Amene anatulukira Turing mayeso? Mafunso Turing mayeso

Mwina lero si munthu amene kamodzi anamva lingaliro ili, ngati mayesero a Alan Turing. Mwina ambiri, ambiri, kutali kumvetsa chimene chimapanga ngati dongosolo kuyezetsa. Choncho amakhalamo mwatsatanetsatane.

Kodi Turing mayeso: Cholinga chenicheni

Back mu mochedwa 40 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo, ambiri akatswiri a sayansi zikugwira mavuto a kafukufuku kompyuta choyamba. Zinali ndiye kuti mmodzi wa mamembala ena omwe si aboma gulu alionse m'dzikoli pali Club nawo kafukufuku m'munda wa cybernetics, anafunsa funso mwangwiro zomveka: kodi n'zotheka kuti akonze makina amene akhoza kuganiza monga munthu, kapena, osachepera kutsanzira khalidwe lake?

Nkosafuna kunena, amene anatulukira Turing mayeso? N'zodziwikiratu kuti palibe. Pakuti maziko koyamba kwa lingaliro lonse, imene tsopano zogwirizana, mfundo zotsatirazi watengedwa: ngati munthu adzatha chifukwa nthawi zina kulankhulana ndi ena interlocutor yosaoneka pa ulusi zosiyana kotheratu umasinthasintha kudziwa amene pamaso pake - munthu weniweni kapena makina? M'mawu ena, funso si kuti yesezera injini kwenikweni pa khalidwe la munthu, komanso kudziwa ngati iye angathe kuganiza pa okha. Mosakayikira, pali nkhani akhala maganizo.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

Ambiri, ngati tikambirana Turing mayeso monga ngati dongosolo wazotsatira mtima "anthu" maluso a kompyuta, iwo uyenera kuti maziko mozungulira chilengedwe ake anali chidwi mawu nzeru zapamwamba Alfred Ayer, umene anakonza mu 1936.

Ayer yekha poyerekeza, titero, zinachitikira moyo wa anthu osiyana, ndipo pa maziko a maganizo akuti kuti makina soulless sangathe pochitika aliyense mayeso amodzi, chifukwa iwo sakudziwa momwe angaganizire. Chabwino, zidzakhala zoyera onyenga.

Mfundo momwe izo ziliri. Kuti akonze maganizo makina onyenga pang'ono. Asayansi ambiri kwambiri monga zotsatira chitsanzo cha Wright abale, amene anamanga ndege yoyamba, anasiya chizolowezi kutsanzira mbalame, amene poyamba anali lililonse ngakhale wanzeru zotere Leonardo da Vinci.

Istria kanthu ngati iye ankadziwa Alan Turing (1912-1954) wa postulates amenewa, mu 1950, iye anali ndi dongosolo lonse la zinthu zimene akhoza kudziwa mlingo wa "waumunthu" wa makina. Ndipo ine ndiyenera kunena, zimenezo ndipo tsopano ndi chimodzi chofunika kwambiri, ali kale mu kuyezetsa, mwachitsanzo, bots kompyuta ndi zina zotero .. Koma zoona zake n'zakuti, kunapezeka kuti mfundo amenewa omwe angachititse pochitika Turing mayeso mapulogalamu ochepa. Ndiyeno, "pitani" - anati Tambasula, kuyambira chifukwa mayeso sanakhalepo ndi mphambu peresenti 100 mu nkhani yabwino - pang'ono oposa 50.

Pa chiyambi cha phunziro awo ofufuza ntchito chidali chifuniro chake. Iwo ankatchedwa "mayeso Turing makina". Popeza kukambirana zonse amayenera ankalowa mu mawonekedwe kusindikizidwa, wasayansi anafunsa malangizo ochepa zofunikira mayankho kulemba, monga kayendedwe ka riboni ku lamanja kapena lamanzere, atolankhani chikhalidwe makamaka, ndi zina zotero. D.

Program Eliza ndi Chaseta

M'kupita kwa nthawi, mapulogalamu akhala ovuta kwambiri ndi awiri a iwo ali mu zinthu kumene Turing mayeso anali ntchito, anasonyeza zotsatira zidzasintha pa nthawi. Anthu zitsulo Eliza ndi Chaseta.

Koma "Eliza", analengedwa mu 1960: pamaziko a funso, makina anali kufotokoza ndi nfundo yaikhulu ndi ofotokoza kuti kubwerera ayankhe. N'zotheka kuti anyenge anthu enieni. Ngati mawu amenewa kunapezeka, galimoto akubwerera kuyankha generic kapena kubwereza mmodzi wa m'mbuyomo. Komabe, ndime ya "Elisa" chiyeso mukadali mu kukayika, chifukwa anthu amene alumikizirana ndi pulogalamu limene poyambirira linakonzedwa maganizo moti kuganiziratu kuti akulankhula ndi munthu, osati makina.

