Anti-okhawo malamulo. The Federal Antimonopoly Service. The State Policy Antimonopoly

Osati aliyense akudziwa kuti pamene pali anthu, pali nthawi zonse kupereka. Ngati makampani wofunitsitsa kukwaniritsa zofuna za ogula, kuposa wina, umasonyeza pamaso pa msika palibe chinthu monga mpikisano. Mothandizidwa ndi mzimuwo kusunga mitengo, khalidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa katundu. Ngati kampani kapena gulu kupereka anthu mtundu winawake wa mankhwala kapena utumiki, pali m'modzi yekha, ndiye zikuoneka kuonekera kwa okhawo otchedwa (ku njira Greek "bizinezi chimodzi").

Zabwino ndi zoipa mbali ya kukhalapo kampani mu msika lalikulu

Pa dzanja limodzi, kuli chinthu choterocho ali zotsatira zopindulitsa pa chitukuko cha sayansi, zimathandiza kukhazikitsa njira zamakono atsopano, kutsanulira mu maphunziro antchito oyenerera, etc. Komano, ndi monopolization kwa gawo makamaka za chuma angapo a zoyipa. Choncho, Choyamba ndi chofunikira ndi yimitsira wa mphamvu ya patsogolo msika galimoto - mpikisano.

Chinthu chachiwiri bwino motere kuyambira m'mbuyomu. Chosowa mpikisano limakupatsani kukhazikitsa mitengo zovomerezeka mu malo oyamba, chifukwa kumalo a ntchito. Mwachionekere kuonjezera mtengo wa katundu pamene kuchepetsa linanena bungwe ake. Makampani okhawo amatha chongopeka m'mbuyo chitukuko cha umisiri watsopano, komanso kuwononga zinthu zachilengedwe ndipo amaipitsa malo.

kuyesa mabizinesi sing'anga kapena ka chikhalidwe ofanana unwind ndi kulowa msika likuchotsedwa. Nanga kuthana ndi kuphangira? Kodi ndingatani kuthandiza kutukula mpikisano ndi kuteteza kuthekera zosayembekezereka wa makampani osakwatiwa-handedly kutsogolera msika? Popewa zotsatira zoipa zonse kugwirizana ndi monopolization wa chuma m'mayiko ambiri, kuphatikizapo ku Russia, pali malamulo ambiri odana ndi kusakhulupilika. Tiyeni tione chimene chili kuchuluka kwa lamulo limeneli, kumene anachokera ndipo chitukuko chimene.

Mbiri ya chiyambi

malamulo ambiri odana ndi kusakhulupilika ndi ya miyeso osiyana olimbana kapewedwe ndi malire a mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha owona. Zovuta kuukira izi zinayambira mu US. Chitsime cha maonekedwe awo ndi otchedwa Sherman Act (kuchita Sherman), kapena "ambiri odana ndi kusakhulupilika" chilamulo Mukalowa mu America mu 1890. chikalata ichi ananena ineligible ndi criminalize kuyesa kulenga okhawo. Komanso, kuchita izi anayambitsa zofunikila pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabungwe (kukhulupirira), cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa mpikisano. Lamulo limeneli linali njerwa yoyamba maziko a zokuzira amatchedwa "Anti-okhawo chilamulo."

Udindo zochita za izi kapena kuyan'anila ena pa kuchitako zimachitika boma. Kuti ndi utumiki wapadera, amene akulamulira mfundo kuphedwa kwa bukuli, iwo sanali pa nthawi imeneyo. Tikumbukenso kuti panalibe dongosolo, kupereka kupewa sanali kugwilizana zigawo mgwirizanowo. Pang'onopang'ono, kupanga malamulo odana ndi okhawo ali ikupita patsogolo.

