabwitsa ndi madera changwiro cha kukongola kwa katswiri kuimba. Kumayambiriro kwa XVI-XVII zaka kumeneko kuimba sukulu, anapereka kwa dziko kuchita njira amapilira ku Italy, kumene mwaphamphu kuti mawu chongoyerekeza Italy anapereka dzina la canto Beli (Bel Canto) - ". Wokongola nyimbo" Kodi si kukokomeza, kusonyeza chiyambi cha nthawi iyi, heyday a mingoli ed ndi poyambira chitukuko winanso wa mtundu wanyimbo opera.

Magwero a sewero Florence

Anaonekera mu nthawi anafotokoza masewero a choyamba ngongole kubadwa kwawo kwa mamembala a gulu laling'ono la mafani wa luso lakalekale, aumbike mwa Florence nalowa mbiri nyimbo ngati "Florence Camerata." Fans wakale maloto Greek tsoka kutsitsimutsa ulemerero wakale wa mtundu wanyimbo ndi za maganizo zisudzo alibe blab, ndipo anaimba mawu ntchito malemba-recitative, phokoso nthetemya za kusintha yosalala.

Ntchito yoyamba olembedwa mu nkhani za anthu akale Greek nthano za Orpheus, anali kutsogolera kwa kubadwa kwa mtundu wanyimbo latsopano nyimbo - opera. Koma akutumikira mbali ya mbali payekha amapilira (Arias) yokakamiza oimba kuti kwambiri kuthetsa mawu Sukuluyi, imene inali chifukwa cha nyimbo zokoma za luso - Beli canto. Izi zikutanthauza mphamvu kuti aphedwe broaching zidutswa melodic pa mpweya yaitali pokhalabe kusalala kwa phokoso mu mawu nyimbo.

sukulu Neapolitan

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVII anapanga Neapolitan sewero la mwambo umene potsiriza anatengera pa siteji luso canto Beli. Zinali onse dongosolo chitukuko Florentines, ndi kusintha kwake. Mu Naples, amatengamo mbali yaikulu ya chitsulo nyimbo ndi kuimba, osati ndakatulo, amene anapereka mbali yaikulu ku nthawi iyi. luso Izi anatengerapo omvera ndipo anamupangitsa namondwe wa changu.

Oimba Neapolitan amapanga kusandulika kwa opera. Iwo sanasiye ntchito recitatives, amene anawagawa osiyanasiyana: limodzi (limodzi ndi oimba ena) ndi youma, okhala ndi nkhani amaperekedwa m'njira ina pansi makodi osowa harpsichord kusunga kamvekedwe nyimbo. maphunziro amapilira, omwe anakhala kuvomerezedwa kwa perpetrators, kuchuluka kutchuka kwa manambala payekha, mawonekedwe a umene komanso akusinthasintha a. Panali lililonse aria, amene akutchulidwa zakukhosi zambiri, poyerekezera ndi zinthu osati pamaziko a fano kapena khalidwe. Kuonongeka, buffoonery, munthu, mokhudza aria kubwezera - mkati mwa Neapolitan za zisudzo wodzazidwa ndi okhutira ndi moyo.

Alessandro Scarlatti (1660-1725)

Apadera Wolemba ndi wokonda Scarlatti anapita mu mbiri monga woyambitsa wa sukulu za zisudzo la Naples. Iye analenga zoposa 60 ntchito. Polemba chinenero za zisudzo kwambiri (za zisudzo seria), analengedwa ndi Scarlatti, mothandizidwa ndi nkhani m'nthano kapena mbiri ya moyo wa anthu otchulidwa wotchuka. Kuimba nyimbo ndimachita modabwitsa ntchito mzere ndi recitatives n'kuyamba Aryans.

A osiyanasiyana mingoli mu sewero la lalikulu kukodzedwa amafuna kuti anayenera kutsatira mawu operatic. Ojambula zithunzi angwiro luso la kuimba, ngakhale zina izi zinachititsa kuti zinthu zoseketsa - aliyense wa iwo ankafuna wolemba ndithu kulembako za zisudzo Arias, yopindulitsa kutsindika ubwino wa mawu. Zotsatira zake zinali ya zifukwa kwa solos mzake, chifukwa cha zimene zinadziwika ngati sewero la seria "konsati mu zovala".