Chaseta pulogalamu chinachake chofanana kwa "Eliza," koma analengedwa kuti yesezera kulankhula akhate. Kodi chidwi kwambiri wake kudziyesa odwalawo ankagwiritsa ntchito zipatala. Atalemba kukambirana zolemba mu TTY mode anali ayesedwa azamisala akatswiri. Only mu peresenti 48 milandu, adakhoza bwino ganizilani komwe anthu, ndipo pamene makina.

Komanso, pafupifupi onse ndiye pulogalamu ya ntchito, amaganizira nthawi zina za nthawi, monga anthu pa nthawi imene ndinali kuganiza zambiri mofulumira makina. Tsopano - M'malo mwake.

Kompyuta Nato Blue ndipo Watson

Chakwanira kuyang'ana chidwi chitukuko bungweli IBM, amene si zimene ndikuganiza, koma zosaneneka processing mphamvu.

Mwina ambiri kumbukirani momwe mu 1997, kompyuta Nato Blue anapambana masewera 6 Chess ku dziko ndiye akulamulira ngwazi GARRY Kasparov. Makamaka, Turing chiyeso ntchito makina pokhapo titachitapo kwambiri. Chinthu ndi kuti unali anakhazikitsa ya maphwando zidindo ndi kuchuluka zosaneneka za zochitika kutanthauzira. Galimoto akhoza kuunikira 200 miliyoni zidutswa udindo pa bolodi wachiwiri!

Watson computer, imene inali mapurosesa 360 ndi maseva 90, anapambana American masewera amasonyeza, kumenya magawo a zipani zina ziwiri zonse, zimene zoona, analandira $ 1 miliyoni mphoto. Kachiwiri, funso ndi moot chifukwa galimoto zosaneneka Buku mabuku deta anaikidwa pansi, ndi galimoto chabe kusanthula funso pa pamaso pa mawu, ofanana matanthauzo kapena generic machesi, ndiye anapereka yankho lolondola.

Emulator Eugene Goostman

Chimodzi mwa zochitika chidwi kwambiri malowa anali pulogalamu odessite Evgeniya Gustmana ndi Russian injiniya Vladimir Veselov, tsopano tikukhala mu United States, zomwe mimicked 13 wazaka mnyamata munthu.

June 7, 2014 Eugene pulogalamu anasonyeza angathe yawo yonse. N'zochititsa chidwi 5 maboti ndi 30 anthu enieni nawo kuyezetsa lapansi. Only mu 33% milandu kuchokera loweruza zana angaone kuti ndi kompyuta. Apa ndi kuti vutoli zovuta chifukwa chakuti nzeru ya mwana ndi poyerekeza kuti munthu wamkulu, ndi chidziwitso ngakhale zochepa.

Turing mayeso mafunso anali ambiri Komabe, Eugene (Euegene) anali concretized ndi mafunso ena okhudza zochitika mu Odessa, zimene sakanatha amanyalanyaza wokhala iliyonse. Koma mayankho akadali amakakamizidwa mukuganiza kuti mwana loweruza. Mwachitsanzo, pa funso la pulogalamu zogona anayankha nthawi yomweyo. Koda anafunsidwa ngati interviewee anali nthawi inayake pulogalamu anati sakufuna kulankhula za izo. Pamene interviewee anayesa akamalankhula mogwirizana ndi zimene zinachitika tsiku limenelo, Eugene Amakana kuti anati, iwo akunena, ndipo muyenera kudziwa, chifukwa iye anali kumufunsa? Ambiri, pulogalamu yoyeseza mwana wopambana kwambiri.

Komabe, zikadali emulator osati maganizo wokhalapo. Choncho Tauka wa Makina sadzatenga nthawi yayitali.

The downside

Pomaliza mpaka kuwonjezera kuti bola ngati prerequisites kwa chilengedwe cha kuganiza makina posachedwapa kumeneko. Komabe, ngati kale mafunso kuzindikira amanena enieni makina, ndipo tsopano kuti inu simuli makina, m'pofunika kuti atsimikizire pafupifupi aliyense wa ife. Tangoonani athandizira likuthandiza Internet kuti tidzalowe mtundu wina wa kanthu. Ngakhale kuti ankakhulupirira kuti sanayambebe analenga aliyense chipangizo chimodzi pakompyuta kuzindikira lemba mangled kapena a m'nkhaniyi, kupatula munthu. Koma ndani akudziwa, chirichonse n'zotheka ...