Latsopano kuwonjezapo ndi mfundo zofotokoza

zolakwika zonse zimene zinachitika akuchita Sherman, anali kudzudzulidwa mu 1914, pamene lamulo analowa mphamvu ndi Clayton Act FTC Federation States. Iwo bwino kwambiri ndipo dokotala matanthauzo zofunika, mitsuko kulamulira ndi udindo kwa kuphwanya mawu. Mapale kupanga maziko a malamulo ambiri odana ndi kusakhulupilika kwa USA.

Kumbuyo America miyeso kuwonjezera mpikisano, analandira, ndipo limati zina. Mu 1948, UK anatsimikizidwa lamulo kuphangira. Kenaka, mu 1963, Act ambiri odana ndi kusakhulupilika yosainidwa mu France. Patapita chaka - mu Italy. Eastern Europe kuti agwirizane polimbana kuphangira mu 80 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo. Mwa maiko amapereka ndondomeko kuthetsa trestovskih mabungwe wakhala ndi Russia.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti aliyense dziko lili ndi zofunika zake pa chitukuko cha chuma zothandiza lamulo ili: malamulo ambiri odana ndi kusakhulupilika kwa United States of America ndi ku Ulaya, ngakhale amachokera chikalata osakwatiwa, koma amateteza zofuna za mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Lachitsanzo American umalimbana Kulimbana zikamera wa adalira monga ankapoperamo palokha. ndale European amakhala ndi limagwirira zolimbana kuti amalola kuti nkhondo zochitika sizabwino kuphangira kuyambika.

Amapanga lalikulu gulu komanso kuyesetsa kuthana nawo

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti okhawo Russian anayamba kuoneka ndi dalitso ndi mkulu wa osankhika akulamulira. State kukhazikitsa mabungwe ndi kukhulupirira, koma kumabungwe a chuma, chitukuko chimene akhala patsogolo pamoyo wa dziko lonse. Izi ndi izi: zoyendera mafuta ndi malasha makampani, zitsulo, etc. Koma m'kupita ndi chongopeka adalira anayamba kupondereza makampani ena ndi boma azikuuzani mawu awo. N'chifukwa chake akuluakulu onse aganiza kuti atchule mu chuma cha malamulo ambiri odana ndi kusakhulupilika. Izi zinachitika mu 1908. maziko anatengedwa kale kwa Act Sherman. Koma ulendo woyamba kulenga malamulo odana ndi okhawo omwe sanakwaniritsidwe. Izi anathandiza kwambiri mayanjano malonda. Posachedwa ziwalo boma anali otanganidwa ndi nkhani zambiri zofunika: Dziko Lonse Yoyamba ndi October kuukira boma, kuti kukanachititsa kuti kuli dziko lonse.

Patapita nthawi, boma Soviet analenga umodzi omwe okhawo amatchedwa "lamulo chuma". panalibe mpikisano. Ndipo amene angayesere kupikisana ndi zimphona monga Gosplan, Gossnab ndi Committee State?

"Great-agogo" wa otere

Atatsala pang'ono kugwa kwa USSR, mu 1990, pa mlingo boma wakhala anakhazikitsa State Komiti ya Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic pa mfundo antimonopoly ndi kuthandiza chitukuko cha nyumba yatsopano zachuma. mapangidwe Izi ndi kholo ngati amodzi, ndi Federal Antimonopoly Service (otere). A chofunika zikamera wa komiti anali pabvomelezo la chilamulo cha RSFSR "Pa mautumiki Republican ndi makomiti boma la dziko." Kuyambira chitukuko mabungwe ambiri odana ndi kusakhulupilika m'dziko anayamba apeze patsogolo.

Kale yotsatira, mu 1991, boma linakhazikitsa lamulo lomwe malamulo mpikisano ndi kuletsa a adalira ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana mu katundu misika. The chigamulo kukonzedwa ndipo Ndakwaniritsa patapita zaka zinayi. Mapeto ndi lamulo analetsa kuchita chilichonse wa gulu, amene ali ndi udindo waukulu mu msika, ngati zinafuna:

1. siudzalandilidwa ngathi lamulo la kuzunza kapena zofuna za amalonda ena.
2. malire a mpikisano zolaula kapena wonse.