Kukongola ndi kuti akhale mmisiri

chopereka wina wa sukulu Neapolitan la sewero chitukuko cha canto Beli anali kugwiritsa ntchito mu mingoli yokongola (coloratura) zodzikongoletsera nyimbo phale. Coloratura Arias ntchito kumapeto ndipo anathandiza aluso kusonyeza omvera mmene mawu umwini. kudumpha Big, trills, akamandiŵerengera aataliatali, ntchito ndondomeko (kubwereza kwa mawu nyimbo kapena iwonso melodic mu akaundula osiyana kapena kamvekedwe) - Choncho kuwonjezera phale limaonetseratu ntchito ndi virtuosos wa Bel Canto. Zimenezi zinachititsa chakuti mlingo wa katswiri wa imba zambiri ayesedwa ndi vuto lawo executable coloratura.

Chitaliyana chikhalidwe nyimbo amaika zofuna mkulu. Mawu a oimba wotchuka kusiyana ndi kukongola ndi kuchuluka kwa kamvekedwe. maphunziro amapilira amathandiza kusintha njira ntchito, kukwaniritsa smoothness ndi kudodoma wa oganiza ranges onse.

The inali yoyamba

Kufunika kwa canto Beli zinachititsa kuti pakhale wa mabungwe woyamba maphunziro amene anakonza oimba. Ana amasiye - Conservatory - anakhala munthu woyamba sukulu nyimbo ya akale Italy. Bel canto njira anaphunzitsa kuti iwo pamaziko a onyenga, kubwereza kwa mphunzitsi. Nchifukwa chake mkulu mlingo wa oimba a nthawi. Ndipotu, iwo anali ataphunzitsidwa ndi ambuye anazindikira monga Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643) ndipo Francesco Cavalli (1602-1676).

Ana analemba Zochita wapadera kukhala mawu, maphunziro khutu, amene anali mobwerezabwereza, kuwongolera kuimba njira ndi osauka kupuma - maluso omwe ndi zofunika canto Beli. Zimenezi zinachititsa chakuti, Popeza mudayamba kuphunzitsa mu zaka 7-8 zaka 17 inali mpanda kunja asangalatsi akatswiri pa siteji opera.

Dzhoakino Rossini (1792-1868)

maonekedwe ake Italy Beli canto za zisudzo anatsimikiza makhalidwe a chitukuko cha chikhalidwe nyimbo mu zaka zitatu zotsatira. Chokhudza chitukuko inali ntchito ya Italy Wolemba George. Rossini. Rhythmic mphamvu, nzeru ndi see mingoli adamfunsa ku wolemera timbral zosiyanasiyana ojambula zithunzi, virtuosity ndipo imachita kuimba sukulu. Ngakhale Arias raspevnosti ndi recitatives ntchito za Rossini adamfunsa kudzipereka zonse.

Melodizm Rossini kunapangitsa njira chakale Beli canto, yodziwika chokwanira mawu odekha ndi oyera mpweya momasuka loyenda nyimbo yosalala (cantilena) ndi sensuously kukwezeka Changu. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti wolemba ankadziwa za luso la kuimba yekha. Mu wamng'ono, ankaimba nawo kwaya ndi akula, kuwonjezera pa kulemba motsindika anabwereza amapilira pedagogy ndipo mpaka analemba mabuku angapo pankhani imeneyi.

pedagogy

Chitaliyana nyimbo za zisudzo, imene inakhala chizindikiro cha chikhalidwe European zoimbira za XVII-XIX zaka zambiri, anadza chifukwa cha ntchito za luso aphunzitsi-innovators amene ankaphunzira kuyimba ayesa mawu a munthu, kubweretsa phokoso wake ku ungwiro. Anafotokoza njira zawo ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito pokonza oimba.