Komanso zimenezi limaletsa mapangano iliyonse zokhudza mfundo mitengo, pansi kagawo kakang'ono msika, kapena kulanda katundu, yokhudza kuchepekedwa awo.
Patapita zaka ziwiri, mu 1997, boma Komiti ya Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic pa mfundo antimonopoly ndi kuthandiza chitukuko cha nyumba yatsopano zachuma anadzatchedwa boma Antimonopoly Komiti. Mu zaka zambiri, mugawo ili lasintha ambiri. Mu 2004 watsikira kwa tsiku lino, ndi Federal Antimonopoly Service wakhazikitsidwa pa zifukwa zake.

Ntchito ndi ntchito za bungwe

Dipatimenti imeneyi inati mwachindunji kwa wapampando wa boma. Pamene ankaona pamodzi, Federal Antimonopoly Service ndi zikugwira kuthetsa nkhani njira ina yogwirizana ndi zikamera ndi kukula kwa kuphangira. Makamaka, gulu ili:

1. watsimikiza zokhudza mpikisano kuponderezedwa.
2. chinkhoswe yimitsira, komanso chiletso ndi chenjezo kanthu entailing yatsoka okhawo.
3. oyang'anira kugwilizana ndi zofunikira zilipo ndi malangizo zokhudza malamulo odana ndi okhawo.

mabungwe onse kugwira ntchito mu msika Russian, ndi malonda a oposa 35% ya okwana mu dziko, nalowa boma m'kaundula wapadera. mndandanda Ichi chizathandiza otere kudziletsa bwino ntchito za kuphangira ndi adzawalange kuti kuphwanya malamulo antimonopoly.

Ankamuona Service akufotokozera maganizo atsopano kusintha chitukuko cha chuma mpikisano. Komanso chimasiyanitsa ntchito zonsezi, malingana ndi gawo msika.

osiyanasiyana kutanthauzira

Panopa Russia anapangidwa masitepe kukhazikitsa zonse kunachitika mpikisano chilengedwe cha chuma cha dziko. Iwo amapereka kwa kayendedwe ka katundu pa dziko msika, kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha adalira kapena Kugwirizana mu kagawo kakang'ono makamaka msika. Pa nthawi imeneyi chitukuko cha Russian odana ndi okhawo malamulo ali kutali opanda ungwiro. mbuna zambiri za malamulo amene alipowa ndi kutanthauzira zosiyanasiyana za mfundo zawo ndi zotsatira zoipa, udindo lomwe lili ndi boma ndi anthu amalonda. Ngakhale ambiri aang'ono kuphwanya malamulo ambiri odana ndi kusakhulupilika kungachititse kuti kuwononga kwambiri.

malamulo Federal kuti muyenera kudziwa: mbali yoyamba

Kuchenjezedwa ndi forearmed. N'chifukwa chake mabungwe akuluakulu ayenera kudziwa za malamulo, womwenso la feduro malamulo ambiri odana ndi kusakhulupilika.

Pali madera ziwiri zazikulu kuti tili pansi pa lamulo la za ntchito za mabungwe. Nthambi yoyamba amatanthauza ambiri odana ndi kusakhulupilika, chakudya chimene ali osiyana ndi lalikulu-kampani ndi chongopeka analenga mitengo yake. umenewu ndi Lamulo malangizo otsatirawa:

1. Chilamulo Federal "Pa mpikisano ndi kuletsa ntchito monopolistic pa misika chofunika". Zimenezi n'zimene analowa mphamvu pa twente-wachiwiri March 1991. Iye ndi chikalata chachikulu chimene ulamuliro wa monopolists.

2. Chilamulo Federal "Pa Chitetezo cha mpikisano mu ntchito ndalama msika." Iwo anavomerezedwa ndi makumi awiri atatu mu June 1999.

malamulo Federal kuti muyenera kudziwa: mbali yachiwiri

nthambi yina, izi zimakhudza malamulo antimonopoly mu Russia, ndi zonse ndondomeko ntchito owona zachilengedwe. Dama sitima ndi madzi, nyumba ndi mabungwe ena oonekera. Kugwira ntchito kwa mtundu uwu wa zinthu zochokera zida zingapo:

1. Chilamulo Federal "Pa kuphangira chachibadwidwe". Iwo anavomerezedwa mu m'ma July 1995 boma Duma. Ndipo anadza mu mphamvu pang'ono kenako - pa 17 August. Iye ndiye mobwerezabwereza pansi kudzudzulidwa ndi zina.

2. Anamulera April 28, 1997 lamulo la mutsogoleli wa boma latsopano la Russia "Pa kusintha nyumba ndi ntchito limodzi."

3. Twentieth December 1997 lamulolo yolembedwa ndi boma la Russian Federation "Pa pulogalamu ya de A-monopolization ndi chitukuko cha mpikisano mu nyumba ndi ntchito limodzi msika 1998-1999."

4. Federal malamulo ambiri odana ndi kusakhulupilika komanso malamulo ndi Pulezidenti Watsimikiza "Pa chitukuko cha mpikisano mu makonzedwe a zothandizira kukonza ndi kukonza boma ndi oyang'anira tauni nyumba ndalama", amene anadza mu mphamvu kumapeto kwa March 1996.

Tikumbukenso kuti mbali yoyamba ndi yachiwiri ndi linkalimbikitsa ndi maiko oyandikana. Russian antimonopoly malamulo m'munda alibe kusiyana lofunika ndi chakudya ambiri mu mphamvu m'dziko lonselo. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa malangizo ena pa maiko oyandikana yekha atsimikiza chilakolako cha matupi wamkulu kupereka malangizo boma umayenda m'madera ena anasankha ya boma.

Tiyenera kusamalira kwambiri chakuti malamulo ambiri odana ndi kusakhulupilika angapo zofooka kuti asagwiritse ufulu kupanga zisankho ndi mabungwe osiyana malonda. Ndipo, ambiri chochititsa chidwi, ali wapadera poyerekeza ndi dongosolo zina Russian malamulo ndi umboni kwambiri dongosolo. Otsiriza, nayenso, imakhala ndi mndandanda wa mfundo chabe.

Kufotokozera za chochitika chachikulu

Makumi awiri wachiwiri March 1995 boma la RSFSR anatengera lamulo "Pa mpikisano ndi kuletsa ntchito monopolistic pa misika chofunika". Kwa zaka zingapo, kuchita izi anali wodzilemekeza ndiponso kubwereza kuzilemba. Mu nkhani m'tsogolo ndipo anayamba chikalata amasonyeza mfundo za limagwirira lotchedwa "ambiri odana ndi kusakhulupilika".

Poyamba, chigamulo inkakhala zigawo zisanu ndi ziwiri. Pang'onopang'ono ena a iwo m'malo mwa malamulo osiyana, pamene ena sizigwirizana ndi mphamvu. Komabe, izi ndi chikalata waukulu mu mapangidwe Russian mfundo odana ndi okhawo.
A tikambirane mwachidule chigawo chilichonse cha mchitidwewo:

1. Gawo loyamba la chilamulo lotchedwa "zothandizila General". Amakhala ndi nkhani zinayi olosera za / on:
a) Kuti anathamangitsa lamulo limeneli, ndi limagwirira monga ambiri odana ndi kusakhulupilika, komanso matabwa ake;
b) kuchuluka kwa ntchito za lamulo;
c) akuluakulu mpikisano wa milingo boma ndi dera;
g) malingaliro zikuluzikulu zomwe zimapezeka m'malemba kwa bukuli.