Chidwi cha aphunzitsi anathawa palibe asatipusitsenso. Ophunzira aphunzira zinsinsi za ufulu ndi zovuta kuimba mpweya. maphunziro amapilira ankagwira zolimbitsa phokoso buku, lalifupi melodic mawu ndi intervals yopapatiza, kotheka kugwiritsa ntchito mawu kupuma, yodziwika ndi mofulumira komanso chozama kudzoza akutsatiridwa ndi mpweya pang'onopang'ono. Zokambirana cholinga kusonyeza yunifolomu phokoso m'zigawo pa akaundula mkulu ndi otsika. Ngakhale kuphunzitsa pamaso galasi m'gulu maphunziro novice ojambula - amaika nkhope ndi yomangika nkhope akuti adampereka kulanda ntchito zida ntchito mawu. Iwo anali analimbikitsa kusunga free, kuima mowongoka ndi ntchito kumwetulira phokoso kukwaniritsa bwino ndi pafupi.

njira zatsopano kuimba

Zovuta amapilira, masewero ndi staging zisudzo anali ankachitika kutsogolo kwa oimba mavuto. Music amasonyeza dziko lamkati la zilembo, ndipo mau anakhala mbali ya wonse wowoneka fano. Izi anali poyera mu masewero a Yohane ndipo Rossini. Verdi, amene ntchito amalembedwa kuwuka kwa Beli canto kalembedwe Yohane.. Chakale School imatengedwa ntchito zolandirika falsetto kwa zolemba mkulu. Komabe, sewero akukana njira zimenezi - mu zozizwitsa zochitika za falsetto wamwamuna analowa mu dissonance zokongoletsa ndi maganizo ochekenera kanthu. Choyamba anawoloka pakhomo la liwu ili ku France Lui Dyupre, amene anayamba ntchito mwa unsembe wa kupanga phokoso, kukhazikitsa thupi (kuchepetsa wa m'phuno) ndi phonetic (chinenero mu "s woboola" malo) zimagwirira ntchito pofuna kuteteza zida ntchito mawu, ndipo kenako wakhala ukutchedwa "ananamizira". Iwo ali ololedwa kukhala ndi gawo chapamwamba osiyanasiyana lomveka popanda kusintha kwa falsetto.

Dzhuzeppe Verdi (1813-1901)

Kuwerenga nkhani operatic amapilira luso, n'zosatheka circumvent mbali ya chithunzi ndi kulenga cholowa lalikulu Italy Wolemba George. Verdi. Iye asandulike kusintha zikuluzikulu, anayambitsa osiyanitsa nkhani ndi zotsutsana. Woyamba wa Oimba anatenga nawo mbali mu elaboration za chiwembu, siteji kapangidwe ndi zisudzo. Mu masewero a wake chogwidwa nkhani yolembedwa ndi otsutsana, maganizo othamanga ndi amasiyanitsa kugwirizanitsa amunamuna ndi wamba. njira zimenezi malinga amafuna watsopano oimba.

Wolemba kuweruza coloratura ndi ananena kuti trills, zolemba chisomo ndi gruppetto sangathe kukhala maziko nyimbo ya. Mu zolemba zokongoletsa pafupifupi munthu zapamwamba, otsalira okha woimba ndipo patapita kwathunthu mbisoweka kwa ambiri opera. Amuna chipani pa chimake ankadutsa zazikulu ntchito kale anafotokoza kale "kobvundikiridwa ndi kulira." Ojambula zithunzi Tenala yotsika maphwando anali kukonzanso ntchito za zida amapilira wa tessitura mkulu (okwera malo mawu wachibale nyimbo zosiyanasiyana), malinga ndi chinyezimiro cha boma maganizo a m'nkhaniyi. Izi zapangitsa kuti zikamera wa latsopano akuti - "Verdi Tenala yotsika". . Timagalasi Verdi, 26 masewero a wokongola, mu zisudzo La Scala, chinali kubadwanso kwa canto Beli - luso angwiro chuma mawu.

ulendo dziko

Easy ndi kaso amapilira kungabweretse asakhale mmalire a boma limodzi. Pansi kosangalatsa pang'onopang'ono anatembenuka ambiri a ku Ulaya. Wokongola kuimba chidwi dziko ed siteji ndi mukopedwe chitukuko cha nyimbo chikhalidwe European. Anapanga operatic malangizo amatchedwa "belkantovoe". Kalembedwe anakankhira malire a ntchito kwake ndipo analowa mu nyimbo zoimbidwa.