2. Chigawo chachiwiri chofunika kwambiri ndi yofunika koposa mabungwe. Limafotokoza chikhalidwe, komanso kupereka zizindikiro zotheka cha kukhalapo kwa kampani msika kutsogolera ntchito monopolistic. Nkhani 5-9 zonse ntchito makampani agwilitse udindo kawirikawiri dera la chuma.

3. ongokhala Nkhani kamodzi Chigawo chachitatu cha nkhani lamulo lokhudza mfundo monga mpikisano mokondera ndi malamulo ambiri odana ndi kusakhulupilika monga njira kulimbana izo.

4. padera lachinayi la malamulo tichipeza zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi. Aliyense wa iwo nawonso mayankho a mafunso otsatirawa:

a) Kodi ntchito ndi ntchito za antimonopoly thupi Kodi;
b) monga mphamvu zake;
c) Kodi ulamuliro ufulu kupeza amitundumitundu;
g) ngati kuli kofunika kupereka deta kuposa nthawi;
e) monga maudindo a ulamuliro antimonopoly pa nkhani yokonza chinsinsi malonda;
e) Kodi thandizo mabungwe mu chitukuko cha entrepreneurship ndi mpikisano.

5. gawo lachisanu limasonyeza kuti owerenga zosiyanasiyanazo za boma ulamuliro pa mabizinezi-monopolists. Lili magawo anayi.

6. Kenaka, udindo kuphwanya malamulo ambiri odana ndi kusakhulupilika. Zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi, gawo limapereka wathunthu ndi mabuku mfundo / on:

a) Yokakamiza kuphedwa kwa malangizo ndi malamulo ochokera ku bungwe antimonopoly;
b) mitundu ya udindo kuphwanya malamulo antimonopoly;
c) maudindo a malonda ndipo sanali phindu mu mwambo sanali mfundo ndi mchitidwewo;
g) udindo kuphwanya lamulo ndi atsogoleri a zipani zina;
d) kuchira zomvetsa;
e) udindo wa boma antimonopoly thupi la anthu ngati kulakwila chakudya cha lamulo.

7. gawo lotsiriza limafotokoza ndondomeko kukhazikitsidwa, kuphedwa kapena pempho malamulo amene kupelekedwa ndi antimonopoly ulamuliro.

Amenewa ndi dongosolo la chilamulo choyambirira lolamulira ntchito za makampani lalikulu. Pang'onopang'ono, ambiri a nkhani ya chikalata ichi anakhala osiyana zochita zonse.

Njira kuona kuyan'anila za malamulo antimonopoly

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ambiri mwa lamulo loletsa si kanthu yokha chotero, ndipo zotsatira omwe angagwe pambuyo. Zimenezi kumatanthauza mavuto wautali kwambiri osati ku mabungwe malonda, komanso anthu ena ndi mabungwe.

Vuto lalikulu n'lakuti kudziwa mndandanda wa zinthu zimene zingachititse kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kukumana ndi mavuto okhudza malamulo odana ndi kusakhulipilika ndi lamulo la ndondomeko ya ntchito. Ngati inu mukumvetsa kuti mfundo zina kungabweretse kuswa kuchita malamulo, zikhoza bwinobwino kukonza kukula kwa gulu ndi kuwunika mavuto a zachuma. Mu mulandu wina, kuthekera kwa ntchito zachilendo kwa ndondomekoyi ndi chabe ayi.

Tinganene, kuti tipeze zotsatira zoipa za zochita zina anatengedwa Organization, m'pofunika ayambe kusanthula mokwanira zachuma. A njira yunifolomu kuyesa kumeneko. Milandu kuphwanya malamulo ambiri odana ndi kusakhulupilika ndi mwakayang'ana zochokera lamulo nambala 220, wotchedwa: ". Ndondomeko kwa kusanthula boma kupikisana pamsika chofunika" ganizo limeneli ndipo anavomereza April 28, 2010 ndi Federal Antimonopoly Service la Chitaganya cha Russia ndi dongosolo.