Katswiri nyimbo Chopin (1810-1849) apanga Polish wowerengeka ndakatulo ndi Chitaliyana za zisudzo Beli canto. Chikondi ndipo wofatsa heroine masewero a J. MACH (1842-1912) wodzazidwa belkantovym chithumwa. Impact kalembedwe kunali kwakukulu moti chikoka chake pa nyimbo analidi chidwi kuyambira classicism kuti romanticism.

pawiri zikhalidwe

Woyambitsa wa zapamwamba Russian wakhala Wolemba lalikulu M. I. Glinka (1804-1857). akulemba loimba - sublimely m'nyimbo ndi pa nthawi yomweyo yaikulu - wodzazidwa nyimbo, amene akufotokozedwa ndi miyambo ya wowerengeka songs, ndi belkantovaya kudziŵa za Arias Italy. chibadidwe Cantilena awo anali ofanana ndi melodiousness achezera Russian nyimbo - mumanena zoona ndipo limaonetseratu. The predominance nyimbo pa lemba, vnutrislogovye amalonda (kuimba accentuation wa syllables osiyana), liwu akubwereza, kulenga akuchedwa nyimbo - izi zonse mu ntchito ya M. I. Glinki (ndi ena analemba Russian) mochititsa mogwirizana ogwirizana ndi miyambo ya sewero la Italy. Fado, malinga ndi otsutsa, waweruzidwa "Russian Beli canto" udindo.

The repertoire nyenyezi

Wanzeru Italy Beli canto nyengo idatha 20 ntchentche za m'ma XX. The asilikali komanso kusokonekera chosintha ya atumwi kotala kuti anawoloka akamanena normative wa chikondi kuonera sewero la kuganiza, m'malo ndi neoclassicism ndi kulekanitsidwa ndi madera impressionism, chimakono, futurism, ndi ena. Komabe wotchuka operatic mawu sanaleke ntchito kwa katswiri wa ku Italy nyimbo zachikhalidwe. Art "nyimbo zokoma" kwakukuru anali A. V. Nezhdanova ndi F. I. Shalyapin. Maka mwini malangizo kuimba anali L. Sobinov, lomwe limatchedwa pambuyo canto Beli mu Russia. Great Maria Callas (US) ndi mphoto ya "mawu a m'zaka" mutu anzake Dzhoan Sazerlend (Australia), ndi lyric ndondomeko Luciano Pavarotti (Italy) ndi yoimba chosaneneka Nikolay Gyaurov (Bulgaria) - luso lawo inachokera pa maziko luso ndi zokongoletsa za Italy Beli canto.

Pomaliza

mumaganiza latsopano nyimbo zakhala zovuta kuti kofunika kudzawala belkantovoy za zisudzo tingachipeze powerenga Italy. asangalatsi Young kufunafuna Akamva anasunga mu zolemba za ambuye wa zaka zapitazi mudziwe kupuma moyenera, kutola, zosemasema ndi intricacies zina avotera. Izi si nkhawa ulesi. Tinathandiza omvera ndinadzuka sayenera kumva kutanthauzira yamakono ya ntchito powerenga ndi agwera mu chidwi zosakhalitsa danga luso changwiro cha kuimba. Mwina pagona pofuna kudziŵa chinsinsi cha canto Beli wa chodabwitsa ndi - mmene m'nyengo kuletsa mawu wamkazi ndi zokonda za mkulu m'kaundula wamwamuna abadwe kuimba malangizo, anapulumuka zaka zambiri ndipo inasanduka dongosolo mwadongosolo, kuyala maziko kwa zaka zambiri, kuphunzitsa akatswiri oimba.